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基本介紹

特暴龍(long)(long)是(shi)發現(xian)于(yu)亞洲(zhou)(zhou)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)暴龍(long)(long)類，在(zai)(zai)外形上與北(bei)美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)霸王龍(long)(long)非(fei)常(chang)相似，是(shi)當(dang)時生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)級捕食(shi)者(zhe)。特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)體型(xing)比霸王龍(long)(long)和諸城暴龍(long)(long)略小，但明(ming)顯大(da)于(yu)其(qi)它的(de)(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)類，其(qi)頭骨的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)長(chang)度可(ke)達1.3米(mi)。特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)主要(yao)發現(xian)于(yu)蒙(meng)(meng)古，但是(shi)也有一(yi)(yi)些證據表(biao)明(ming)這種(zhong)巨型(xing)掠食(shi)者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)中國的(de)(de)(de)內蒙(meng)(meng)古以及新疆等地(di)(di)區都有分布。如同(tong)它在(zai)(zai)北(bei)美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)近親一(yi)(yi)樣，特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)標本量也非(fei)常(chang)巨大(da)。截止(zhi)到目前為(wei)止(zhi)，古生(sheng)物學家至少(shao)已經找到了約30個(ge)特暴龍(long)(long)個(ge)體的(de)(de)(de)標本，這其(qi)中不(bu)(bu)乏(fa)保存精美的(de)(de)(de)頭骨化石(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)亞洲(zhou)(zhou)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)古生(sheng)物學發展的(de)(de)(de)早期階段，特暴龍(long)(long)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)發育(yu)階段的(de)(de)(de)個(ge)體曾經被(bei)當(dang)成(cheng)過不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)物種(zhong)，不(bu)(bu)過在(zai)(zai)近期的(de)(de)(de)研究中這些錯誤都被(bei)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)糾正。

命名由來

特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)屬名(ming)意為(wei)“可怕(pa)的(de)(de)(de)蜥蜴”，種(zhong)名(ming)意為(wei)“勇士”。特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)正型標本最初并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)被歸(gui)入(ru)到特暴龍(long)(long)屬，而(er)是被歸(gui)入(ru)到暴龍(long)(long)屬，并(bing)命名(ming)為(wei)“Tyrannosaurus bataar”，另外三個早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)歸(gui)入(ru)標本中(zhong)有(you)兩個被歸(gui)入(ru)了蛇發女怪龍(long)(long)屬。直到1965年蘇聯古生物學家阿納托(tuo)利(li)·康斯坦(tan)丁諾(nuo)維奇·羅特杰(jie)斯特文斯基才(cai)發現馬列夫(fu)命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)這4件(jian)標本是同一物種(zhong)不同發育階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)個體，隨后它們才(cai)被并(bing)入(ru)勇士特暴龍(long)(long)。

基本信息和形態學

正型標(biao)本：PIN 551-1保存了一部分(fen)頭骨和頸(jing)椎。最早被歸入暴(bao)龍(long)屬，后(hou)歸入特暴(bao)龍(long)屬。

此(ci)外蘭平暴龍（Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis），吐魯番暴龍（Tyrannosaurus turpanensis），Albertosaurus periculosus目前都(dou)被認為是屬于勇士(shi)特暴龍的不(bu)同(tong)個體發(fa)育階段。除(chu)此(ci)之外，在蒙古發(fa)現(xian)的分支龍曾(ceng)經(jing)也被懷疑過(guo)是特暴龍的幼年個體，不(bu)過(guo)近年來由(you)于虔(qian)州龍的發(fa)現(xian)，分支龍類的有效性已經(jing)被學(xue)術(shu)界(jie)所(suo)接受。

特(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)側(ce)視(shi)與霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)非常相(xiang)似(si)。兩(liang)(liang)者(zhe)都具(ju)有(you)背(bei)(bei)腹向(xiang)加深的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)，且具(ju)有(you)粗(cu)壯的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)頜(he)。從背(bei)(bei)視(shi)可(ke)以看出兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)恐龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)整體輪(lun)廓的(de)(de)(de)差異，霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)后端(duan)向(xiang)外(wai)側(ce)極度(du)的(de)(de)(de)擴展，使(shi)得雙眼(yan)視(shi)覺范圍(wei)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)重疊(die)。雖(sui)然特(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)后端(duan)也有(you)一定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)向(xiang)外(wai)擴展，但(dan)是與霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差距。同時特(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)吻端(duan)明(ming)顯比霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)更窄。霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)和上頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)相(xiang)接的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)縫上有(you)一個明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)開孔(kong)暴露在頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)側(ce)面，而這一開孔(kong)在特(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)側(ce)面幾(ji)乎(hu)沒有(you)。

特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)升突粗狀發達，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)較為纖細(xi)。兩種(zhong)恐龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)腹(fu)外(wai)側緣(yuan)都具(ju)有(you)與(yu)(yu)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)相關(guan)(guan)節的(de)(de)溝，并幾乎前(qian)后向延伸至鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)的(de)(de)整個(ge)長度。但特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節面具(ju)有(you)很多脊，使鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)與(yu)(yu)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節更緊密，而霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)關(guan)(guan)節更簡單(dan)。相反(fan)的(de)(de)是，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)與(yu)(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節十(shi)分復雜且非常緊密，而特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)與(yu)(yu)淚(lei)骨(gu)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節則(ze)較為簡單(dan)。此(ci)外(wai)，霸王(wang)(wang)龍(long)的(de)(de)鼻(bi)(bi)骨(gu)比特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)更加寬(kuan)大。

霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨背緣較特暴龍(long)(long)有(you)(you)更明顯的(de)膨大。特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨降(jiang)(jiang)支較為(wei)中空，而霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨降(jiang)(jiang)支幾乎是實心的(de)。特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨前(qian)突與霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)相比(bi)更為(wei)細長(chang)，且前(qian)突關(guan)節(jie)面沒(mei)有(you)(you)分支。霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨前(qian)突關(guan)節(jie)面具有(you)(you)明顯的(de)分叉。淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨前(qian)突的(de)內側面中段具有(you)(you)一個容納血管的(de)開孔，這一開孔在霸(ba)(ba)王龍(long)(long)的(de)淚(lei)(lei)(lei)骨上(shang)的(de)位置更靠前(qian)。

