芒果视频下载

基本介紹

異特龍(long)(long)(long)，又(you)名躍龍(long)(long)(long)或異龍(long)(long)(long)，是蜥臀目(mu)獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)肉食龍(long)(long)(long)下(xia)目(mu)恐龍(long)(long)(long)的一屬。異特龍(long)(long)(long)是種(zhong)中型的二(er)足、掠(lve)食性恐龍(long)(long)(long)，身長(chang)8.5米，最大9.7米，體重(zhong)1.5~3噸最重(zhong)3.6噸。它們(men)生存于晚侏羅紀(ji)，約(yue)1億5500萬年(nian)(nian)前(qian)到(dao)1億3500萬年(nian)(nian)前(qian)。自從在(zai)1877年(nian)(nian)被奧(ao)塞(sai)內爾·查(cha)利斯(si)·馬(ma)什(shen)(Othniel Charles Marsh)命名以來(lai)，已有許多的可能種(zhong)被歸類于異特龍(long)(long)(long)屬，但只(zhi)有少數被認為(wei)是有效種(zhong)。

常見種類

劃分標準

異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)于異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)是一個大(da)型(xing)獸(shou)(shou)腳亞目的(de)(de)(de)(de)演化支(zhi)。奧塞內爾(er)·查(cha)利斯·馬什在(zai)1878年建立(li)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke);但(dan)在(zai)70年代以(yi)前，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)很少被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)使用，取而代之(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是斑(ban)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，但(dan)斑(ban)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)長(chang)期以(yi)來被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)當作(zuo)(zuo)大(da)型(xing)獸(shou)(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)"未歸類(lei)(lei)物(wu)(wu)種集中(zhong)地"。在(zai)1976年麥迪(di)遜公布(bu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)題論(lun)文(wen)以(yi)前，跟異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)相(xiang)同時期被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)腔(qiang)軀(qu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，常被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)當作(zuo)(zuo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同義詞，而且更常被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)使用。數(shu)個研究(jiu)(jiu)人員曾在(zai)他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)使用斑(ban)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)來取代異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，包(bao)含(han):吉爾(er)摩爾(er)、休尼博士(shi)、羅(luo)默博士(shi)、羅(luo)德尼·史(shi)提爾(er)、以(yi)及亞歷克(ke)·沃克(ke)。在(zai)麥迪(di)遜公布(bu)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)具影響(xiang)力專(zhuan)(zhuan)題論(lun)文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)后，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)開始(shi)普遍使用，但(dan)沒有(you)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)義。一些半科(ke)(ke)(ke)學性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)將(jiang)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)使用于不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)獸(shou)(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，通常包(bao)含(han)那(nei)些比斑(ban)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)更大(da)型(xing)、更著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種。在(zai)獸(shou)(shou)腳亞目中(zhong)，常被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)認為是異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)近(jin)親的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種，包(bao)含(han):印度龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、皮亞尼茲基龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、皮爾(er)逖(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、永(yong)川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、高棘(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、吉蘭(lan)泰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、巧鱷龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、史(shi)托龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、以(yi)及四川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。隨者相(xiang)關(guan)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)增(zeng)加，獸(shou)(shou)腳類(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)開始(shi)變得多(duo)樣性。而親緣分支(zhi)分類(lei)(lei)法研究(jiu)(jiu)則顯示，上(shang)述(shu)原本被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)認為是異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)近(jin)親的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種，都不是異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成員，只(zhi)有(you)少數(shu)屬(shu)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)歸類(lei)(lei)于相(xiang)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，例(li)如(ru):高棘(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、永(yong)川(chuan)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。

異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)是肉食龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目的(de)(de)(de)三個(ge)科(ke)(ke)之(zhi)一(yi)，其他(ta)兩(liang)個(ge)分(fen)別為鯊(sha)齒(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)與中(zhong)華盜(dao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)。在1988年，葛瑞格利(li)·保(bao)羅提出異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)演化為暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)，因此成為并系群;但這個(ge)看法已遭到否定(ding)，暴龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)已經被歸類(lei)為另(ling)一(yi)群獸腳類(lei)支系，虛骨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)。異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)科(ke)(ke)是肉食龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)下目中(zhong)成員最少的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)科(ke)(ke)，在大(da)多數的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究中(zhong)，除了(le)異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)(shu)以(yi)外，只有(you)食蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)以(yi)及(ji)一(yi)個(ge)發現于法國的(de)(de)(de)未命名異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)超科(ke)(ke)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被認為是可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效屬(shu)(shu)。Epanterias是另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)有(you)效屬(shu)(shu)，但Epanterias與食蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)可(ke)(ke)能是異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型個(ge)體。最近的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究則保(bao)留(liu)了(le)食蜥王(wang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，而將Epanterias歸類(lei)于異特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)種。

