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栽培歷史

銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)的牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)栽(zai)培(pei)距(ju)今(jin)己有(you)一(yi)(yi)千六百(bai)多年的歷史(shi)(shi)。《銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)·古(gu)跡(ji)》篇記載:"仙牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，長山(shan)(shan)石竇中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)株(zhu)，高尺(chi)余，花二三枝(zhi)，素(su)艷絕麗。"相傳為(wei)(wei)(wei)葛洪所種(zhong)(zhong)。據考證，仙牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)相似(si)今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)大(da)面積(ji)栽(zai)培(pei)的藥用品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)"鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)白(bai)"。《銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》卷(juan)十四中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)石洞村(今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣(xian)(xian)董店鄉(xiang))盛(sheng)嘉佑等(deng)人寫的《牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)宅懷(huai)古(gu)》詩(shi)三首(shou)。其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you):"籌邊持節善(shan)懷(huai)柔，西夏(xia)還(huan)轅錫予優。一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)名花分(fen)御(yu)(yu)園(yuan)，九重春色滿贏(ying)州。"此(ci)時(shi)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)北宋時(shi)期。如(ru)今(jin)銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)所保留栽(zai)培(pei)的"御(yu)(yu)園(yuan)紅(hong)"，重瓣淺紅(hong)色品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，據盛(sheng)姓花農講，就(jiu)(jiu)是當年皇帝賜給他們祖先的。銅(tong)(tong)陵(ling)(ling)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)主(zhu)要(yao)以生產(chan)藥材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)單一(yi)(yi)，集中(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)于(yu)鳳(feng)凰山(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)帶，其數量可為(wei)(wei)(wei)全(quan)國第一(yi)(yi)。有(you)關(guan)白(bai)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)的栽(zai)培(pei)，《巢縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》和(he)，《無為(wei)(wei)(wei)市志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》均有(you)記載。至(zhi)今(jin)在(zai)巢湖市還(huan)有(you)宋時(shi)留傳下(xia)來(lai)的山(shan)(shan)崖牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，由于(yu)花色雪白(bai)如(ru)玉，被稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)"銀屏牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)"，宋代時(shi)歐陽修在(zai)滁(chu)州任官時(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)對此(ci)株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)留下(xia)了詩(shi)句。這株(zhu)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)特奇(qi)，千百(bai)年來(lai)，經當地百(bai)姓觀(guan)察(cha)，每(mei)年"谷雨，，定開無疑(yi)，但綻(zhan)開朵數卻有(you)講究。11-13朵則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)當年大(da)澇，6-7朵則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)當年風(feng)調雨順(shun)，5朵以下(xia)則(ze)預(yu)示(shi)干旱。此(ci)外，安徽還(huan)有(you)寧國、歙縣(xian)(xian)等(deng)地，歷史(shi)(shi)上也曾(ceng)盛(sheng)產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)。《寧國縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)》載:"寧國、蟠龍(long)素(su)產(chan)牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)，以黃(huang)、白(bai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)貴，土人運往廣東，價重洛陽，洪楊亂后(hou)，所產(chan)甚稀，近陳氏商藝尚保存遺種(zhong)(zhong)云。"總之(zhi),安徽牡(mu)(mu)丹(dan)(dan)主(zhu)要(yao)是以生產(chan)藥材為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，其觀(guan)賞品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)數量相對較少(shao)。

產地環境

鳳凰山(shan)地(di)(di)區(qu)位于(yu)長江(jiang)南(nan)岸，屬亞熱帶濕潤(run)氣候，四季(ji)分明(ming)，雨量充(chong)沛，無(wu)霜期較長，光照充(chong)足，土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為金(jin)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(該土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)分類(lei)學上命名為紅壤性麻砂土(tu)(tu)(tu))，適(shi)宜丹皮種(zhong)植，且(qie)該地(di)(di)區(qu)又(you)無(wu)工業和(he)化肥農藥污染，植保保護(hu)較好，所(suo)以種(zhong)出的(de)(de)丹皮質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量好，經濟(ji)價值高。鳳丹對土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤要求(qiu)較高，只(zhi)有在(zai)此(ci)種(zhong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤上生長出的(de)(de)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)優良(liang)、藥性獨特(te)的(de)(de)丹皮才(cai)稱之為鳳丹，由于(yu)符合條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)金(jin)沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積(ji)和(he)獨特(te)的(de)(de)氣候、環境條(tiao)件(jian)有限，因此(ci)，長久以來，真正(zheng)的(de)(de)鳳丹種(zhong)植一(yi)(yi)直限于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個較為狹小的(de)(de)范圍內，鳳丹皮產(chan)(chan)量也十分有限，更顯得出自原產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)正(zheng)宗鳳丹彌足珍貴。