鱗(lin)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)降支與(yu)方(fang)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)支具(ju)有很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸面(mian)積，與(yu)艾伯塔(ta)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和蛇(she)發(fa)(fa)女怪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，而(er)(er)與(yu)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)非常相似。在(zai)腹(fu)側(ce)視，特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)如霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那樣很(hen)明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)翻(fan)。特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)升突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)外(wai)側(ce)面(mian)都具(ju)有一不(bu)(bu)甚明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凹(ao)陷，但是霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這一凹(ao)陷明(ming)顯(xian)小于特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)(hou)突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)都具(ju)有二分支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)，區別(bie)在(zai)于特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)(hou)突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)腹(fu)側(ce)支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度不(bu)(bu)均勻，其腹(fu)緣(yuan)較厚，向背(bei)緣(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)逐漸(jian)變薄，而(er)(er)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)(hou)突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)腹(fu)側(ce)支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度更(geng)為均一，且(qie)外(wai)側(ce)面(mian)更(geng)為明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隆起。特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄明(ming)顯(xian)比霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)加(jia)纖弱。霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)比特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)為寬大，能夠覆蓋(gai)住顴(quan)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)(hou)突(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分面(mian)積，且(qie)內側(ce)面(mian)具(ju)有一個很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凹(ao)陷。特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內鼻(bi)孔邊緣(yuan)發(fa)(fa)育的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)明(ming)顯(xian)，而(er)(er)這一特(te)(te)(te)(te)征在(zai)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)相對(dui)較弱。特(te)(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)外(wai)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)孔比霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)小。

特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)犁骨(gu)(gu)(gu)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)(tu)向(xiang)(xiang)前(qian)(qian)極度延(yan)伸，與前(qian)(qian)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)顎突(tu)(tu)相接，而這一(yi)特(te)(te)征在霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)不(bu)明顯。特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)最大區別在于顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)關節面的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)。霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)額(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)是一(yi)條斜線，而特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)翼(yi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)顎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)突(tu)(tu)前(qian)(qian)邊(bian)緣(yuan)向(xiang)(xiang)前(qian)(qian)突(tu)(tu)出。特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)內外向(xiang)(xiang)寬度小于枕髁，而霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)更(geng)(geng)寬。從側面看(kan)，特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)吻端比霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)更(geng)(geng)加尖細一(yi)點(dian)。霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)夾板(ban)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)腹緣(yuan)相較(jiao)于特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有更(geng)(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)傾斜角度，并且夾板(ban)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)端位(wei)于更(geng)(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)。特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)隅骨(gu)(gu)(gu)孔較(jiao)霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)要發達(da)。霸(ba)(ba)王(wang)(wang)(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)成體上(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)齒(chi)和(he)(he)齒(chi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)齒(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數量不(bu)一(yi)樣。

歸入標本：PIN 551-2是(shi)一具接近完整的骨架。最早被歸入到(dao)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)的歸入種埃(ai)夫(fu)雷莫夫(fu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(Tarbosaurus efremovi)。現已歸入到(dao)勇士(shi)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)，且勇士(shi)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)是(shi)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)下的唯一有效種。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：PIN 553-1保存(cun)了(le)頭(tou)骨，背椎和(he)尾椎，掌骨和(he)跖(zhi)骨。最開始被歸入到(dao)蛇(she)發女怪龍(long)屬。現已歸入勇士特暴龍(long)。

歸入(ru)(ru)標本(ben)：PIN 552-2保存了頭骨和頭后(hou)骨骼。最開始被歸入(ru)(ru)到蛇發女怪龍屬。現已歸入(ru)(ru)勇士特暴(bao)龍。

歸入標本：MPC-D 107/7是一件幼年的標本，關(guan)聯保(bao)存。除(chu)了缺(que)少頸椎(zhui)，前(qian)部背椎(zhui)和(he)末端尾椎(zhui)，其它骨頭(tou)基本都(dou)有保(bao)存。

歸入標(biao)本：ZPAL MgD-I/3幾乎(hu)完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的中(zhong)等體型的個體。保(bao)存了(le)頭骨，頸椎(zhui)(zhui)和背椎(zhui)(zhui)，10節近端尾椎(zhui)(zhui)，完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的腸骨，恥骨和坐骨，肋骨和腹(fu)膜肋，完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)的肩胛骨，烏喙(hui)骨，左側(ce)的前肢，不完(wan)(wan)整(zheng)保(bao)存的右側(ce)后肢。

歸(gui)入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/4部分保存的大型(xing)個(ge)體。保存了左側后肢(zhi)，腸(chang)骨，13節椎體。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/5不(bu)完(wan)整保存(cun)的(de)大型骨架。保存(cun)了左(zuo)(zuo)側上頜(he)骨，左(zuo)(zuo)側方骨，左(zuo)(zuo)側的(de)下頜(he)和(he)右側的(de)下頜(he)碎(sui)片，11節左(zuo)(zuo)側肋骨的(de)碎(sui)片，恥骨碎(sui)片，坐(zuo)骨，腸骨碎(sui)片，左(zuo)(zuo)側后肢和(he)右側跖骨，和(he)很多碎(sui)屑。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/26不完(wan)整保存的上頜骨和一(yi)部分保存下來的牙齒(chi)。

歸入標(biao)本：ZPAL Mgd-I/29不完(wan)整(zheng)的大(da)型骨(gu)(gu)(gu)架(jia)。保(bao)存(cun)了(le)(le)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和較為完(wan)整(zheng)的齒列。頭(tou)后(hou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼保(bao)存(cun)了(le)(le)6節頸椎，5節薦(jian)椎，22節尾椎，11節右(you)側(ce)肋骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，腸(chang)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，不完(wan)整(zheng)的恥骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和近(jin)端(duan)坐骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，左側(ce)肱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，尺骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和橈骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的遠端(duan)，第一手指，幾乎(hu)完(wan)整(zheng)的右(you)側(ce)后(hou)肢。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/31右側上(shang)頜骨的近端。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/34頭骨(gu)右側的碎片。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/38不完全保存的(de)(de)頭骨，12節肋(lei)骨，右側股骨的(de)(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)(duan)。右側脛骨的(de)(de)遠(yuan)端(duan)(duan)，右側的(de)(de)3-4跖骨，第4趾(zhi)的(de)(de)近端(duan)(duan)趾(zhi)節骨。

歸入(ru)標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/44頭骨的右側(ce)。

歸(gui)入標(biao)本：ZPAL Mgd-I/45頭骨碎片。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/46右側下頜(he)碎片(pian)和其它7塊頭骨碎片(pian)，和兩節斷掉(diao)的背椎肋骨。