實際情況

尚(shang)不清(qing)楚(chu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)究竟有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)少(shao)個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。自(zi)從(cong)1988年(nian)以來，已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)七個(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)(bei)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。例如:模式種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. fragilis)、合異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. amplexus)、歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. europaeus)、尚(shang)未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)正式敘述的(de)(de)(de)詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. jimmadseni)、坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(A. tendagurensis)，但其中只有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)數種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)遍被(bei)(bei)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。此(ci)外，還有(you)(you)(you)至少(shao)10個(ge)可(ke)疑(yi)名(ming)稱或未(wei)敘述的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)曾被(bei)(bei)歸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)于(yu)(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)。在(zai)(zai)基(ji)礎(chu)堅尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)獸腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)研究中，只有(you)(you)(you)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(被(bei)(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)未(wei)命名(ming)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、以及坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)承(cheng)認是(shi)可(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);而合異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(即為(wei)(wei)(wei)Epanterias)、殘暴(bao)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)，歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)并沒被(bei)(bei)承(cheng)認，巨(ju)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)曾被(bei)(bei)建立為(wei)(wei)(wei)食蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。合異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、巨(ju)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石都(dou)來自(zi)于(yu)(yu)莫(mo)里遜(xun)(xun)組，莫(mo)里遜(xun)(xun)組散布于(yu)(yu)美國的(de)(de)(de)科羅拉多(duo)州(zhou)(zhou)、蒙大(da)拿州(zhou)(zhou)、新墨西哥州(zhou)(zhou)、奧克拉荷馬州(zhou)(zhou)、南達科他州(zhou)(zhou)、猶他州(zhou)(zhou)、以及懷(huai)俄明州(zhou)(zhou)，年(nian)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)上侏羅紀的(de)(de)(de)啟莫(mo)里階到(dao)提通階。在(zai)(zai)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)中，詹(zhan)氏異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石標本(ben)最大(da)。脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)該(gai)地(di)層(ceng)最常發(fa)現(xian)、最著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石，已(yi)發(fa)現(xian)至少(shao)60個(ge)個(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石。自(zi)從(cong)80年(nian)代以來，有(you)(you)(you)爭論懷(huai)疑(yi)莫(mo)里遜(xun)(xun)組是(shi)否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)者另(ling)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，殘暴(bao)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long):研究仍維(wei)持莫(mo)里遜(xun)(xun)組只有(you)(you)(you)脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)看法，而該(gai)地(di)層(ceng)所發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)不同異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石間的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)不同個(ge)體(ti)間的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。歐洲異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石發(fa)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)葡萄牙勞爾哈(ha)組的(de)(de)(de)波多(duo)諾伏，體(ti)長只有(you)(you)(you)9米2噸，年(nian)代為(wei)(wei)(wei)啟莫(mo)里階，可(ke)能(neng)與脆(cui)(cui)弱(ruo)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)同一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)物。坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)被(bei)(bei)發(fa)現(xian)于(yu)(yu)坦(tan)(tan)尚(shang)尼亞(ya)姆特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)瓦拉區的(de)(de)(de)坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯，年(nian)代也為(wei)(wei)(wei)啟莫(mo)里階。大(da)部分的(de)(de)(de)研究把坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，但它有(you)(you)(you)可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)礎(chu)堅尾龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，或僅是(shi)獸腳亞(ya)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)疑(yi)名(ming)。雖(sui)然歸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)仍不確定，坦(tan)(tan)達格(ge)(ge)魯異(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型(xing)獸腳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，身(shen)長可(ke)能(neng)約(yue)9公(gong)尺(chi)，體(ti)重約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)2.5公(gong)噸。

