栽培歷史
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)栽培距今(jin)己(ji)有(you)(you)一千六(liu)百多年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。《銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣(xian)志·古(gu)跡》篇記載(zai):"仙(xian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),長(chang)山(shan)(shan)石竇(dou)中(zhong)有(you)(you)白牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)一株,高尺余(yu),花(hua)二(er)三(san)枝(zhi),素艷絕麗。"相傳為(wei)(wei)(wei)葛洪所種(zhong)。據考(kao)證,仙(xian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)相似今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)大(da)面積(ji)栽培的(de)(de)(de)藥用(yong)品(pin)種(zhong)"鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白"。《銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣(xian)志》卷十(shi)四中(zhong)有(you)(you)石洞村(今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)縣(xian)董店鄉)盛(sheng)嘉佑等人寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)《牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)宅(zhai)懷(huai)(huai)古(gu)》詩(shi)(shi)三(san)首(shou)。其中(zhong)有(you)(you):"籌邊持(chi)節善懷(huai)(huai)柔,西夏還轅錫予優。一種(zhong)名花(hua)分御園,九(jiu)重(zhong)春色(se)(se)滿贏州。"此(ci)時應為(wei)(wei)(wei)北宋時期。如今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)所保留(liu)栽培的(de)(de)(de)"御園紅(hong)",重(zhong)瓣(ban)淺紅(hong)色(se)(se)品(pin)種(zhong),據盛(sheng)姓花(hua)農講,就是(shi)當(dang)年(nian)(nian)皇(huang)帝賜給他們祖先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)陵(ling)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主要以生產(chan)(chan)藥材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,品(pin)種(zhong)單一,集(ji)中(zhong)種(zhong)植于(yu)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)一帶,其數(shu)量可為(wei)(wei)(wei)全國第一。有(you)(you)關白牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)(de)栽培,《巢(chao)縣(xian)志》和,《無為(wei)(wei)(wei)市志》均(jun)有(you)(you)記載(zai)。至今(jin)在巢(chao)湖市還有(you)(you)宋時留(liu)傳下來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)崖牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),由于(yu)花(hua)色(se)(se)雪白如玉,被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)"銀屏(ping)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)",宋代時歐陽修在滁(chu)州任官(guan)時就對(dui)此(ci)株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)留(liu)下了詩(shi)(shi)句。這株牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)特奇,千百年(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai),經當(dang)地(di)(di)百姓觀(guan)(guan)察,每(mei)年(nian)(nian)"谷雨(yu),,定開無疑,但綻開朵(duo)數(shu)卻有(you)(you)講究。11-13朵(duo)則預(yu)示當(dang)年(nian)(nian)大(da)澇,6-7朵(duo)則預(yu)示當(dang)年(nian)(nian)風(feng)調(diao)雨(yu)順,5朵(duo)以下則預(yu)示干旱(han)。此(ci)外,安徽還有(you)(you)寧(ning)國、歙縣(xian)等地(di)(di),歷(li)史上(shang)也曾盛(sheng)產(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。《寧(ning)國縣(xian)志》載(zai):"寧(ning)國、蟠龍素產(chan)(chan)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),以黃、白為(wei)(wei)(wei)貴,土人運(yun)往(wang)廣東,價重(zhong)洛(luo)陽,洪楊(yang)亂后,所產(chan)(chan)甚(shen)稀,近陳氏商藝尚保存(cun)遺種(zhong)云。"總之,安徽牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)主要是(shi)以生產(chan)(chan)藥材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,其觀(guan)(guan)賞(shang)品(pin)種(zhong)數(shu)量相對(dui)較(jiao)少(shao)。
產地環境
鳳凰山地區位于長(chang)江南岸,屬亞熱帶(dai)濕(shi)潤(run)氣(qi)候,四(si)季分(fen)(fen)明,雨量充(chong)沛,無(wu)(wu)霜期較(jiao)長(chang),光照充(chong)足(zu),土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)金沙土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(該土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)在分(fen)(fen)類(lei)學上命名(ming)為(wei)紅壤性麻砂土(tu)),適(shi)宜丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)種植,且(qie)該地區又無(wu)(wu)工業(ye)和化肥農藥污染(ran),植保保護(hu)較(jiao)好,所以種出的丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)質(zhi)(zhi)量好,經濟(ji)價值高。鳳丹(dan)(dan)對土(tu)壤要(yao)求較(jiao)高,只有在此種土(tu)壤上生長(chang)出的品質(zhi)(zhi)優良、藥性獨特的丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)才稱之為(wei)鳳丹(dan)(dan),由于符合條件的金沙土(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)和獨特的氣(qi)候、環(huan)境(jing)條件有限(xian),因(yin)此,長(chang)久以來,真正(zheng)(zheng)的鳳丹(dan)(dan)種植一直限(xian)于一個較(jiao)為(wei)狹小(xiao)的范圍內,鳳丹(dan)(dan)皮(pi)產(chan)量也十分(fen)(fen)有限(xian),更顯得出自(zi)原產(chan)地的正(zheng)(zheng)宗(zong)鳳丹(dan)(dan)彌(mi)足(zu)珍貴。