歸入標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/52左側下頜齒骨(gu)。

歸入標本(ben)：ZPAL Mgd-I/67右側顴(quan)骨。

歸入標(biao)本：ZPAL Mgd-I/93頭骨腦顱。

歸入(ru)標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/109大的帶有圍巖的頭(tou)骨。

歸入標本：ZPAL Mgd-I/178頭骨(gu)(gu)的碎片，脊椎骨(gu)(gu)和(he)股骨(gu)(gu)。

歸入標本：GIN 100/61頭骨(gu)碎片和頭后骨(gu)骼。

歸(gui)入標本：GIN 100/62頭(tou)骨碎片和(he)頭(tou)后骨骼。

歸入標(biao)本：GIN 100/65頭骨的右(you)半部分。

歸入(ru)標本：GIN 100/67頭骨的(de)碎片，腦顱(lu)。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：GIN 100/69枕區(qu)。

歸入標本：GIN 100/70頭(tou)骨碎片和椎體。

歸入標本：GIN 107/2完(wan)整的骨架。

歸(gui)入標本：GIN 107/3頭骨。

歸(gui)入標本(ben)：PIN 551-3骨(gu)架，保(bao)存狀況未描述。最早(zao)被歸(gui)入到特(te)暴龍屬的(de)歸(gui)入種埃夫雷莫夫特(te)暴龍。現已歸(gui)入到勇士特(te)暴龍。

歸入(ru)標本：PIN 551-4骨架，保存狀況未描述(shu)。最早被歸入(ru)到特暴龍(long)屬的(de)歸入(ru)種埃夫雷莫夫特暴龍(long)。現已歸入(ru)到勇士特暴龍(long)。

歸入(ru)(ru)(ru)標(biao)本：PIN 551-91右側上頜骨(gu)。最(zui)早被歸入(ru)(ru)(ru)到特暴(bao)龍屬的歸入(ru)(ru)(ru)種埃夫雷莫夫特暴(bao)龍。現(xian)已歸入(ru)(ru)(ru)到勇士特暴(bao)龍。

歸(gui)(gui)入標本：PIN 552-1目前(qian)僅有復制(zhi)品保存。最早被歸(gui)(gui)入到特暴龍屬(shu)的(de)歸(gui)(gui)入種埃(ai)夫雷莫(mo)夫特暴龍。現已歸(gui)(gui)入到勇士特暴龍。

歸入標(biao)本：PIN 553-2保存狀況未描述。早被歸入到特暴(bao)龍(long)屬(shu)的(de)歸入種埃(ai)夫雷莫夫特暴(bao)龍(long)。現(xian)已歸入到勇士特暴(bao)龍(long)。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：IVPP V 4878火焰山鄯善龍（Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis）的(de)正型(xing)標(biao)本(ben)，發現(xian)于中(zhong)國(guo)新疆，現(xian)在認為可能是(shi)特暴龍的(de)幼(you)體。保存了上頜骨(gu)(gu)，下(xia)頜大部分(fen)骨(gu)(gu)塊，多(duo)節頸(jing)椎，背椎和薦椎，肩帶骨(gu)(gu)骼，肱骨(gu)(gu)，恥骨(gu)(gu)遠端(duan)，股(gu)骨(gu)(gu)和脛骨(gu)(gu)近(jin)端(duan)。

歸入標本：IVPP V 4733欒川暴(bao)(bao)龍（Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis）的正型(xing)標本，為5顆牙齒，現認為也可能屬于特暴(bao)(bao)龍。

歸(gui)入標本：IVPP V 836為破碎金(jin)剛口龍(long)（Chingkankousaurus fragilis）的(de)正型標本，為一節不完整(zheng)的(de)肩胛(jia)骨標本。布魯薩特等人認為很有可能是特暴(bao)龍(long)，但不太確定。

系統發育位置

特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)同霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)一(yi)樣(yang)，是暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)超科中最(zui)進步的成員(yuan)。大多數的系(xi)統發(fa)育分析(xi)都支(zhi)持霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)和特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)構(gou)成一(yi)個姐妹群(qun)，諸城(cheng)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)作為兩者所構(gou)成單系(xi)的姐妹群(qun)。也(ye)有(you)一(yi)些分析(xi)認為特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)與諸城(cheng)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的親緣(yuan)關系(xi)更近。

體型大小

如果(guo)不考慮(lv)標(biao)本量(liang)很少(shao)且質量(liang)很差的(de)(de)諸城暴龍(long)，特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)體型(xing)基本穩(wen)坐暴龍(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)第二(er)把(ba)交椅。最大的(de)(de)特(te)暴龍(long)頭骨長度(du)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)1.3米，這一大小顯著的(de)(de)大于其(qi)它的(de)(de)大型(xing)暴龍(long)類(lei)，并基本達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)了個別霸(ba)王龍(long)成年(nian)標(biao)本的(de)(de)頭骨長度(du)。目前最大的(de)(de)特(te)暴龍(long)標(biao)本體長是(shi)肯定能超過10米的(de)(de)。特(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)體重(zhong)一般(ban)估計在(zai)4噸左(zuo)右。

頭骨生物力學

通(tong)過仔細對比(bi)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)及其它北美(mei)(mei)(mei)暴龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)成(cheng)員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)各個骨(gu)(gu)(gu)塊骨(gu)(gu)(gu)縫與特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)可以發現霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)與特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)具(ju)(ju)有不太一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)力學結(jie)構(gou)(gou)。大(da)型(xing)暴龍(long)(long)類都(dou)具(ju)(ju)有毀滅性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)合力，而它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)(gu)(gu)也必須在撕(si)咬(yao)獵物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)承(cheng)受(shou)同(tong)樣(yang)巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作用(yong)力。北美(mei)(mei)(mei)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)主要通(tong)過上頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)-鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)-淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)-額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)/前額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)密關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)來承(cheng)受(shou)撕(si)咬(yao)獵物(wu)過程(cheng)中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作用(yong)力。其中，鼻(bi)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)了非常強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)，且這一(yi)特(te)征普遍存在于北美(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)暴龍(long)(long)亞科(ke)中。對于特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究顯示，與北美(mei)(mei)(mei)洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)親(qin)戚們相比(bi)，特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)前突向下(xia)偏(pian)轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更多，并且擁有比(bi)北美(mei)(mei)(mei)洲暴龍(long)(long)類更為強壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)升突，使得(de)這兩個塊骨(gu)(gu)(gu)頭通(tong)過復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)面緊(jin)密關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)在一(yi)起。同(tong)時(shi)特(te)暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前額骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)也有非常緊(jin)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)。非常強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)-淚(lei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)也見于異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)和中華盜(dao)龍(long)(long)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)類中。