異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)可能異(yi)(yi)(yi)名有(you)腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)、Creosaurus、Epanterias、以及Labrosaurus。而(er)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)種是根(gen)據(ju)零碎的(de)(de)化石來命(ming)名，許多被認(ren)為是破(po)碎異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)(yi)名，或(huo)者(zhe)是被錯誤歸(gui)類到異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)屬(shu)。其(qi)中一個例子是Labrosaurus ferox，是由(you)馬(ma)什(shen)在(zai)1884年所命(ming)名，但他是根(gen)據(ju)一個外形奇怪的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分下顎(e)(e)，而(er)顎(e)(e)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)前端(duan)的(de)(de)齒列有(you)個明顯的(de)(de)缺口，顎(e)(e)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)后(hou)段(duan)則延展并(bing)外翻。后(hou)來的(de)(de)研究人(ren)員提出這(zhe)個下顎(e)(e)骨頭具有(you)病狀，應該是該動物生前受傷的(de)(de)痕跡(ji)，而(er)后(hou)段(duan)變形的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分原(yuan)因(yin)為石膏重建(jian)的(de)(de)后(hou)果。這(zhe)個化石現被認(ren)為屬(shu)于(yu)脆弱異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)。被認(ren)為屬(shu)于(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)化石散布于(yu)全世界，包含澳洲、西伯利亞、以及瑞士(shi)，但這(zhe)些化石被認(ren)為其(qi)他的(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)。

生長與分布

異特龍是該時期北美洲莫里遜組最常見的大(da)型(xing)(xing)掠食(shi)(shi)者，并位在食(shi)(shi)物鏈(lian)的頂層。它們可能以(yi)其他大(da)型(xing)(xing)草食(shi)(shi)性(xing)恐(kong)龍為食(shi)(shi)，例如:鳥腳目(mu)、蜥腳下目(mu)恐(kong)龍。異特龍經(jing)常被認為采用群體合作(zuo)方式(shi)(shi)攻擊(ji)蜥腳類恐(kong)龍，但很少(shao)證據顯示異特龍具有共同攻擊(ji)的社會(hui)行為。它們可能采取伏擊(ji)方式(shi)(shi)攻擊(ji)大(da)型(xing)(xing)獵物，使用上顎來(lai)撞擊(ji)獵物。

形態及特征

異特龍(long)(Allosaurus)又稱(cheng)躍龍(long)或異龍(long)，是蜥臀(tun)目獸腳(jiao)亞目恐龍(long)的一屬。異特龍(long)是種(zhong)中型的二足、掠食性恐龍(long)，身長(chang)為9米，最大可達9.7米。它(ta)們生存于晚侏羅(luo)紀，約1億(yi)5500萬年(nian)~1億(yi)3500萬年(nian)前(qian)。

這是一種大(da)家熟知的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)。它已(yi)經成(cheng)為定義侏羅紀的(de)食(shi)肉者，以及食(shi)肉恐(kong)龍(long)--大(da)型獸腳類恐(kong)龍(long)的(de)典范。

異特(te)龍具有(you)(you)(you)(you)大型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨，上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)大型(xing)(xing)洞(dong)孔，可(ke)減輕重(zhong)量，眼睛上(shang)方擁有(you)(you)(you)(you)角冠。它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨是由幾個分開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨頭(tou)組成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，骨頭(tou)之間有(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)活動關(guan)節(jie)，進食(shi)時(shi)頜部可(ke)先下上(shang)張(zhang)開(kai)，然(ran)后在左(zuo)右撐開(kai)吞下食(shi)物;它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)下頜也(ye)可(ke)以前后滑(hua)動。嘴部擁有(you)(you)(you)(you)70顆大型(xing)(xing)、銳利、彎曲的(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)齒。相較于(yu)大型(xing)(xing)、強壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)后肢，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)前肢小，手部有(you)(you)(you)(you)三指(zhi)，指(zhi)爪大而彎曲，長(chang)度(du)為25厘(li)米。尾巴長(chang)而重(zhong)，可(ke)平衡身體(ti)與頭(tou)部。異特(te)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨架和其它(ta)獸腳亞目恐龍一般，呈(cheng)現出類(lei)似鳥(niao)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕巧中空特(te)征。

異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍是該時期北美洲莫里遜組最常見的(de)(de)大(da)型掠(lve)食(shi)動物，并位(wei)在食(shi)物鏈的(de)(de)頂層(ceng)。它們可能(neng)以其(qi)他大(da)型草食(shi)性恐(kong)龍為食(shi)，例如:鳥腳(jiao)下(xia)目(mu)、劍龍科、蜥腳(jiao)下(xia)目(mu)恐(kong)龍。異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍常被認為采用(yong)(yong)群體合作方式(shi)(shi)攻(gong)擊蜥腳(jiao)類恐(kong)龍，但很少有(you)(you)證據(ju)顯示異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍具有(you)(you)共同攻(gong)擊的(de)(de)社(she)會行為。它們有(you)(you)可能(neng)采取伏擊方式(shi)(shi)攻(gong)擊大(da)型獵物，使用(yong)(yong)上頜來撞擊獵物。

