一.產品介紹
山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在西秀區(qu)種植已(yi)(yi)有(you)300余(yu)(yu)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)栽培歷史,據咸豐元年(nian)再版撰寫的(de)(de)(de)《安(an)(an)順(shun)府志》已(yi)(yi)將(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)作為安(an)(an)順(shun)物(wu)產(chan)記(ji)入府志“安(an)(an)順(shun)有(you)黑白(bai)二種—(卷之十(shi)七(qi)·物(wu)產(chan)二)”;據1983年(nian)整理后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)《續修安(an)(an)順(shun)府志·安(an)(an)順(shun)志》238頁記(ji)載(zai)(zai)“薯(shu)(shu)蕷,俗名山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用稱淮山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),長(chang)者(zhe)至尺(chi)余(yu)(yu),有(you)黑、白(bai)二種,白(bai)者(zhe)居多(duo)。富(fu)營養,宜熟食,生(sheng)則麻口(kou)”;據《安(an)(an)順(shun)府志》第二卷之六(liu)疆里(li)十(shi)六(liu)、十(shi)七(qi)記(ji)載(zai)(zai),劉(liu)官屯老邦(bang)寨已(yi)(yi)屬(shu)安(an)(an)順(shun)府轄制區(qu)域。 安(an)(an)順(shun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)由來(lai),300多(duo)年(nian)前劉(liu)官一帶的(de)(de)(de)屯堡人(ren)都有(you)逢(feng)年(nian)過節上山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)挖山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)來(lai)炸吃的(de)(de)(de)習慣,野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)很(hen)受(shou)當(dang)地人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)喜愛,有(you)人(ren)把多(duo)挖的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)拿到集(ji)市上出售。但野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)根莖小,且數量(liang)少,過年(nian)趕集(ji)時供(gong)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)求,這時住在劉(liu)官境內老邦(bang)寨的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)茂賢(xian)就把挖來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)試種在自家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)地里(li),第二年(nian)挖出來(lai)果然比野(ye)生(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)大,就這樣年(nian)復(fu)一年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)馴化、提純扶壯,形成了當(dang)地的(de)(de)(de)地方品(pin)種,后(hou)繼在老邦(bang)寨擴大種植面積,馴化后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)品(pin)銷售在當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)順(shun)州(今(jin)舊州鎮(zhen)(zhen))、大水橋(今(jin)大西橋鎮(zhen)(zhen))、平(ping)壩縣等地,深受(shou)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)喜歡。其(qi)薯(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)呈圓(yuan)柱形,其(qi)地下塊(kuai)莖可長(chang)達(da)100cm左右,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)皮(pi)薄,外(wai)表淡(dan)褐色(se)(se),密生(sheng)細須(xu),根皮(pi)黃(huang)白(bai)色(se)(se),肉白(bai)色(se)(se),有(you)粘液(ye),削皮(pi)后(hou)肉質白(bai)色(se)(se),且久置不(bu)(bu)會(hui)變(bian)黃(huang),久煮不(bu)(bu)散(san),肉質松軟細膩,味稍甜,容易做成山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)泥、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)粉等。安(an)(an)順(shun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)一般每公頃產(chan)量(liang)在27-33噸,劉(liu)官白(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)已(yi)(yi)成了安(an)(an)順(shun)具(ju)有(you)特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)。
二.自然生態環境(jing)和(he)人文(wen)歷史因素
(1)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地(di)貌情況(kuang):西(xi)秀區(qu)屬貴州西(xi)部高(gao)原山(shan)地(di)區(qu)黔中(zhong)丘(qiu)陵(ling)盆地(di),其中(zhong):山(shan)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)822.1平方(fang)(fang)公里(li)(li),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的47.8%;丘(qiu)陵(ling)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)728.3平方(fang)(fang)公里(li)(li),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的42.3%;盆地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)125.7平方(fang)(fang)公里(li)(li),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的7.3%;水域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)44.3平方(fang)(fang)公里(li)(li),占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的2.6%。