對于(yu)異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)限(xian)元(yuan)分析(xi)顯示，異特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)在攻擊獵物(wu)時，頭骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上頜(he)(he)骨(gu)-淚骨(gu)關節處會承受非(fei)常大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反作(zuo)用力(li)。另(ling)外(wai)一(yi)(yi)點區別是，北美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)下頜(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒骨(gu)和后(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)塊(kuai)具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節，使(shi)得(de)(de)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下頜(he)(he)可以(yi)一(yi)(yi)定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內外(wai)擴展(zhan)和收縮，而特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)沒有(you)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關節，使(shi)得(de)(de)它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下頜(he)(he)更為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體化。造成這些(xie)區別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因主要是亞洲(zhou)(zhou)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)和北美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)所(suo)面對的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu)不太一(yi)(yi)樣。晚(wan)白堊世北美洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)主要捕(bu)食(shi)角龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)和鴨嘴龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)，而亞洲(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)則有(you)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會捕(bu)獵大型(xing)蜥腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)，比(bi)如泰坦(tan)巨龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)。目前(qian)還未(wei)有(you)研究(jiu)使(shi)用模(mo)型(xing)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法精確(que)計算過特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合(he)力(li)，但定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)認為(wei)，特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)與其它大型(xing)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)類(lei)一(yi)(yi)樣擁有(you)非(fei)常巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咬合(he)力(li)。

腳印和皮膚印痕

菲利普.柯(ke)瑞等人在(zai)2003年的(de)一項研究中報道了(le)2個可能屬于(yu)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)腳印(yin)。這些腳印(yin)非常巨大(da)，有61厘米(mi)長(chang)，保存了(le)第三(san)趾爪在(zai)地上(shang)(shang)留下的(de)痕(hen)跡。同時放大(da)觀(guan)察腳印(yin)還可以看到里(li)面的(de)皮膚印(yin)痕(hen)。皮膚印(yin)痕(hen)中的(de)每個鱗片大(da)約有2毫(hao)米(mi)寬。另外一件(jian)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍的(de)骨架上(shang)(shang)也發(fa)現了(le)皮膚印(yin)痕(hen)。皮膚印(yin)痕(hen)保留在(zai)接近(jin)咽(yan)喉(hou)的(de)位置，鱗片的(de)寬度約為2.4毫(hao)米(mi)。遺憾的(de)是這件(jian)標本已(yi)經被破壞，無法對其進行(xing)更深入的(de)研究。

腦結構

一件(jian)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本(ben)保存了(le)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)顱腔(qiang)。通過(guo)制作顱內模(mo)可以了(le)解特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)結構。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)結構與霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)十分相似，其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別僅(jin)存在于(yu)個別腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)神經(jing)基部的(de)(de)(de)位置，如(ru)三(san)叉神經(jing)和副神經(jing)。一只12米長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)體積約為(wei)184立方厘米。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)一樣擁有(you)非常大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)嗅葉(xie)，這說(shuo)明它(ta)們有(you)良好的(de)(de)(de)嗅覺(jue)(jue)。同(tong)時(shi)它(ta)們也(ye)具有(you)發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)犁鼻器(qi)用于(yu)探測荷爾(er)蒙，這說(shuo)明特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可能擁有(you)復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)交配行為(wei)。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)聽(ting)神經(jing)也(ye)很發達(da)，說(shuo)明它(ta)們有(you)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)聽(ting)力。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)中腦(nao)(nao)(nao)(nao)頂部（midbrain tectum）不甚(shen)發達(da)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)動眼神經(jing)和視神經(jing)也(ye)是(shi)如(ru)此。在頭(tou)骨的(de)(de)(de)宏觀(guan)形態形態上，特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)骨后端向外側擴展的(de)(de)(de)較(jiao)少，其(qi)雙(shuang)眼視覺(jue)(jue)疊加范圍不如(ru)霸王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。因(yin)此特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在生活的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候對嗅覺(jue)(jue)和聽(ting)覺(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)依賴(lai)要(yao)遠大(da)(da)于(yu)對視覺(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)依賴(lai)。

個體發育

同北(bei)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)大型暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在生(sheng)長發育過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)也伴隨著一(yi)(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)變化。目前發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)大多數(shu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)標本屬于(yu)亞成年(nian)(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體或(huo)成年(nian)(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體，只有(you)很少的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)發表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)幼(you)體標本使得古生(sheng)物學家(jia)對于(yu)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)時期有(you)了更(geng)多了解。這只幼(you)體在死亡的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)大約只有(you)2-3歲。與成年(nian)(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體相比，幼(you)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨較為脆弱，牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)也不(bu)夠強(qiang)壯，說(shuo)明幼(you)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)獵物與成體有(you)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同。與霸王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)懼(ju)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，這件幼(you)年(nian)(nian)(nian)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)骨齒(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)上頜(he)骨齒(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量與成年(nian)(nian)(nian)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)，說(shuo)明特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在個(ge)(ge)(ge)體發育的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)不(bu)存在牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)數(shu)量變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。這一(yi)(yi)區別(bie)是否(fou)廣(guang)泛(fan)存在與亞洲和(he)(he)北(bei)美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)其它暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科(ke)物種還需(xu)要(yao)進一(yi)(yi)步檢(jian)驗。對于(yu)幼(you)體鞏膜環(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)表(biao)(biao)明，幼(you)體可能具有(you)夜(ye)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)習性(xing)。成年(nian)(nian)(nian)特(te)(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是否(fou)具有(you)夜(ye)行習性(xing)還需(xu)要(yao)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)化石證據支持。

古生態學

特(te)(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)其所處生態系統(tong)中最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)捕食者(zhe)，與其共存的(de)(de)(de)植食性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)包(bao)括(kuo)蜥腳類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)梅蓋(gai)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和后凹(ao)尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，甲(jia)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)美甲(jia)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，腫頭(tou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)傾頭(tou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，鴨嘴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)櫛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和巴思缽(bo)氏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)鐮(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)似(si)鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)似(si)鵝龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，似(si)雞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和體型巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)恐手龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。肉食性恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)則包(bao)括(kuo)同屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)亞科的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)支龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)傷(shang)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)無聊龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，鴕鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和扎納(na)巴扎爾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)竊蛋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)單足龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，耐(nai)梅蓋(gai)特(te)(te)母龍(long)(long)(long)(long)和瑞(rui)欽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。