第一個可明(ming)確歸類(lei)(lei)于(yu)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的(de)化石(shi)，是在1877年由奧塞內(nei)爾·查利(li)斯·馬什(Othniel Charles Marsh)所(suo)發現(xian)。異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)具(ju)有(you)復雜的(de)分類(lei)(lei)歷史(shi)，過去(qu)曾有(you)許多種(zhong)最初被歸類(lei)(lei)于(yu)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)，腔軀(qu)龍(long)，直到(dao)在克利(li)夫蘭(lan)勞埃德(de)采(cai)石(shi)場發現(xian)大量的(de)化石(shi)后，異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)才成(cheng)為常(chang)用的(de)名(ming)稱，并成(cheng)為最廣受研究的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)之一。

異特龍(long)的(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要來自于北(bei)美洲的(de)(de)莫里(li)遜組(zu)，另(ling)外在葡萄牙(ya)、坦桑尼亞也發現了可能的(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)。異特龍(long)的(de)(de)化石(shi)(shi)是(shi)美國猶(you)他州(zhou)的(de)(de)州(zhou)化石(shi)(shi)。由于異特龍(long)是(shi)最(zui)早被發現的(de)(de)獸腳亞目恐龍(long)之(zhi)一，所(suo)以(yi)長期以(yi)來吸(xi)引了一般大眾的(de)(de)注意，并出(chu)現在數個電影與電視節目中。

異特龍是種典型的大型獸腳類恐龍，擁有大型頭顱骨、粗壯的頸部、長尾巴、以及縮短的前肢。脆弱異特龍是最著名的種，平均身長為9米，而最大型的異特龍標本(編號AMNH 680)的身長估計為9·7米，體重為3.6噸。在1976年(nian)，詹(zhan)姆(mu)斯·麥迪遜(James Madsen)的(de)(de)異(yi)(yi)特龍專(zhuan)題論文中，他提(ti)出異(yi)(yi)特龍的(de)(de)身長最(zui)大值為13米(mi)。如同(tong)其他的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍，異(yi)(yi)特龍的(de)(de)體重估(gu)計(ji)(ji)值也有爭議，自20世紀80年(nian)代以來，成年(nian)異(yi)(yi)特龍的(de)(de)體重估(gu)計(ji)(ji)值，已(yi)有1000公斤(jin)，以及(ji)1010公斤(jin)等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)數據。

莫(mo)里遜組(zu)專家約翰·福(fu)斯特(te)(John Foster)提出(chu)，大(da)型(xing)(xing)的成年脆弱異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的體重為1000公斤(jin)，但(dan)根據他所測量、參考的股骨，合理(li)的估(gu)計(ji)值(zhi)應(ying)約750~800公斤(jin)。有(you)數個巨(ju)型(xing)(xing)標本被(bei)歸(gui)類于(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)屬(shu)(shu)，但(dan)可能事(shi)實上屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)其他恐龍(long)(long)(long)。異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的近(jin)親食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(編(bian)號OMNH 1708)身(shen)長(chang)可能有(you)13米。曾(ceng)被(bei)歸(gui)類于(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的一(yi)種，巨(ju)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(A. maximus)，最近(jin)的研究(jiu)多認(ren)為它們是個別的屬(shu)(shu)。另一(yi)個可能屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的標本(編(bian)號AMNH 5768)，曾(ceng)長(chang)期被(bei)歸(gui)類于(yu)Epanterias，身(shen)長(chang)為12.1公尺。在新墨西哥州莫(mo)里遜組(zu)的彼得森采石場，發現一(yi)個大(da)型(xing)(xing)的異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)科部(bu)分骨骼(ge)，是食(shi)蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)的第(di)二個標本。