產量情況
銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)種(zhong)植(zhi)歷(li)史悠(you)久,據(ju)史考(kao),在(zai)崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)凰山(shan)地(di)區的(de)(de)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)發展(zhan)到相當規模,到清(qing)代,鳳(feng)凰山(shan)的(de)(de)三(san)條沖東(dong)(dong)山(shan)、西山(shan)地(di)區已(yi)發展(zhan)成為(wei)(wei)全國著(zhu)名的(de)(de)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)區,鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)也成為(wei)(wei)名貴出(chu)口特(te)產(chan)(chan)(chan),據(ju)清(qing)代撰修的(de)(de)《銅(tong)陵(ling)縣志》把(ba)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)本(ben)縣主(zhu)要物(wu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)之一,"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜(jiang)、蒜、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)之類,近(jin)亦間(jian)(jian)(jian)有服(fu)賈(jia)者,但(dan)遠人(ren)市(shi)販(fan)者居多(duo)"的(de)(de)記載,同治年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian))銅(tong)陵(ling)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)一度緊銷,鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)市(shi)價昂貴近(jin)達"萬斤(jin)稻谷易其(qi)擔(dan)",清(qing)末(mo)(mo)民初年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian),是(shi)銅(tong)陵(ling)歷(li)史上丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)鼎盛時(shi)期,1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian),產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)曾(ceng)達700噸(dun),以(yi)后(hou)由(you)于(yu)時(shi)局(ju)動(dong)蕩,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)運銷困難,丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)下降,1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸(dun),解放后(hou),人(ren)民政府十分重視(shi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan),從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始(shi),牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)國家(jia)統一購銷物(wu)資,價格穩定,國內外(wai)需求量(liang)大,1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面積256.2公(gong)頃,產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達113.9噸(dun),1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸(dun),1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸(dun),2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸(dun),解放后(hou)至八(ba)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)是(shi)由(you)國家(jia)藥材公(gong)司統一收(shou)購、經(jing)銷;進入九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代則(ze)有不少個體藥材經(jing)銷商(shang)參(can)與經(jing)銷。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)國家(jia)農(nong)業部授予(yu)新橋鎮(zhen)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)地(di)區中國南方牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)商(shang)品基地(di),使我市(shi)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)種(zhong)植(zhi)及生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)得到長(chang)足(zu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)。目(mu)前(qian)已(yi)有一萬畝生(sheng)態牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)園,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)牡丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸(dun),其(qi)中鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸(dun),二十世紀九十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代末(mo)(mo),丹(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)(pi)受主(zhu)要出(chu)口地(di)區東(dong)(dong)南亞金融危機(ji)的(de)(de)影響,價格大跌。
成品丹皮