影視作品

特暴龍曾登場于BBC的(de)紀錄片《恐龍兇面(mian)目》以及《與龍同行特輯：尋(xun)爪記》。近期它又在紀錄片《史前星(xing)球》中登場。

在電影(ying)(ying)方面(mian)，特暴龍(long)登場(chang)于韓國(guo)(guo)的動畫(hua)電影(ying)(ying)《韓半島的恐(kong)龍(long)》以及國(guo)(guo)產恐(kong)龍(long)動畫(hua)電影(ying)(ying)《恐(kong)龍(long)王》。

常見種類

物種分類

特暴龍位于食物鏈的頂端，是(shi)一種(zhong)頂級掠食動物。特暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)在暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)科中的(de)分類位置(zhi)仍未確定。以前，有些科學(xue)家(jia)認(ren)為(wei)勇士特暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)其實(shi)是(shi)北美洲(zhou)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)亞洲(zhou)種(zhong)。如果屬實(shi)，將使特暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)成為(wei)無效的(de)分類。即使特暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)與暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)不是(shi)同(tong)種(zhong)動物，它們被認(ren)為(wei)有接近的(de)親緣關系。有些科學(xue)家(jia)認(ren)為(wei)，同(tong)樣(yang)發(fa)現于蒙古的(de)分支龍(long)(long)，是(shi)特暴(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)近親。

特暴龍的(de)化石記(ji)錄保存良好，已有數十(shi)個標本，包(bao)含至少(shao)5個完整的(de)頭(tou)顱骨(gu)與(yu)骨(gu)骸。這些(xie)化石讓科學家得以研究它們的(de)種系發(fa)生學、頭(tou)部力(li)學、以及腦部結(jie)構。

特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)科的(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科。該亞(ya)科還包(bao)含較(jiao)早期的(de)懼龍(long)(long)、較(jiao)晚(wan)期的(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，都發現于(yu)(yu)北美(mei)洲(zhou)，可能(neng)還有(you)蒙古的(de)分(fen)支(zhi)龍(long)(long)。暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科包(bao)含親緣關系較(jiao)接近暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，而離艾伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)較(jiao)遠的(de)物種;與艾伯塔(ta)(ta)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)，暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)亞(ya)科的(de)體格較(jiao)重型(xing)，頭顱骨的(de)比(bi)(bi)例(li)較(jiao)大，以(yi)及(ji)較(jiao)長的(de)股骨。

勇士特暴龍最初被視為暴龍的一個種，某些近年的分類也支持這個說法(fa)。其他的(de)(de)科(ke)學家則將它們列為獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)屬(shu)，并為暴龍(long)的(de)(de)姐妹分類單元。在(zai)(zai)2003年(nian)，一個(ge)親緣(yuan)分支分類法(fa)研究提(ti)出分支龍(long)是(shi)特(te)(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)近(jin)親，因(yin)(yin)為它們具(ju)(ju)有(you)其他暴龍(long)亞科(ke)沒有(you)的(de)(de)頭部(bu)特(te)(te)征。如(ru)果(guo)屬(shu)實，將排除特(te)(te)暴龍(long)是(shi)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)一個(ge)異名(ming)的(de)(de)可能性，并顯示暴龍(long)亞科(ke)在(zai)(zai)北美(mei)洲與亞洲演化出個(ge)別(bie)的(de)(de)支系。分支龍(long)的(de)(de)唯一標本具(ju)(ju)有(you)幼年(nian)體(ti)的(de)(de)特(te)(te)征，但牙(ya)齒數量較多，約(yue)76到78顆，而且口鼻部(bu)上(shang)面有(you)獨(du)特(te)(te)的(de)(de)低矮骨質瘤，因(yin)(yin)此并非特(te)(te)暴龍(long)的(de)(de)幼年(nian)體(ti)。

生長與分布

分布范圍

特暴(bao)龍(long)過去(qu)生(sheng)存(cun)于潮濕的(de)泛濫平原，布滿者河(he)道。在(zai)中(zhong)國的(de)分布包(bao)括黑龍(long)江，河(he)南，山(shan)東(dong)(dong)，廣東(dong)(dong)，云南，內蒙古等地，國外主(zhu)要是蒙古。在(zai)中(zhong)國黑龍(long)江，河(he)南，山(shan)東(dong)(dong)，廣東(dong)(dong)的(de)所謂中(zhong)國"暴(bao)龍(long)"其實都(dou)是特暴(bao)龍(long)。

形態及特征

體型

特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是最(zui)大型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科動(dong)物之(zhi)一，但略小于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。已(yi)知(zhi)最(zui)大型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)個體(ti)身(shen)長(chang)12米，頭部(bu)(bu)離地面(mian)約4.2米。一般體(ti)重3噸到5噸，最(zui)大的(de)(de)化石體(ti)重可(ke)達到7.5噸。如同大部(bu)(bu)分已(yi)知(zhi)的(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是種(zhong)大型(xing)(xing)、二(er)足掠(lve)食動(dong)物，重達數噸，擁有(you)(you)數十顆大型(xing)(xing)、銳利的(de)(de)牙(ya)齒。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)下頜有(you)(you)特(te)殊的(de)(de)接(jie)合構造。另外，就前肢(zhi)/身(shen)體(ti)比例而言，特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)擁有(you)(you)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科中最(zui)小型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)前肢(zhi)。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是種(zhong)大型(xing)(xing)、二(er)足掠(lve)食動(dong)物，重達數噸。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)唯一一個有(you)(you)效種(zhong)的(de)(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing):勇(yong)士特(te)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)Tarbosaurus bataar 8-12米。

軀體

暴(bao)龍科的身體外形差異不大。特(te)暴(bao)龍的頸部為S狀彎曲，其余的脊(ji)柱，包含尾巴，與地面保持(chi)者水(shui)平的姿態(tai)。

就前肢/身體比例而言(yan)，特暴龍(long)擁有暴龍(long)科中最(zui)小型(xing)的(de)前肢。有兩(liang)根迷你的(de)手指(zhi)。后肢長(chang)而粗厚，將(jiang)身體支(zhi)撐為二足(zu)的(de)步(bu)態，上有三根腳趾。長(chang)而重的(de)尾巴(ba)可以平衡頭部(bu)與胸部(bu)的(de)重量，將(jiang)重心保持在臀部(bu)。