頭顱骨

在(zai)獸腳(jiao)亞(ya)目之中，異特龍的(de)(de)(de)頭顱骨、牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)身(shen)體的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)適中。葛瑞格利(li)(li)·保羅(luo)(Gregory S. Paul)依據一個(ge)(ge)長(chang)度為(wei)84.5公(gong)分的(de)(de)(de)異特龍頭顱骨，估計該個(ge)(ge)體的(de)(de)(de)身(shen)長(chang)為(wei)7.9米(mi)。每塊前(qian)上顎骨各有(you)(you)5顆(ke)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)橫剖面呈(cheng)D形，而(er)每塊上顎骨約(yue)有(you)(you)14到17顆(ke)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi);異特龍的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)數量與(yu)骨頭大小并不(bu)(bu)呈(cheng)正比。而(er)每塊齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)骨約(yue)有(you)(you)14到17顆(ke)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，平(ping)均數量為(wei)16顆(ke)。越往嘴部(bu)深處(chu)，牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就越短、狹窄、彎曲。異特龍的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都為(wei)鋸齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)狀。這些牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)很容易脫落，所以它們會(hui)不(bu)(bu)斷地生長(chang)、替代(dai)，并成為(wei)常發現的(de)(de)(de)化石。霸(ba)王龍嘴里有(you)(you)60顆(ke)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，異特龍牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更多，有(you)(you)70顆(ke)，而(er)且每顆(ke)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)像匕首一樣鋒利(li)(li)，所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向后(hou)彎曲，用于撕開(kai)獵物的(de)(de)(de)肉。

異(yi)特龍(long)的(de)(de)眼睛(jing)上(shang)(shang)方擁有(you)(you)一(yi)對角冠(guan)，由延伸的(de)(de)淚骨(gu)所構(gou)成。角冠(guan)的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)與大小(xiao)隨著(zhu)個體(ti)而不同。鼻(bi)骨(gu)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)方也有(you)(you)一(yi)對低矮的(de)(de)棱脊，并沿者鼻(bi)骨(gu)，連接到眼睛(jing)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)角冠(guan)。這些角冠(guan)可(ke)(ke)能覆蓋者角質，并具有(you)(you)不同的(de)(de)功能，例(li)如(ru):替眼睛(jing)遮辟(pi)陽(yang)光、視覺展(zhan)示物、以(yi)及物種內的(de)(de)打斗行為(問(wen)題是它們非常脆弱)。頭顱骨(gu)后上(shang)(shang)方也有(you)(you)一(yi)個棱脊，可(ke)(ke)供(gong)肌肉附著(zhu)，這特征(zheng)也可(ke)(ke)見于暴(bao)龍(long)科動物。

淚(lei)骨(gu)內(nei)側有凹處(chu)，可能內(nei)藏腺(xian)體，例如(ru)鹽腺(xian)。上顎(e)骨(gu)內(nei)側有凹陷處(chu)，發展(zhan)的比基礎獸腳類恐龍(long)的鼻竇還好，例如(ru)角鼻龍(long)與馬(ma)什龍(long);這些凹陷處(chu)可能與嗅(xiu)覺器官有關，例如(ru)犁(li)鼻器。異特龍(long)腦殼頂部較薄(bo)，可能為(wei)促(cu)進(jin)腦部的體溫調節。

異特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱骨是(shi)由個別的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨頭(tou)所組成(cheng)，而(er)骨頭(tou)之間(jian)有可(ke)活動關節(jie)。例如下顎的(de)(de)(de)(de)前半(ban)部與(yu)后半(ban)部可(ke)往外彎曲，增(zeng)加骨頭(tou)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空隙，因此(ci)可(ke)以(yi)吞下較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物(wu)。腦殼與(yu)額骨之間(jian)可(ke)能也有類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)關節(jie)。