境內土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型多(duo)樣,有(you)(you)山(shan)地(di)黃(huang)棕壤(rang)(rang)、黃(huang)壤(rang)(rang)、石灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、紫色土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等7個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類,27個(ge)亞(ya)類,87個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬,142個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。pH值為(wei)6-7,屬弱酸性土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang);耕地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有(you)(you)機質含(han)量(liang)普(pu)遍較高(gao),全(quan)(quan)鉀含(han)量(liang)高(gao)、全(quan)(quan)磷含(han)量(liang)低(di)(di)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)全(quan)(quan)氮含(han)量(liang)低(di)(di),總(zong)體上土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)深厚、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質疏松肥(fei)沃,保肥(fei)能力較強。
(2)水文情況:境內(nei)東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)有烏江(jiang)(jiang)上源(yuan)(yuan)三岔(cha)河(he)(he)(he)(he),貓跳河(he)(he)(he)(he)上源(yuan)(yuan)邢(xing)江(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)較大(da);南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)屬珠江(jiang)(jiang)水系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)油菜(cai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)程短,水量少;南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)中部(bu)(bu)(bu)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)伏流(liu)(liu)河(he)(he)(he)(he)段較多,西南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)撈兜(dou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、補董(dong)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、大(da)屯(tun)河(he)(he)(he)(he)明暗流(liu)(liu)相間,可(ke)用水能不(bu)大(da)。境內(nei)巖溶發育,地(di)表水和(he)(he)地(di)下水均有分布,分布于(yu)(yu)東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)偏東南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)切(qie)割淺,河(he)(he)(he)(he)床開闊(kuo),耕地(di)多為集中連片,且多有溪流(liu)(liu)橫貫其間。境內(nei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)9條,支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)28條,小(xiao)溪133條,大(da)于(yu)(yu)20平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)27條,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)長度大(da)于(yu)(yu)10公(gong)(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)有9條。屬長江(jiang)(jiang)水系(xi)流(liu)(liu)域面積739.06平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li),屬珠江(jiang)(jiang)水系(xi)流(liu)(liu)域面積1021.69平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)。長江(jiang)(jiang)水系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)有邢(xing)江(jiang)(jiang)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、千峰河(he)(he)(he)(he)、果者河(he)(he)(he)(he)、驛馬(ma)寨河(he)(he)(he)(he)。珠江(jiang)(jiang)水系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)有油菜(cai)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、大(da)屯(tun)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、羅補董(dong)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、撈兜(dou)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、桂家(jia)河(he)(he)(he)(he)。境內(nei)水源(yuan)(yuan)豐富(fu),水質狀況良好(hao),有利于(yu)(yu)作物的(de)(de)(de)生長。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)情(qing)況:西秀區(qu)屬(shu)北亞熱帶(dai)季風濕潤氣(qi)候(hou)區(qu),平均氣(qi)溫在13.2-15.0℃,區(qu)境降(jiang)(jiang)雨量充沛,多年(nian)平均降(jiang)(jiang)水量1250—1400mm,最多年(nian)1879.6mm,最少年(nian)為947.6mm,平均1365mm。年(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨日數(shu)195天,無霜期平均在270天,年(nian)日照數(shu)968.6-1309.6小時,立體氣(qi)候(hou)明顯。太陽輻射(she)總量為75.7至88.5千卡/平方厘米(mi),屬(shu)全國(guo)太陽輻射(she)低(di)值(zhi)區(qu)。