頭部

在2003年，特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)顱(lu)骨(gu)首次經過完整的(de)(de)研究。科學家們發現特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)與(yu)北(bei)美洲暴(bao)龍(long)科之間有幾(ji)個顯著的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)(yi)。這(zhe)些差(cha)異(yi)(yi)與(yu)顱(lu)骨(gu)在咬合時(shi)，力(li)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)有關(guan)。當(dang)特(te)(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)咬住物(wu)體時(shi)，力(li)量(liang)(liang)從上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)上(shang)(shang)頜(he)周遭的(de)(de)顱(lu)骨(gu)。而北(bei)美洲暴(bao)龍(long)科咬合時(shi)，力(li)量(liang)(liang)從上(shang)(shang)頜(he)骨(gu)傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)口鼻(bi)部上(shang)(shang)方的(de)(de)固定鼻(bi)骨(gu)，然后再經由鼻(bi)骨(gu)與(yu)淚骨(gu)間的(de)(de)骨(gu)質連(lian)結，傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)到(dao)淚骨(gu)。

特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的鼻骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)間缺乏骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)質的連結。但(dan)上(shang)頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的后(hou)方有(you)個大型突(tu)起，楔合入淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)內;而(er)北美(mei)洲暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的上(shang)頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)突(tu)很小(xiao)。這個特征(zheng)顯示，咬合的力(li)量從特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)的上(shang)頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)直(zhi)接傳遞到(dao)淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。而(er)淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)與額(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、前額(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之間更為牢(lao)固。由于上(shang)頜(he)(he)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、淚骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、額(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、前額(e)(e)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之間牢(lao)牢(lao)地(di)固定者，使得上(shang)頜(he)(he)非常堅固。

另一個主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別則(ze)是堅固的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)頜(he)。許多獸腳類恐(kong)龍，包括北(bei)美洲(zhou)暴龍科在(zai)內(nei)，下(xia)頜(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齒骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)后面骨(gu)(gu)頭(tou)間有靈(ling)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)節。特(te)暴龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)隅骨(gu)(gu)側邊棱脊連接(jie)者齒骨(gu)(gu)后方的(de)(de)(de)(de)方形突，使它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)頜(he)無法靈(ling)活外內(nei)扳動(dong)。

有些(xie)科學家提出假(jia)設，認為(wei)特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)堅硬頭部是種(zhong)適應演(yan)化，用來獵殺耐梅蓋(gai)特(te)組的(de)大(da)型蜥腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，泰坦(tan)巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)類，因為(wei)晚白(bai)堊紀的(de)北美洲并沒有如此巨大(da)的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)存在。這種(zhong)頭部力(li)學的(de)差異也(ye)影響了(le)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科的(de)種(zhong)系發生(sheng)學。同樣(yang)發現于蒙(meng)古的(de)分支龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，也(ye)具有類似特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)頭部力(li)學特(te)征，這顯示(shi)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)并非特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)近親。特(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)相似處可能導因于它們巨大(da)的(de)體(ti)型，是平行演(yan)化的(de)結果。

腦部

一個在(zai)1948年發現的顱(lu)骨(gu)，一度被(bei)歸類于蛇發女怪龍的G. lancinator，因為具(ju)有顱(lu)腔(qiang)，有助于科學家了(le)解特暴龍的腦部結構。在(zai)1965年，馬(ma)列夫(fu)制作(zuo)了(le)一個石膏顱(lu)腔(qiang)模型(xing)，并(bing)做(zuo)了(le)初(chu)步的腦部形狀檢查。在(zai)2005年，謝爾蓋·薩伐黎耶夫(fu)(Sergei V. Saveliev)制作(zuo)了(le)一個聚氨酯顱(lu)腔(qiang)模型(xing)，并(bing)做(zuo)了(le)更詳細的腦部結構與功能研究。

根(gen)(gen)據暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)部(bu)結(jie)構研究(jiu)，它(ta)們(men)兩者的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)部(bu)結(jie)構相似(si)，只有(you)某些腦(nao)神(shen)經(jing)根(gen)(gen)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置不(bu)(bu)一(yi)樣，包含三叉神(shen)經(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)副神(shen)經(jing)。暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)科的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)部(bu)較(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)似(si)鱷魚與(yu)(yu)(yu)其他爬(pa)(pa)蟲類(lei)(lei)，而(er)較(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)類(lei)(lei)似(si)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)。特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)部(bu)體積為184立(li)方厘米。腦(nao)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型嗅(xiu)(xiu)球(qiu)(qiu)、末(mo)端神(shen)經(jing)、嗅(xiu)(xiu)神(shen)經(jing)，顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)具有(you)靈敏的(de)(de)(de)嗅(xiu)(xiu)覺，這點(dian)如同暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)。犁鼻球(qiu)(qiu)大(da)(da)型，而(er)且與(yu)(yu)(yu)嗅(xiu)(xiu)球(qiu)(qiu)分離，顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)可以(yi)感應費洛(luo)蒙的(de)(de)(de)犁鼻器發(fa)展(zhan)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)。這個(ge)特(te)(te)征顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)可能(neng)具有(you)復雜的(de)(de)(de)求偶(ou)行(xing)為。聽(ting)神(shen)經(jing)也很(hen)(hen)(hen)大(da)(da)，顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)聽(ting)力很(hen)(hen)(hen)好(hao)(hao)，可能(neng)用在聲音的(de)(de)(de)溝通與(yu)(yu)(yu)警告(gao)上。聽(ting)神(shen)經(jing)連(lian)接者發(fa)展(zhan)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)前庭系統，顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡感與(yu)(yu)(yu)協調(diao)性很(hen)(hen)(hen)好(hao)(hao)。相反地，與(yu)(yu)(yu)視(shi)力有(you)關的(de)(de)(de)腦(nao)部(bu)區域與(yu)(yu)(yu)神(shen)經(jing)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)。爬(pa)(pa)蟲類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)腦(nao)頂蓋連(lian)接控制眼(yan)球(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)神(shen)經(jing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)動眼(yan)神(shen)經(jing)，是用來(lai)處理視(shi)力訊(xun)息，但特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)腦(nao)頂蓋非常小(xiao)。暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)眼(yan)睛(jing)朝前，因此(ci)具有(you)一(yi)定程度的(de)(de)(de)立(li)體視(shi)覺;但特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)顱骨狹窄，眼(yan)睛(jing)朝向兩側，如同典型的(de)(de)(de)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)科動物。這些特(te)(te)征顯(xian)(xian)示(shi)特(te)(te)暴(bao)(bao)(bao)龍(long)較(jiao)(jiao)依靠嗅(xiu)(xiu)覺與(yu)(yu)(yu)聽(ting)覺，而(er)非視(shi)覺。