產量情況

銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)種植(zhi)歷史(shi)悠久，據史(shi)考，在崇禎年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1628-1644年(nian)(nian)(nian))鳳(feng)凰山地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)(dao)相當規模，到(dao)(dao)清代，鳳(feng)凰山的(de)三(san)條沖(chong)東山、西(xi)山地(di)(di)區(qu)已(yi)發(fa)展(zhan)成為全國(guo)著名(ming)的(de)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)區(qu)，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)也成為名(ming)貴出(chu)口特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，據清代撰修的(de)《銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)縣志》把生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)列為本縣主要物產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)之一(yi)，"邑產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、姜、蒜(suan)、苧麻、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)之類，近(jin)(jin)亦間(jian)有服賈者，但遠人(ren)市販(fan)者居多"的(de)記載(zai)，同(tong)治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1862~1872年(nian)(nian)(nian))銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)一(yi)度緊銷，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)市價(jia)昂貴近(jin)(jin)達(da)(da)"萬斤(jin)稻谷易其(qi)擔"，清末民初年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，是(shi)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)歷史(shi)上(shang)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)鼎(ding)盛時期，1924~1926年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)曾(ceng)達(da)(da)700噸(dun)(dun)，以后由于時局動蕩(dang)，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)運銷困難，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)下降，1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)陵(ling)(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)僅產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)21噸(dun)(dun)，解放后，人(ren)民政府十(shi)分(fen)重視丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)，從1953年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始，牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)列為國(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)購(gou)銷物資，價(jia)格穩定，國(guo)內外需求量(liang)大，1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)面積256.2公頃，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)(da)113.9噸(dun)(dun)，1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)591噸(dun)(dun)，1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)937噸(dun)(dun)，2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)1140噸(dun)(dun)，解放后至八(ba)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)是(shi)由國(guo)家藥(yao)材(cai)公司統(tong)一(yi)收購(gou)、經(jing)銷;進入九(jiu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代則有不少個(ge)體藥(yao)材(cai)經(jing)銷商(shang)參(can)與(yu)經(jing)銷。1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)國(guo)家農業部授予新橋鎮鳳(feng)凰山地(di)(di)區(qu)中國(guo)南方牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)商(shang)品基地(di)(di)，使我市丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)種植(zhi)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)得到(dao)(dao)長足的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。目前已(yi)有一(yi)萬畝生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)園，年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)牡(mu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)1000噸(dun)(dun)，其(qi)中鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)700噸(dun)(dun)，二(er)十(shi)世紀(ji)九(jiu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代末，丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)受主要出(chu)口地(di)(di)區(qu)東南亞(ya)金融危機的(de)影響，價(jia)格大跌(die)。

成品丹皮

銅陵人栽培(pei)鳳丹(dan)主要目(mu)的不是為(wei)了(le)欣賞(shang)，而(er)是為(wei)了(le)獲取牡丹(dan)的根皮，也就是舉世(shi)聞名(ming)的珍貴(gui)中藥材--丹(dan)皮。

丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)，具(ju)有(you)舒筋活血、清(qing)淤、清(qing)熱、涼血、抗(kang)菌(jun)消炎(yan)、鎮(zhen)靜(jing)鎮(zhen)痛、降血壓(ya)、抗(kang)痙攣(luan)、清(qing)熱化瘀等(deng)(deng)功(gong)效，還具(ju)有(you)防腐功(gong)能(neng)，是名(ming)貴的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)材。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)質量最好、功(gong)效最佳，根(gen)(gen)條粗直、皮(pi)(pi)厚、粉性足，香氣濃、斷面(mian)呈白色。銅(tong)陵(ling)鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)早已馳(chi)名(ming)中(zhong)外，為很(hen)多中(zhong)成(cheng)藥(yao)必(bi)備藥(yao)材，在國際(ji)市場上也一(yi)直享(xiang)有(you)很(hen)高的(de)聲譽(yu)，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)要經(jing)過四至五年(nian)的(de)生長期才能(neng)收獲(huo)，收獲(huo)一(yi)般均在每年(nian)的(de)秋末初(chu)冬(dong)時進行，因為在這(zhe)個時候，鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)的(de)地面(mian)上部(bu)分已經(jing)枯萎、養份都已集(ji)中(zhong)在根(gen)(gen)部(bu)，藥(yao)農們(men)將鳳(feng)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)小(xiao)心(xin)地挖出來，先掐去根(gen)(gen)須(xu)，除(chu)去泥土，曬干，然(ran)后(hou)再用手(shou)從較細的(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始(shi)(shi)，在粗端(duan)扭(niu)擰，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie)，順勢(shi)抽出除(chu)去泥土，曬干，然(ran)后(hou)再用手(shou)從較細的(de)側根(gen)(gen)開始(shi)(shi)，在粗端(duan)扭(niu)擰，使根(gen)(gen)皮(pi)(pi)破裂(lie)，順勢(shi)抽出木芯(xin)。抽出木芯(xin)的(de)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)經(jing)過刮(gua)皮(pi)(pi)、分檢(jian)、包(bao)裝等(deng)(deng)道工(gong)序后(hou)，就成(cheng)為成(cheng)品丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)了(le)。

藥用價值

鳳丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)所含的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)成份(fen)有芍藥甙、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)甙、丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)多糖、苯甲酸、甾醇、揮發油(you)等多種(zhong)物;其中丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)含量的(de)(de)高(gao)低是檢(jian)驗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)品質優劣(lie)的(de)(de)主要指(zhi)標，主要加工產(chan)品為丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)皮(pi)(pi)酚(fen)，用(yong)來做(zuo)抗心(xin)血管系統疾病的(de)(de)藥物，還可(ke)作為牙膏(gao)、香(xiang)皂、花露水等日化(hua)產(chan)品添加劑，如食品防腐、衛生保(bao)健等方面大有市場(chang)潛力。

目前，應用(yong)丹皮已開(kai)發出(chu)了(le)(le)幾十(shi)個處(chu)方(fang)，同時，牡丹皮的(de)藥用(yong)研(yan)究(jiu)在化學成分、藥理作(zuo)用(yong)等方(fang)面，也取得了(le)(le)一定進展(zhan)，其抗脈粥樣(yang)硬(ying)化、降血(xue)壓、降血(xue)糖、抗驚(jing)厥(jue)、保(bao)肝(gan)、利尿、抗菌消炎、心肌細胞保(bao)護，對血(xue)液(ye)流(liu)變性，對腦組織保(bao)護等作(zuo)用(yong)已被實(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)所證實(shi)，為牡丹皮的(de)進一步開(kai)發提供了(le)(le)實(shi)驗依據。

牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)含有(you)(you)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)營養物質，有(you)(you)很(hen)高的(de)藥用價(jia)值和食用價(jia)值。目前(qian)，食牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)現象隨處(chu)可(ke)見(jian)已日漸成為一種時尚，并(bing)形成了許多(duo)配方，牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)做成牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)飲料、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)茶、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)花(hua)酒、牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)醬及牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)鮮(xian)花(hua)糕點，食用不僅(jin)有(you)(you)保健功(gong)能，而且可(ke)食用花(hua)香濃郁的(de)花(hua)瓣。經過多(duo)年摸索，已制定出完(wan)善的(de)配方和完(wan)備的(de)工藝流程。目前(qian)牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)鮮(xian)花(hua)月餅及牡(mu)(mu)(mu)丹(dan)醬已批量生產。

保護范圍

為(wei)安(an)徽省銅陵縣順(shun)安(an)鎮(zhen)、鐘(zhong)鳴鎮(zhen)和蕪湖市南(nan)陵縣何灣鎮(zhen)等3個鄉鎮(zhen)現轄行政區域。