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基本介紹

食蜥王(wang)龍是發現于(yu)(yu)(yu)北美(mei)洲晚侏(zhu)羅世莫(mo)里遜組的(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)(xing)獸腳類恐龍，與著名的(de)(de)異特(te)龍同(tong)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)異特(te)龍超科。該(gai)屬(shu)下目前(qian)(qian)只有(you)一(yi)種，巨型(xing)(xing)食蜥王(wang)龍。依據目前(qian)(qian)有(you)限的(de)(de)化石資料來看，食蜥王(wang)龍是該(gai)組報道(dao)的(de)(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)捕食者，體(ti)型(xing)(xing)大(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)發現于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)地區(qu)的(de)(de)異特(te)龍和蠻龍。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)食蜥王(wang)龍的(de)(de)化石記(ji)錄非常少(shao)，古生物學(xue)家(jia)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)這種巨型(xing)(xing)獵手知之甚少(shao)。目前(qian)(qian)對于(yu)(yu)(yu)食蜥王(wang)龍的(de)(de)體(ti)型(xing)(xing)估計認為它(ta)的(de)(de)長度可能接近霸王(wang)龍和其它(ta)大(da)型(xing)(xing)鯊齒龍類，但由于(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)態較修長，因此體(ti)重要輕一(yi)些。

命名由來

“Sauros”意(yi)為(wei)(wei)蜥(xi)蜴，“phagein”是“以(yi)…為(wei)(wei)食(shi)”，“anax”的(de)意(yi)思是統治者(zhe)。因此食(shi)蜥(xi)王(wang)(wang)龍的(de)屬(shu)名意(yi)為(wei)(wei)“以(yi)蜥(xi)蜴為(wei)(wei)食(shi)的(de)王(wang)(wang)者(zhe)”。種名則是強調它巨大的(de)體型。

基本信息和形態學

關于(yu)食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)可以(yi)追(zhui)溯至(zhi)20世紀30年(nian)代。斯托瓦爾(er)(er)在俄(e)克(ke)拉荷馬(ma)州錫馬(ma)龍(long)縣發(fa)現了(le)一具大型獸腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)化石，它(ta)將(jiang)其命名(ming)為(wei)“Saurophagus maximus”。由于(yu)在命名(ming)時缺乏(fa)對標(biao)(biao)本詳細的(de)(de)形(xing)態學描述，這(zhe)一命名(ming)被認為(wei)是裸名(ming)(nomen nudum, 生(sheng)物命名(ming)中(zhong)的(de)(de)無效命名(ming)）。之后的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)發(fa)現，屬名(ming)“Saurophagus”已經被用于(yu)一種(zhong)鳥(niao)類的(de)(de)命名(ming)，因(yin)此即使經過正(zheng)式描述，原有的(de)(de)屬名(ming)也是無效的(de)(de)。在1995年(nian)，古生(sheng)物學家丹尼爾(er)(er).舒(shu)爾(er)(er)建立(li)了(le)一個(ge)新屬，即“Saurophaganax”，并選擇OMNH 01123，即一節神(shen)經棘作為(wei)食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)正(zheng)型標(biao)(biao)本。食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)的(de)(de)材料可能來(lai)自于(yu)4個(ge)個(ge)體(ti)。