(4)人(ren)文歷(li)史(shi)情況:在世界上(shang),食(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)蕷(yu)類植(zhi)物可分四(si)個(ge)起源(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)第一個(ge)起源(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)(nan)部,包括廣(guang)東、海南(nan)(nan)、云南(nan)(nan)、貴州(zhou)和臺(tai)灣省(sheng),可稱中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)是(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)原產地(di)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)關于山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)已有2500多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),《山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)海經》(公元前(qian)770年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)(zhi)公元前(qian)756年(nian)(nian)(nian))曾(ceng)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)“累門北(bei)望少澤(ze)(ze),其(qi)草(cao)(cao)多薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)蕷(yu)”。 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)蕷(yu)科(ke)植(zhi)物,原名(ming)(ming)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)蕷(yu),因唐代(dai)(dai)宗(zong)名(ming)(ming)預,故避諱(hui)改名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),后(hou)(hou)又因宋英宗(zong)諱(hui)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),遂改名(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。《神(shen)農本草(cao)(cao)經》上(shang)說:“久服耳目(mu)聰(cong)明”,被列入上(shang)品,金代(dai)(dai)《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性論》上(shang)說:“山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)能(neng)補(bu)五勞七傷,去(qu)(qu)涼氣(qi),止腰疼(teng),鎮心(xin)神(shen),補(bu)心(xin)氣(qi)不足,患者體虛贏瘦加(jia)而(er)(er)用之(zhi)(zhi)。”《日華(hua)子本草(cao)(cao)》上(shang)說,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)“助五臟、強筋骨、長志安(an)(an)神(shen)、主泄精、健(jian)忘。”山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)不僅(jin)能(neng)扶正滋補(bu),而(er)(er)且還(huan)有健(jian)美之(zhi)(zhi)功,元代(dai)(dai)脾胃論專家李景(jing)說:“治(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)干燥,以此物潤之(zhi)(zhi)。”《圖經本草(cao)(cao)》記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)較詳:“今(jin)(jin)處處有之(zhi)(zhi),春(chun)生苗,莖(jing)紫(zi)葉青,有三尖角,似牽牛更(geng)厚而(er)(er)光澤(ze)(ze),夏開細白(bai)(bai)(bai)花,大(da)(da)類棗花,秋生實于葉間(jian),狀(zhuang)如鈴,二(er)月、八(ba)月采根(gen)。” 我國(guo)食(shi)(shi)用山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai),可以追(zhui)溯到公元前(qian)2000多年(nian)(nian)(nian),從敦(dun)煌莫高窟發掘的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong),就有“神(shen)仙粥(zhou)”的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai):“山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)1斤,蒸熟(shu)后(hou)(hou)去(qu)(qu)皮(pi)(pi);雞(ji)頭半(ban)斤,煮熟(shu)后(hou)(hou)去(qu)(qu)殼搗為(wei)(wei)(wei)米(mi),入粳米(mi)半(ban)斤,慢火煮成粥(zhou),空心(xin)食(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)。”為(wei)(wei)(wei)此,從古至(zhi)(zhi) 今(jin)(jin),人(ren)們(men)都是(shi)有病(bing)時(shi)(shi)吃(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),無病(bing)時(shi)(shi)也吃(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。是(shi)人(ren)們(men)食(shi)(shi)用歷(li)史(shi)悠久的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)兼用作物。 