銅陵人栽培(pei)鳳丹主要目的(de)不是為了欣(xin)賞(shang),而是為了獲取牡(mu)丹的(de)根皮,也(ye)就是舉世聞(wen)名的(de)珍貴中藥(yao)材(cai)--丹皮。
丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi),具有(you)(you)舒筋活血(xue)、清淤、清熱(re)、涼(liang)血(xue)、抗(kang)菌消(xiao)炎、鎮(zhen)(zhen)靜鎮(zhen)(zhen)痛、降(jiang)血(xue)壓、抗(kang)痙攣、清熱(re)化瘀等(deng)功效,還(huan)具有(you)(you)防腐功能,是名貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量最好、功效最佳(jia),根(gen)(gen)條(tiao)粗(cu)直、皮(pi)(pi)(pi)厚、粉性(xing)足,香氣(qi)濃、斷面呈白色。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳丹(dan)早已(yi)(yi)馳名中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai),為(wei)很多中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)藥(yao)必備藥(yao)材,在(zai)(zai)國(guo)際(ji)市(shi)場上(shang)也一直享(xiang)有(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲譽,鳳丹(dan)要經過四(si)至五年的(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)期才能收獲(huo),收獲(huo)一般均在(zai)(zai)每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)秋末(mo)初冬時進行,因為(wei)在(zai)(zai)這個時候(hou),鳳丹(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地面上(shang)部分已(yi)(yi)經枯萎、養份(fen)都已(yi)(yi)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)根(gen)(gen)部,藥(yao)農們將鳳丹(dan)小(xiao)心(xin)地挖出(chu)來,先(xian)掐去根(gen)(gen)須(xu),除去泥(ni)(ni)土,曬干,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)再用(yong)手從較細的(de)(de)(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始,在(zai)(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰,使(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)破裂,順勢抽(chou)出(chu)除去泥(ni)(ni)土,曬干,然(ran)后(hou)(hou)再用(yong)手從較細的(de)(de)(de)(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始,在(zai)(zai)粗(cu)端(duan)扭擰,使(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)破裂,順勢抽(chou)出(chu)木芯。抽(chou)出(chu)木芯的(de)(de)(de)(de)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)經過刮皮(pi)(pi)(pi)、分檢、包裝等(deng)道工序后(hou)(hou),就成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)了。
藥用價值
鳳丹(dan)所含的化學成份有芍藥甙、丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)、丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)甙、丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)多糖、苯甲酸(suan)、甾醇(chun)、揮發油等多種物;其中丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)含量(liang)的高低(di)是檢驗丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)品(pin)質優劣的主要指標,主要加工產品(pin)為丹(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen),用來做抗(kang)心(xin)血管系統疾病的藥物,還可(ke)作為牙膏、香皂、花(hua)露水等日化產品(pin)添加劑,如食品(pin)防腐、衛生保健(jian)等方面大(da)有市場潛力。
目前,應用(yong)丹(dan)皮(pi)已開發出了(le)(le)幾十個(ge)處(chu)方,同時,牡(mu)丹(dan)皮(pi)的藥用(yong)研究在化(hua)(hua)學成分、藥理作用(yong)等方面,也取得了(le)(le)一定進展,其抗脈粥樣硬化(hua)(hua)、降(jiang)血壓、降(jiang)血糖、抗驚(jing)厥、保(bao)肝(gan)、利尿、抗菌消炎、心肌細(xi)胞保(bao)護,對血液流變(bian)性,對腦(nao)組織(zhi)保(bao)護等作用(yong)已被實(shi)驗研究所證實(shi),為(wei)牡(mu)丹(dan)皮(pi)的進一步開發提供了(le)(le)實(shi)驗依據。
牡(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)含有(you)豐富的營養(yang)物(wu)質,有(you)很高的藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值和食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值。目前,食(shi)(shi)牡(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)現象隨處可(ke)見(jian)已(yi)日漸(jian)成為一種時尚,并形成了許多(duo)配方,牡(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)做成牡(mu)丹(dan)飲料(liao)、牡(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)茶、牡(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)酒、牡(mu)丹(dan)醬(jiang)及(ji)牡(mu)丹(dan)鮮花(hua)糕點,食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)不僅(jin)有(you)保健功能,而且可(ke)食(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)花(hua)香濃郁的花(hua)瓣。經(jing)過(guo)多(duo)年摸索,已(yi)制定出完善的配方和完備的工藝(yi)流(liu)程。目前牡(mu)丹(dan)鮮花(hua)月餅及(ji)牡(mu)丹(dan)醬(jiang)已(yi)批量(liang)生產。
保護范圍
為安徽省(sheng)銅陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)順安鎮、鐘鳴(ming)鎮和蕪湖(hu)市南(nan)陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)何(he)灣鎮等3個(ge)鄉鎮現轄行政區域(yu)。