正型(xing)標(biao)本：OMNH 01123一節背(bei)椎神經棘(ji)。

食蜥(xi)王龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭骨(gu)材料(liao)僅包括(kuo)一(yi)件右側眶(kuang)后(hou)骨(gu)，兩件不完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂骨(gu)，以及(ji)三(san)顆牙冠。方骨(gu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)方骨(gu)孔(kong)。寰(huan)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)很(hen)大(da)，缺乏與(yu)前(qian)(qian)寰(huan)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)面。頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)為(wei)后(hou)凹形。前(qian)(qian)部頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)等發(fa)育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上突。椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體兩側具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔(kong)與(yu)內部的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)(hua)構造相連通。中(zhong)段頸椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)發(fa)育(yu)氣腔(qiang)(qiang)化(hua)(hua)構造的(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)弓橫突。中(zhong)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)沙(sha)漏型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體。椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體與(yu)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)棘(ji)相連接的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)橢圓形凹陷(xian)。背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體也為(wei)后(hou)凹形。唯一(yi)完整(zheng)保存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)棘(ji)可能來自于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)背(bei)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)棘(ji)。這枚神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)棘(ji)與(yu)其它(ta)(ta)獸腳類的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)經(jing)(jing)棘(ji)有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差別。在它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基部延伸出了一(yi)對類似于(yu)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)關節(jie)突的(de)(de)(de)(de)小骨(gu)片。尾椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)椎(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)(zhui)體呈前(qian)(qian)凹形。前(qian)(qian)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈弧具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)突。肱骨(gu)粗壯，與(yu)異特(te)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)相似。前(qian)(qian)肢(zhi)也具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)個(ge)指，但是第一(yi)指沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)比(bi)其它(ta)(ta)手指強壯太多。腸骨(gu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)窄(zhai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾骨(gu)短肌附著脊。恥骨(gu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)，以及(ji)膨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遠端(duan)。坐骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)閉孔(kong)突位(wei)于(yu)靠近(jin)近(jin)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置。股骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小轉子比(bi)較(jiao)靠近(jin)近(jin)端(duan)。

歸入(ru)標本：OMNH 01135寰椎。

歸入標本：OMNH 01444前部頸椎。

歸入標本：OMNH 01190背椎(zhui)椎(zhui)體。

歸入標本(ben)：OMNH 01685中段(duan)尾椎。

歸入標(biao)本(ben)：OMNH 01338左側腸骨。

歸(gui)入標(biao)本(ben)：OMNH 01737右側(ce)坐骨的近(jin)端。

歸(gui)入(ru)標本：OMNH 01425右側恥骨的遠端(duan)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01707左側恥骨(gu)的近端。

歸入標(biao)本：OMNH 01708右側股骨(gu)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01370右側脛骨(gu)。

歸入標本：OMNH 01935左側(ce)肱(gong)骨。

其余歸入標本：舒爾1995年(nian)(nian)的(de)描述文獻(xian)中所(suo)描述的(de)一些材料沒有提及標本號，包括一些頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)骨(gu)(gu)塊(kuai)，細(xi)節見舒爾1995年(nian)(nian)和2000年(nian)(nian)的(de)文獻(xian)。

古生態學

發現食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莫(mo)里遜(xun)組(zu)也(ye)發現了眾(zhong)多恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化石。與(yu)它同時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還(huan)有(you)(you)角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，史(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)嗜鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。植食(shi)(shi)性恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)包括(kuo)屬于蜥(xi)(xi)腳類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓頂(ding)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，重龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，還(huan)有(you)(you)屬于鳥(niao)臀(tun)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，橡樹龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，侏儒龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)那個(ge)時(shi)代最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)捕食(shi)(shi)者，可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)以大(da)(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)(xi)腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為食(shi)(shi)，但同時(shi)也(ye)會(hui)面(mian)臨(lin)多方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭壓力。史(shi)托(tuo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)(he)嗜鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都是(shi)小型獸(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，角鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)中等體型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)(shi)者。異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與(yu)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)似，高居(ju)食(shi)(shi)物鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上游。一(yi)些(xie)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標本表面(mian)具有(you)(you)大(da)(da)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒痕，這些(xie)齒痕很可(ke)能(neng)來自一(yi)種(zhong)比異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)(he)蠻(man)(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)都巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物，最有(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)就是(shi)食(shi)(shi)蜥(xi)(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，暗示(shi)著這兩種(zhong)頂(ding)級捕食(shi)(shi)者可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)發生(sheng)沖突。

系統發育位置

目前的主流觀點認為食蜥王龍(long)屬于異(yi)特(te)龍(long)超(chao)科(ke)中的異(yi)特(te)龍(long)類(lei)，與異(yi)特(te)龍(long)具(ju)有很近的親緣(yuan)關系。

影視作品

食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍登場于BBC的(de)(de)紀錄片《恐龍星球》中(zhong)，在片中(zhong)，食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍對(dui)一只異特龍大(da)打(da)出(chu)手，撕咬對(dui)手的(de)(de)頭(tou)部，并搶(qiang)走了對(dui)方的(de)(de)獵物。