顱骨

已知最大(da)(da)型的特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)顱(lu)骨(gu)長度超過1.3米，小(xiao)于暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)和(he)諸城暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)以及懼龍(long)，但大(da)(da)于其它的暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)科。如同暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)，特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)的顱(lu)骨(gu)高大(da)(da)，前段狹(xia)窄。顱(lu)骨(gu)后段擴張(zhang)幅度不大(da)(da)，意味(wei)著特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)所以不如暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)擁(yong)有的立體視(shi)覺好。

顱骨的大型(xing)洞孔可減輕重(zhong)量(liang)。特(te)暴龍的下頜(he)有特(te)殊的接合構造。

顎部有(you)60到64顆牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，略少于暴龍(long)(long)，但大于其(qi)它體(ti)型(xing)較小的(de)(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)科(ke)，例(li)如蛇發女怪龍(long)(long)與分支龍(long)(long)。大部分的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)橫剖面為(wei)橢(tuo)圓形，而前(qian)上(shang)顎骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)橫剖面為(wei)D形。暴龍(long)(long)科(ke)都具(ju)有(you)這(zhe)種異(yi)型(xing)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)特征。上(shang)顎骨(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)最(zui)長(chang)(chang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)冠長(chang)(chang)達(da)85公厘。如同其(qi)它大型(xing)暴龍(long)(long)科(ke)與現代的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)莫多龍(long)(long)，特暴龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)幼年(nian)與近(jin)成年(nian)個體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)身上(shang)發現過有(you)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)痕(hen)，符合(he)成年(nian)個體(ti)或其(qi)它較小型(xing)獸腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)。

特暴(bao)龍(long)(long)與分(fen)支(zhi)龍(long)(long)的下(xia)顎(e)外側各有一道棱脊，從(cong)隅骨延(yan)伸(shen)到齒骨后(hou)方，形成相扣(kou)的結構。其它(ta)暴(bao)龍(long)(long)科動物(wu)缺乏這(zhe)道棱脊，因此下(xia)顎(e)更(geng)為靈活。

生活習性

特暴(bao)龍(long)位于食(shi)物鏈(lian)的頂端，是一種(zhong)頂級掠(lve)食(shi)者，可能以大(da)型恐龍(long)為食(shi)，例如(ru)鴨(ya)嘴龍(long)類的櫛龍(long)，或是蜥(xi)腳(jiao)類的納摩蓋(gai)吐龍(long)。

成年特(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能與(yu)其(qi)它(ta)小型(xing)獸腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)少(shao)許競爭，例如傷(shang)齒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)的(de)無(wu)聊(liao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、鴕(tuo)鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、蜥鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，以及偷蛋龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下(xia)目的(de)單足龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、瑞(rui)欽(qin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，或者還有(you)小掠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，一(yi)種有(you)時被(bei)認為(wei)是(shi)基底暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科(ke)的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。其(qi)它(ta)的(de)獸腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，包(bao)含:巨(ju)大(da)的(de)鐮(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、似(si)(si)(si)鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下(xia)目的(de)似(si)(si)(si)鵝龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、似(si)(si)(si)雞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、恐(kong)手龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，鐮(lian)刀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)草食(shi)性，而上述(shu)似(si)(si)(si)鳥龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能為(wei)雜食(shi)性，以小型(xing)動物為(wei)食(shi)，不會跟特(te)暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)競爭食(shi)物。

病害防治

病征

在(zai)2001年，布魯斯·羅斯柴爾德(Bruce Rothschild)等人發(fa)表一份獸腳類(lei)恐龍的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)與肌腱(jian)撕裂(lie)傷研究，并(bing)研究它們的(de)行為模式。壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)較常(chang)導因于(yu)(yu)習慣性(xing)(xing)(xing)動作，較少來自于(yu)(yu)外力(li)(li)(li)沖(chong)擊。他(ta)們研究18個特暴(bao)龍的(de)腳掌骨(gu)(gu)骼，沒有(you)發(fa)現(xian)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)的(de)跡(ji)象(xiang);而(er)在(zai)10個被研究的(de)手(shou)掌骨(gu)(gu)頭(tou)中，其中一個手(shou)部骨(gu)(gu)頭(tou)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)的(de)跡(ji)象(xiang)。腳部骨(gu)(gu)頭(tou)的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)，可(ke)以(yi)歸咎于(yu)(yu)奔跑、長途遷(qian)徙(xi)。手(shou)部骨(gu)(gu)頭(tou)的(de)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)，極可(ke)能(neng)導因于(yu)(yu)捕(bu)抓獵物(wu)而(er)受傷。這些(xie)壓(ya)力(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)骨(gu)(gu)折(zhe)(zhe)、肌腱(jian)撕裂(lie)傷跡(ji)象(xiang)，顯示特暴(bao)龍常(chang)因為捕(bu)抓獵物(wu)而(er)受傷，而(er)非吞(tun)食尸體。

價值及其他

考古發掘

在1946年，一個蘇聯與(yu)蒙古挖掘團隊在蒙古南戈(ge)壁省的耐梅蓋特組發現一個接近完整的絕(jue)大(da)部(bu)分大(da)型頭(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)一些脊椎(zhui)骨(gu)(gu)，屬于一個大(da)型的獸腳類恐龍。

在1955年，蘇(su)聯(lian)古生物學家(jia)葉(xie)甫根(gen)尼(ni)·馬列夫(Evgeny Maleev)將這正模標本(PIN 551-1)建立為暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)一個種，勇士暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(Tyrannosaurus bataar)。種名(ming)баатар/baatar在蒙(meng)古語中意(yi)為"勇士"，但被誤拼(pin)為bataar。

同年(nian)，馬(ma)列夫(fu)將3個獸(shou)腳類的(de)(de)化石敘述并命名(ming)，三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)都(dou)是(shi)頭顱骨，外(wai)(wai)加部分身體(ti)，全是(shi)同一(yi)(yi)個挖掘團隊在1948到49年(nian)間(jian)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)。第一(yi)(yi)個(編(bian)號PIN 551-2)被(bei)建立為新屬，埃夫(fu)雷莫(mo)夫(fu)特暴龍(T. efremovi)，ταρβο?/tarbos在希臘文文中意為"恐怖的(de)(de)"、"敬畏的(de)(de)"，而σαυρο?/saurus意為"蜥(xi)蜴"，種名(ming)是(shi)以蘇聯古生物學家(jia)兼科幻小說(shuo)作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)伊凡·埃夫(fu)雷莫(mo)夫(fu)(Ivan Yefremov)為名(ming)。另外(wai)(wai)兩個(編(bian)號PIN 553-1與PIN 552-2)被(bei)歸類于北美洲(zhou)的(de)(de)蛇發(fa)(fa)女怪(guai)龍，G. lancinator與G. novojilovi。這(zhe)三(san)個標(biao)本都(dou)小于1946年(nian)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)標(biao)本。