貴州(zhou)省(sheng)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)第一個(ge)起源(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)一,山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在西(xi)秀(xiu)區(qu)種(zhong)植(zhi)已有300余年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)栽培歷(li)史(shi),據咸豐元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1851年(nian)(nian)(nian))再版撰寫的(de)(de)(de)《安(an)(an)順府(fu)志》已將(jiang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)順物產記(ji)(ji)入府(fu)志“山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有黑白(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)種(zhong)——(卷(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)七·物產二(er))記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai);據1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)整理后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)《續(xu)修安(an)(an)順府(fu)志·安(an)(an)順志》238頁記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai)“薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)蕷(yu),俗名(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用稱淮山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),長者至(zhi)(zhi)尺余,有黑、白(bai)(bai)(bai)二(er)種(zhong),白(bai)(bai)(bai)者居多。富營養,宜(yi)熟(shu)食(shi)(shi),生則麻(ma)口”;據《安(an)(an)順府(fu)志》第二(er)卷(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)六疆里(li)(li)十(shi)六、十(shi)七記(ji)(ji)載(zai)(zai),劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)屯(tun)(tun)老(lao)邦(bang)(bang)寨(zhai)已屬安(an)(an)順府(fu)轄(xia)制區(qu)域。 “安(an)(an)順山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)由來,300多年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)屯(tun)(tun)堡人(ren)(屯(tun)(tun)堡人(ren)——六百年(nian)(nian)(nian)前(qian)明朝(chao)隨(sui)傅友德將(jiang)軍征南(nan)(nan)到劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一帶(dai)屯(tun)(tun)軍的(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)淮河后(hou)(hou)裔,至(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)婦女還(huan)保(bao)留明朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)漢陽(yang)鳳裝,飲食(shi)(shi)習慣也保(bao)留明朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)習俗)都有逢年(nian)(nian)(nian)過(guo)節(jie)上(shang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)挖(wa)野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來炸吃(chi)的(de)(de)(de)習慣,野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)很受(shou)當(dang)地(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)愛(ai),有人(ren)把(ba)多挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)拿到集(ji)市(shi)上(shang)出(chu)售。但野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)莖(jing)小,且數量(liang)少,過(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)趕集(ji)時(shi)(shi)供不應求。這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)住在劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)境內(nei)老(lao)邦(bang)(bang)寨(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)黃茂賢(xian)就把(ba)挖(wa)來的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)試種(zhong)在自家的(de)(de)(de)地(di)里(li)(li),第二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)挖(wa)出(chu)來果然比野(ye)生山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)大(da)(da),就這(zhe)樣年(nian)(nian)(nian)復(fu)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)馴化、提(ti)純扶壯,形成了當(dang)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方品種(zhong),后(hou)(hou)相繼(ji)在老(lao)邦(bang)(bang)寨(zhai)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji),馴化后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產品銷(xiao)售在當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)順州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)舊州(zhou)鎮)、大(da)(da)水橋(qiao)(今(jin)(jin)大(da)(da)西(xi)橋(qiao)鎮)、平(ping)壩縣等地(di),深受(shou)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)喜(xi)歡(huan)。其(qi)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)塊呈圓柱形,其(qi)地(di)下塊莖(jing)可長達100cm左右(you),山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)皮(pi)(pi)薄,外表淡(dan)褐(he)色(se)(se),密(mi)生細須(xu),根(gen)皮(pi)(pi)黃白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),肉白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),有粘(zhan)液。