常見種類

中文名稱(cheng)(chinese)→食蜥王龍

其它中文名(ming)稱(chinese[other])→無

拉丁(ding)文(wen)學(xue)名( name )→ saurophaganax

發音( pronounced )→ sawr-oh-fag-ah-naks

含義(yi)( meaning )→食蜥(xi)蜴(恐龍)的龍的國王

目(mu)( order )→蜥臀目(mu)(saurischia)

亞(ya)目(mu)( suborder)→獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)(theropoda)

類(lei)( infraorder)→新獸腳類(lei)(neotheropoda)

堅尾(wei)龍(long)類(lei)(tetanurae)

鳥獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(avetheropoda)

肉食龍類(lei)(carnosauria)

超(chao)科(super family)→ 異特(te)龍超(chao)科(allosauroidea)

科( family)→ 異特龍(long)科(allosauridae)

屬(shu)( genus )→食蜥王龍(saurophaganax)

模式種( type species )→巨(ju)食蜥(xi)王龍(s. maximus)

其(qi)它種( other species )→ 無

錯誤歸屬種( misassigned species )→無

時代(dai)( period )→ 侏(zhu)羅紀晚(wan)期(qi)到末期(qi)( kimmeridgian- tithonian)

分布( found in )→美國(The United States)、西班(ban)牙(ya)(Spain)

發現地(di)層(ceng)( stratum )→莫(mo)里(li)森層(ceng)(morrison)

食性(xing)( diet )→ 肉食(meat)

典型狀態(tai)( length up to )→ 長10-13.9米(mi)(The length of the10-13m)

推(tui)測體(ti)重( mass )→ 4-8.2噸(dun)

發現(xian)者( discoverer )→ hunt &lucas,1987

命名者( first described )→chure,1995

在世界出現的(de)(de)地方:美國的(de)(de)俄克拉何(he)馬州

生長與分布

食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是侏羅紀(ji)晚期(qi)北美洲的(de)最(zui)大型肉(rou)食(shi)性(xing)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之一，早(zao)期(qi)身長(chang)估計值約(yue)14到15公(gong)尺(chi)，近(jin)(jin)年估計值則略短。食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)化(hua)石(shi)發(fa)現(xian)于新(xin)墨西哥州與奧克拉(la)荷馬(ma)州的(de)莫里(li)遜(xun)(xun)組最(zui)晚層，顯示它們很(hen)晚才出現(xian)于該地區、或者是數量比較稀(xi)少。食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是種晚期(qi)的(de)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)科，體型大于年代相近(jin)(jin)的(de)異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。但(dan)在莫里(li)遜(xun)(xun)組的(de)獸腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)中(zhong)，食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)化(hua)石(shi)很(hen)稀(xi)少，因此(ci)無法得知(zhi)其食(shi)性(xing)、行為。奧克拉(la)荷馬(ma)州的(de)莫里(li)遜(xun)(xun)組曾發(fa)現(xian)許(xu)多迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)，食(shi)蜥(xi)王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)可能(neng)會以它們為食(shi)。

形態及特征

食蜥王龍數件著名標(biao)本情況如下:

正模omnh 1708長10.95米(mi)(mi)，重5噸(dun)。化石包括:薦椎，尾椎，頸椎，髂骨，坐(zuo)骨，大腿骨1.135米(mi)(mi)，脛(jing)骨，腓骨，趾(zhi)骨(williamson and chure 1996)。

OMNH 1935，發(fa)現于美國，，一塊(kuai)完整的肱骨化(hua)石(shi)，這塊(kuai)化(hua)石(shi)的數據有(you)多個版(ban)本，根據最小的版(ban)本，這只(zhi)恐龍體重約(yue)5噸(dun)，和正模相(xiang)仿;根據最大版(ban)本，則超過(guo)8噸(dun)甚(shen)至有(you)9噸(dun)。

歐洲西班(ban)牙的一(yi)個(ge)長達(da)102厘米的足跡化石，但屬于食蜥王龍還存在一(yi)些爭議。