自從(cong)(cong)蘇(su)聯與蒙古(gu)的挖(wa)掘團(tuan)隊在40年(nian)代(dai)的挖(wa)掘過后，一(yi)個(ge)波(bo)蘭與蒙古(gu)的挖(wa)掘團(tuan)隊再度回到戈壁沙漠挖(wa)掘，從(cong)(cong)1963年(nian)持續(xu)到1971年(nian)，發現了(le)許多新的化石，并在耐(nai)梅蓋特組(zu)發現了(le)特暴龍(long)的新標本。

在1965年，蘇(su)聯古生物學(xue)家阿納托(tuo)利·康斯坦丁諾(nuo)維奇(qi)·羅(luo)特杰斯特文斯基(Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky)認(ren)為馬列(lie)夫(fu)所發現的(de)標(biao)本，其實是同種動物的(de)不同生長階段，而且不同于北美洲的(de)暴(bao)龍。

1979年，董枝明在根據欒川(chuan)(chuan)縣(xian)發掘到(dao)五顆大型牙齒命名(ming)為巒川(chuan)(chuan)暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)(Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis)和(he)霸王龍(long)(long)相似(si)種(Tyrannosaurus cf. T. rex )的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物后來(lai)就被改為欒川(chuan)(chuan)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)等，而欒川(chuan)(chuan)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)實際(ji)(ji)也(ye)不能成立，因為后來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)把它歸(gui)入了勇(yong)士(shi)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)，認為它實際(ji)(ji)只(zhi)是勇(yong)士(shi)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青年個體(ti)。在欒川(chuan)(chuan)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)發現(xian)之前，廣東河源發現(xian)過(guo)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)未定種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)。發現(xian)欒川(chuan)(chuan)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秋扒組(zu)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)，秋扒組(zu)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)是分布在潭(tan)頭盆(pen)地(di)欒川(chuan)(chuan)縣(xian)一帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)堊紀(ji)晚(wan)期地(di)層，是由紫紅色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砂泥巖(yan)(yan)構成，最底部(bu)含有磚紅色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礫(li)石(shi)，其他發現(xian)過(guo)特暴(bao)(bao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)層也(ye)都屬于白(bai)堊紀(ji)晚(wan)期。

在1986年，雖然(ran)已經發現許(xu)多特(te)暴(bao)龍標本，但很少已確定(ding)的(de)明確資(zi)料，特(te)暴(bao)龍被推論(lun)與(yu)其他暴(bao)龍科恐龍有許(xu)多共同特(te)征。這些相近的(de)特(te)征讓某(mou)些科學(xue)(xue)家提出當(dang)時的(de)北美洲與(yu)歐亞大(da)陸之間有可能的(de)連(lian)結，也許(xu)是陸橋。他將四個標本與(yu)新發現的(de)化石(shi)，統合(he)為(wei)勇士(shi)特(te)暴(bao)龍(T.bataar)。后來(lai)的(de)研究(jiu)人(ren)員(yuan)都同意羅(luo)特(te)杰斯(si)特(te)文斯(si)基(ji)的(de)分類，包含馬列夫在內(nei)，但少數科學(xue)(xue)家使用(yong)埃夫雷莫夫特(te)暴(bao)龍，而非勇士(shi)特(te)暴(bao)龍。

在(zai)1992年，美國古生物(wu)學家肯尼思·卡彭特(Kenneth Carpenter)重新檢驗這些化石(shi)，他根據頭顱骨的(de)(de)相似處(chu)，提出這些化石(shi)大部分屬于(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)，并將勇(yong)士(shi)特暴龍(long)(long)(long)改(gai)回勇(yong)士(shi)暴龍(long)(long)(long);而(er)蛇(she)發女怪龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)G. novojilovi是(shi)個較小型的(de)(de)暴龍(long)(long)(long)科動(dong)物(wu)，另外建立為(wei)馬列夫龍(long)(long)(long)(Maleevosaurus novojilovi)。

在1995年(nian)，喬治·奧利舍(she)夫(fu)斯基(George Olshevsky)建(jian)立(li)了(le)勇士(shi)成吉思汗(han)(han)龍(long)(Jenghizkhan bataar)，取代(dai)勇士(shi)特暴龍(long)，并(bing)以(yi)成吉思汗(han)(han)為名;他(ta)并(bing)提(ti)出埃夫(fu)雷莫夫(fu)特暴龍(long)、馬列(lie)夫(fu)龍(long)、勇士(shi)成吉思汗(han)(han)龍(long)是三個獨立(li)的屬，都生存于(yu)相同時(shi)期的耐梅蓋特組。

在1999年，一個研究提出馬列(lie)夫龍(long)是特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)的幼年個體。自從1999年以來，所有的研究認(ren)為這些(xie)化石(shi)皆為同種動物，勇(yong)士特(te)暴(bao)龍(long)或(huo)是勇(yong)士暴(bao)龍(long)。

在1993年到1998年，日本(ben)與蒙古的(de)挖掘團(tuan)隊，以(yi)及21世紀初，加(jia)拿大古生物學家菲力·柯(ke)爾(Phil Currie)的(de)挖掘小組，也發現了許(xu)多特(te)暴龍化石。不算上私人(ren)收藏的(de)標本(ben)，已發現了至少37個標本(ben)，包(bao)含超過15個完整和部(bu)分的(de)頭顱(lu)骨化石，與至少5個完整的(de)顱(lu)后骨骸。

21世紀初，廣東河源(yuan)盆地(di)也出土(tu)過大型獸腳類的大型暴(bao)龍類牙齒化(hua)石，推(tui)測可能是特暴(bao)龍。

研究進展

特暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分化石(shi)，是成(cheng)年(nian)或(huo)亞成(cheng)年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)，很少發現(xian)(xian)幼年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)。在2006年(nian)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)幼年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)身體(ti)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)骼，帶有完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，頭(tou)(tou)部(bu)長度(du)為29厘米，使得(de)古(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)物學家可以(yi)研究(jiu)特暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長模(mo)式(shi)。這個(ge)幼年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)化石(shi)，死(si)亡(wang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)齡大約是2到3歲。與成(cheng)年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)相(xiang)比，這個(ge)幼年(nian)頭(tou)(tou)顱骨(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構虛弱，牙齒較(jiao)細，顯示特暴龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幼年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)、成(cheng)年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)占據不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態位，以(yi)免競爭(zheng)相(xiang)同食物來源。