削皮(pi)(pi)后(hou)(hou)肉質白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)(se),且久置不會變黃,久煮不散,肉質松(song)軟細膩,味微(wei)甜(tian),容易做(zuo)成山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)泥、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)粉等。安(an)(an)順山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一般(ban)每公頃產量(liang)在27-33噸(dun),劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)已成了安(an)(an)順具有特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)農產品。“安(an)(an)順山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”因此而(er)(er)得(de)名(ming)(ming)。 1980年(nian)(nian)(nian),農村(cun)實行聯產承包責任制后(hou)(hou),劉(liu)(liu)官(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)鄉(xiang)境內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)大(da)(da)農戶(hu)在西(xi)秀(xiu)區(qu)農業局(ju)的(de)(de)(de)技術指導下,種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)不斷擴(kuo)大(da)(da),種(zhong)植(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)面(mian)積(ji)4000多畝,輻射帶(dai)動全區(qu)十(shi)七個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(辦)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)15000多畝,年(nian)(nian)(nian)總產量(liang)3.0萬噸(dun)以上(shang)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月安(an)(an)順山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)獲(huo)得(de)貴州(zhou)省(sheng)農業廳無公害山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)基地(di)認(ren)證4200畝。產品外銷(xiao)市(shi)場好,遠銷(xiao)香港(gang)、廣(guang)州(zhou)、貴陽(yang)等地(di)。
三.地域范圍
西秀(xiu)(xiu)區(qu)為原縣(xian)(xian)級安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi),2000年8月,撤銷縣(xian)(xian)級安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi),設西秀(xiu)(xiu)區(qu),安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)地(di)(di)區(qu)改名為安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi),西秀(xiu)(xiu)區(qu)隸屬(shu)安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)管轄(xia)(xia)。西秀(xiu)(xiu)區(qu)位(wei)于貴州省(sheng)中西部,地(di)(di)處(chu)云貴高(gao)原東(dong)部、苗嶺山脈西端,長江水系和珠江水系分水嶺上。地(di)(di)理(li)坐(zuo)標為東(dong)經(jing)105°44′32″~106°21′58″,北(bei)(bei)緯25°56′30″~26°24′42″。東(dong)臨平壩、長順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)兩縣(xian)(xian),南接紫云苗族(zu)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian),北(bei)(bei)鄰普定(ding)縣(xian)(xian),西連鎮(zhen)(zhen)寧(ning)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)苗族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)。距貴州省(sheng)省(sheng)會貴陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)90余公里,是地(di)(di)級安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)市(shi)(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)府所在地(di)(di),是全(quan)市(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)治、經(jing)濟、科技和文化中心(xin),居(ju)住有漢、苗、布(bu)(bu)依(yi)、回、仡佬等民(min)族(zu)80余萬(wan)人。全(quan)區(qu)總面積1546平方公里,耕(geng)地(di)(di)面積41.65萬(wan)畝。海拔(ba)高(gao)度1102-1695m,最大相對高(gao)差592.7m。森林(lin)面積1575.32萬(wan)畝,森林(lin)覆蓋率25.58%。 安(an)順(shun)(shun)(shun)(shun)山藥(yao)(yao)分布(bu)(bu)于西秀(xiu)(xiu)區(qu)所轄(xia)(xia)行政(zheng)(zheng)區(qu)內(nei)的(de)十七個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(辦),包括:劉官鄉(xiang)、東(dong)屯鄉(xiang)、楊(yang)武(wu)鄉(xiang)、新場鄉(xiang)、雞(ji)場鄉(xiang)、巖(yan)臘鄉(xiang)、黃臘鄉(xiang)、舊州鎮(zhen)(zhen)、雙堡鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大西橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)、七眼橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)、蔡官鎮(zhen)(zhen)、轎子(zi)山鎮(zhen)(zhen)、龍宮鎮(zhen)(zhen)、寧(ning)谷鎮(zhen)(zhen)、東(dong)關辦事處(chu)、華西辦事處(chu)。山藥(yao)(yao)總生產規模1.5萬(wan)畝,年總產量3.0萬(wan)噸以上。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
(1)外在感官特征(zheng):山藥又名薯(shu)蕷(yu)、白苕(tiao)、山薯(shu)、大薯(shu)或(huo)薯(shu)藥,屬(shu)薯(shu)蕷(yu)科、山藥屬(shu),包(bao)括許多(duo)(duo)種,為(wei)一年生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草本(藤(teng)本)植物(wu),有棍棒狀(zhuang)、掌狀(zhuang)和(he)塊狀(zhuang)等(deng)(deng),外表呈赤(chi)褐、黃(huang)褐和(he)黑褐等(deng)(deng)色(se),肉(rou)帶絲狀(zhuang)白色(se),葉互生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)、葉柄長、側枝多(duo)(duo)、多(duo)(duo)數為(wei)單(dan)葉,葉腋生(sheng)(sheng)出氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)塊莖,稱為(wei)零(ling)余子或(huo)山藥豆,俗稱山藥果,可(ke)供繁殖(zhi)和(he)食用(yong),花小、雌雄異株、蔟生(sheng)(sheng)、呈穗狀(zhuang),大都用(yong)塊莖繁殖(zhi),地(di)下塊莖可(ke)長達100cm左右。山藥皮(pi)皮(pi)薄(bo),削皮(pi)后肉(rou)質白色(se),且久(jiu)置不會變(bian)色(se),久(jiu)煮(zhu)不散。
(2)內在品質:安(an)順(shun)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)已獲得(de)貴州省農(nong)業廳無公害農(nong)產品產地認(ren)證,由于生長的環境是通透性(xing)較好的砂(sha)壤土(tu),故長出的山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)特點是:體大豐腴(yu)、皮(pi)薄、去(qu)皮(pi)后不變色、粉足、潔(jie)白、易煮,味(wei)道鮮美,入(ru)口(kou)即化。由于安(an)順(shun)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)的營(ying)養(yang)豐富,有效成(cheng)分(fen)多,故營(ying)養(yang)價值高。主(zhu)要含有蛋白質(2.048g/100g)、氨基酸(suan)(suan)(1.47mg/100g)、水分(fen)(76.95mg/100g)、總(zong)皂甙(dai)、黏液汁(zhi)、膽堿、多酚(fen)氧化酶(mei)、維生素(su)甘露多糖(tang)(tang)、植酸(suan)(suan)及尿囊素(su)等多種營(ying)養(yang)物質;不僅(jin)作菜也可代糧,干品或(huo)提煉品還可入(ru)藥(yao)(yao),有滋身補腎(shen)、益腦利(li)血(xue)、補牌健胃、延緩衰老(lao)、降血(xue)壓和(he)血(xue)糖(tang)(tang)等功效,能潤膚養(yang)顏、健美苗(miao)條(tiao)。是藥(yao)(yao)食(shi)兼(jian)用的高檔蔬菜、保健食(shi)品和(he)中藥(yao)(yao)材。
(3)安(an)全要(yao)求:安(an)順山藥生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)嚴(yan)格(ge)按無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)范(fan)和(he)標準(zhun)化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)安(an)順山藥從不(bu)施用化(hua)肥和(he)農(nong)藥,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)是在土壤20cm以下(xia)生長。且(qie)安(an)順山藥2006年6月(yue)已(yi)經通過貴州(zhou)省(sheng)農(nong)業(ye)廳無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地認(ren)證,并嚴(yan)格(ge)按照無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)規(gui)范(fan)和(he)標準(zhun)化(hua)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)已(yi)多(duo)次送省(sheng)、市農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)檢測(ce)中心(xin)檢測(ce),達到無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)標準(zhun)。
五.特定生產方式
1、安順山藥栽培技術操作規程
1.1、播(bo)前準備: 種植山藥的土壤(rang)疏松肥沃、土層深厚、滯(zhi)能排(pai)水、旱能灌溉、中(zhong)性(xing)或微酸性(xing)的平地與緩坡(po)地塊(kuai)最為適宜。
1.2、整地: 山(shan)藥塊莖(jing)是在地下(xia)生(sheng)(sheng)長,屬深(shen)根(gen)作物,分布在深(shen)60-100cm的土層中;深(shen)翻(fan)土地80-100cm,深(shen)翻(fan)有(you)利于根(gen)莖(jing)向(xiang)下(xia)蔓(man)延,有(you)利于根(gen)莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)長。
1.3、施肥(fei): 施肥(fei)原(yuan)則是肥(fei)料以農(nong)家肥(fei)為主(zhu),每畝施腐熟(shu)的農(nong)家肥(fei)2500kg,復合肥(fei)100kg,餅肥(fei)250kg。
1.4、品種(zhong)準(zhun)備(種(zhong)薯制(zhi)備): 種(zhong)薯制(zhi)備的方(fang)(fang)法有(you)2種(zhong)。第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法是(shi)使(shi)用山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥栽子(zi)(也叫山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥嘴子(zi)),即山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥塊莖(jing)上端有(you)芽一(yi)節;第(di)二(er)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法是(shi)使(shi)用山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥段(duan)子(zi),將山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥塊莖(jing)按8-10cm分切(qie)成段(duan),每個段(duan)子(zi)重30-40g左(zuo)右(you)。
1.5、繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa): 塊(kuai)莖(jing)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),長(chang)(chang)形(xing)種(zhong)塊(kuai)莖(jing)無論何部(bu)都(dou)能生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)不定芽(ya),以近頂(ding)部(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)較旺。頂(ding)芽(ya)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa),長(chang)(chang)形(xing)種(zhong)的(de)塊(kuai)根(gen)上(shang)端(duan)有(you)一段較細而肉質粗(cu)硬的(de)部(bu)分,其頂(ding)端(duan)有(you)一頂(ding)芽(ya),可用來繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)為山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)尾子(zi)(zi)或(huo)芽(ya)嘴子(zi)(zi)。零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量(liang)多(duo)、繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)易,零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)畝用量(liang)30-40kg。尤(you)其是當山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)栽子(zi)(zi)連續種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3-4年(nian)后(hou),產量(liang)和(he)品(pin)質均明顯下降,不宜再作繁(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)材料,這(zhe)時(shi)候就必須采用零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)進行更新復壯。零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)栽培第(di)一年(nian)后(hou)得到小山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),長(chang)(chang)20-30cm。第(di)二(er)年(nian)將(jiang)(jiang)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)種(zhong)下后(hou)(不分切)得到成熟的(de)大山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)塊(kuai)莖(jing)。用零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)培養的(de)小山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作栽子(zi)(zi),后(hou)代生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活力旺盛(sheng),而且生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期間(jian)(jian)(jian)病蟲(chong)害很少。 1.6、栽培方(fang)法(fa)(fa): 采用高(gao)壟栽培,其寬(kuan)度為60cm,雙行種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、行株距(ju)為30×25cm。栽種(zhong)時(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)種(zhong)薯橫放(fang),芽(ya)統一朝一個方(fang)向,并將(jiang)(jiang)泥土覆蓋山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)種(zhong)芽(ya)2-3cm,再將(jiang)(jiang)農家肥(fei)、餅肥(fei)放(fang)入溝內,覆土壟廂即可。壟與壟之間(jian)(jian)(jian)相距(ju)60cm,用于走(zou)道和(he)搭架。每畝栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)4000-4500株,栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)2-3月。栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)因氣(qi)候不同需15-35天出(chu)苗(miao),山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)幼莖(jing)纖(xian)細而脆(cui)嫩,極易折(zhe)斷。出(chu)苗(miao)30cm左右(you)及(ji)早支(zhi)柱或(huo)搭人(ren)字(zi)架。 支(zhi)架插入土壤的(de)深(shen)度以20cm為宜,最深(shen)不要超過(guo)30cm,否則(ze)會影響(xiang)根(gen)系的(de)正常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang),還會捅傷種(zhong)薯。 山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)上(shang)架時(shi),可以順勢理蔓(man),引(yin)導莖(jing)蔓(man)均勻盤架,避免互相攪(jiao)困。 山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)有(you)數株幼苗(miao)擠在一起,應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)苗(miao)只留一株強(qiang)壯幼苗(miao)。 山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛(sheng)期后(hou),適當摘除(chu)基部(bu)的(de)幾條側(ce)枝,目的(de)在于盡量(liang)集中(zhong)養分促進塊(kuai)莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。 在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后(hou)期,發現零(ling)余子(zi)(zi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成過(guo)多(duo),也應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)摘除(chu),否則(ze)與地下塊(kuai)莖(jing)爭奪養分,影響(xiang)塊(kuai)莖(jing)的(de)膨大。
1.7、除(chu)草(cao): 山(shan)藥(yao)出苗后生長(chang)很(hen)快,所以中(zhong)耕除(chu)草(cao)只(zhi)在早期進行(xing)。中(zhong)耕要淺耕只(zhi)將 土(tu)壤表明整松即可。 山(shan)藥(yao)生長(chang)中(zhong),一般(ban)雜(za)草(cao)生長(chang)會很(hen)旺(wang)盛(sheng)。為避免雜(za)草(cao)爭奪養分(fen),應(ying)及(ji)時拔(ba)除(chu),拔(ba)除(chu)當(dang)中(zhong)不要損傷塊莖(jing)和根系。
1.8、采收(shou): 在(zai)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)栽(zai)種當年(nian)10月(yue)底(di)(di)或(huo)11月(yue)初,當地(di)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)分發(fa)黃枯死(si)后,即可開始收(shou)獲(huo),山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)塊莖(jing)(jing)(jing)。 山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)收(shou)獲(huo)程序為:先將支架莖(jing)(jing)(jing)蔓一(yi)起(qi)撥起(qi),接(jie)著(zhu)(zhu)抖落莖(jing)(jing)(jing)蔓上(shang)(shang)的(de)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)果。把(ba)地(di)面(mian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)果和莖(jing)(jing)(jing)枯葉(xie)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)收(shou)集(ji)起(qi)來(lai)。 挖掘山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)方(fang)法是:從畦的(de)一(yi)端開始,先挖出60cm見方(fang)的(de)土坑(keng)來(lai)。人坐在(zai)坑(keng)沿,用鐵(tie)鏟沿著(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生長在(zai)地(di)面(mian)10cm處(chu)的(de)側根系,鏟出根側泥土,鏟到(dao)山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)溝底(di)(di)見到(dao)塊莖(jing)(jing)(jing)尖端為止(zhi),平握快(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)(shang)部(bu),小心提出山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)塊莖(jing)(jing)(jing)。 采挖山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),一(yi)定(ding)要按著(zhu)(zhu)順序一(yi)株(zhu)一(yi)株(zhu)挨(ai)著(zhu)(zhu)挖,即能(neng)有效減(jian)少破(po)損(sun)率,又避(bi)免漏收(shou)。
2、安順(shun)山藥(yao)病蟲害及其防(fang)治
2.1、山藥葉斑(ban)病(bing): 發(fa)病(bing)初期(qi),葉面出現(xian)黃色(se)或黃白色(se)病(bing)斑(ban),邊(bian)緣不十分明(ming)顯。蔓延擴大后則呈現(xian)褐色(se)的(de)不規則形(xing),上無(wu)輪紋(wen);發(fa)病(bing)后期(qi)的(de)病(bing)斑(ban)邊(bian)緣凸起,中間淡 褐色(se)上生小黑點,有些病(bing)斑(ban)能形(xing)成(cheng)穿孔。嚴重時(shi)致使葉片枯死,在葉柄和(he)莖上形(xing)成(cheng)長(chang)圓形(xing)斑(ban)圖。
2.2、山藥(yao)炭疽病(bing)(bing): 發病(bing)(bing)初期,在山藥(yao)葉片上產生(sheng)褐色(se)(se)下(xia)陷(xian)(xian)的(de)不規則(ze)小斑(ban)(ban),后(hou)(hou)來逐(zhu)漸擴大成黑褐色(se)(se),邊(bian)緣清晰(xi),形成圓形或(huo)不規則(ze)病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban),病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban)直徑0.2-0.8cm;后(hou)(hou)期,病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban)中部(bu)呈灰白色(se)(se),上面有不規則(ze)的(de)輪紋,病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban)周圍(wei)的(de)健(jian)葉有發黃現(xian)象(xiang)。葉柄(bing)受(shou)害(hai)(hai)后(hou)(hou),初期表現(xian)為水漬狀褐色(se)(se)病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban),后(hou)(hou)期病(bing)(bing)部(bu)呈現(xian)黑褐色(se)(se)干(gan)縮(suo),致使葉片脫落(luo)。莖部(bu)受(shou)害(hai)(hai)后(hou)(hou),初期會產生(sheng)褐色(se)(se)小點(dian),后(hou)(hou)期逐(zhu)漸擴大成圓形、橢圓形或(huo)不規則(ze)形的(de)黑褐色(se)(se)病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban),病(bing)(bing)部(bu)略下(xia)陷(xian)(xian)或(huo)者干(gan)縮(suo),天(tian)氣潮(chao)濕時可見(jian)粉(fen)紅色(se)(se)粘狀物或(huo)黑色(se)(se)小點(dian)。
2.3、防治方法: 要在(zai)收獲后清(qing)掃山(shan)藥殘體枝葉(xie)及(ji)雜草(cao)落葉(xie),并(bing)集中燒(shao)埋,減少各病(bing)原物; 要適當更新架(jia)材,減少架(jia)材上寄生(sheng)的病(bing)原物。在(zai)栽培過程中要設法降低土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)度(du),改善通風通光(guang)條(tiao)件(jian)。由(you)于(yu)當地(di)特殊(shu)的氣(qi)候和(he)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)條(tiao)件(jian),及(ji)深(shen)挖坑(keng)、高起壟、搭支架(jia)的栽培方式(shi),并(bing)進行輪作種植,山(shan)藥的病(bing)蟲害很(hen)少發(fa)生(sheng),農(nong)戶普遍不用農(nong)藥防治。
六.包裝標識(shi)相關(guan)規定
地(di)域范(fan)圍內的(de)安(an)順山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)生(sheng)產經營者,在(zai)產品(pin)(pin)或(huo)包裝(zhuang)上(shang)使用安(an)順山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)的(de)農產品(pin)(pin)地(di)理標志,須(xu)向登記證書持有人提出申請。并按規定生(sheng)產和(he)使用標志,在(zai)其(qi)產品(pin)(pin)或(huo)其(qi)包裝(zhuang)上(shang)統一使用農產品(pin)(pin)地(di)理標志(安(an)順山(shan)(shan)藥(yao)名稱和(he)公(gong)共標識圖案(an)結合標注形式)。