借(jie)助(zhu)下頜靈活的關節，異(yi)特龍的嘴可以張得(de)很大，便于撕(si)咬。這對(dui)獵(lie)物來說是致命(ming)的攻擊。

骨骸

異特龍擁有9節頸椎、14節背椎、5節支撐臀部的薦椎。尾椎的數量不明，可能隨者個體大小而不同;詹姆斯·麥迪遜估計異特龍有接近50節尾椎，而葛瑞格利·保羅認為這個數量過多，提出應該(gai)不超過45節。頸椎與(yu)前(qian)段背椎有(you)(you)中(zhong)空(kong)(kong)區域，這種(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)間也可見于現(xian)代鳥類(lei)(lei)，被(bei)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)類(lei)(lei)似鳥類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)囊(nang)系統，使(shi)用于呼(hu)吸作(zuo)用上。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)肋(lei)骨(gu)(gu)寬廣，形(xing)成桶狀(zhuang)胸腔，與(yu)較原始的(de)(de)(de)獸腳類(lei)(lei)(例(li)如(ru)角鼻龍(long))不同。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)也具(ju)有(you)(you)腹(fu)肋(lei)，但(dan)不常被(bei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)，可能(neng)有(you)(you)稍微(wei)的(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)化。在一個(ge)(ge)(ge)已(yi)公(gong)布(bu)標本中(zhong)，這些腹(fu)肋(lei)被(bei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)生前(qian)曾受過傷(shang)。有(you)(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)叉(cha)骨(gu)(gu)被(bei)保存(cun)下來(lai)，但(dan)直到1996年才(cai)被(bei)確認(ren)出來(lai);在一些案例(li)中(zhong)，叉(cha)骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)腹(fu)肋(lei)則被(bei)混淆。主要的(de)(de)(de)臀部骨(gu)(gu)頭腸(chang)骨(gu)(gu)巨大，恥骨(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)個(ge)(ge)(ge)明顯的(de)(de)(de)尾端，可能(neng)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)肌肉附著處，以及身體(ti)(ti)躺在地面時的(de)(de)(de)支撐物。在1976年，麥(mai)迪遜發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)克利(li)(li)夫蘭勞(lao)埃德恐龍(long)采(cai)石場(chang)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)化石，有(you)(you)接近一半個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)恥骨(gu)(gu)上端，并(bing)未互(hu)相固定(ding)者(zhe)。由于這個(ge)(ge)(ge)特(te)征與(yu)體(ti)(ti)型無關(guan)，因此麥(mai)迪遜認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)性(xing)異(yi)形(xing)，雌性(xing)個(ge)(ge)(ge)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)恥骨(gu)(gu)上端沒有(you)(you)互(hu)相固定(ding)著，可使(shi)產卵時更(geng)為(wei)(wei)順利(li)(li)。然而，這個(ge)(ge)(ge)理(li)論(lun)并(bing)未引起進一步的(de)(de)(de)討論(lun)。

腿部

與(yu)后(hou)肢(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)，異特(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)當短(duan)，但比(bi)暴龍(long)要長(chang)(chang)(chang)很多，約(yue)是(shi)后(hou)肢(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度的(de)(de)35%。每個手部具(ju)有三根手指(zhi)，以(yi)及大型、大幅(fu)彎曲的(de)(de)指(zhi)爪(zhua)。異特(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)壯，與(yu)其他的(de)(de)獸腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)適合(he)抓握一定距離(li)內(nei)的(de)(de)獵物，或是(shi)將獵物拉近。前(qian)臂稍短(duan)于上(shang)臂，肱骨(gu)與(yu)尺骨(gu)的(de)(de)比(bi)例為(wei)1:1.2。手腕具(ju)有類(lei)似半新月(yue)形(xing)的(de)(de)腕骨(gu)，手盜龍(long)類(lei)的(de)(de)腕骨(gu)更(geng)為(wei)接近半新月(yue)形(xing)。異特(te)龍(long)的(de)(de)三根手指(zhi)中，內(nei)側(ce)第一根手指(zhi)是(shi)最長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)。指(zhi)爪(zhua)的(de)(de)狀態顯示手指(zhi)可能用(yong)來鉤住東西。

智商

通過研究(jiu)遺骸，我們了解到許(xu)多恐龍(long)身體龐(pang)大(da)，但這不意味著(zhu)(zhu)他們很聰(cong)明。馬門溪(xi)龍(long)活著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)時候約有(you)四五十噸(dun)重，而(er)腦子(zi)重量只有(you)500克左右。又如劍(jian)龍(long)，他的(de)(de)身軀有(you)大(da)象(xiang)那么大(da)，而(er)腦子(zi)卻小得如約100克的(de)(de)核桃。異特龍(long)也長著(zhu)(zhu)龐(pang)大(da)的(de)(de)身體，但據推測，他的(de)(de)大(da)腦可能很發(fa)達，是侏羅(luo)紀時期智(zhi)商最高的(de)(de)大(da)型肉食恐龍(long)，這也給它們的(de)(de)群居提供了方便(bian)。

生活習性

生長模式

異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的大(da)(da)(da)量化(hua)石幾乎涵蓋了所有的年(nian)齡(ling)層，這使得科學家們可(ke)(ke)以研究異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的生長模式與年(nian)齡(ling)上限。在(zai)科羅拉多州發現的一堆壓碎的蛋化(hua)石，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)，這是目前所發現最年(nian)幼的異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)化(hua)石。根據四(si)肢骨頭的組織學分析，異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的年(nian)齡(ling)上限大(da)(da)(da)約為22到28歲，相當(dang)于(yu)(yu)其他(ta)大(da)(da)(da)型獸腳類恐龍(long)(例(li)如(ru)暴龍(long))。異(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)的最高生長率大(da)(da)(da)約發生在(zai)15歲時(shi)，一年(nian)可(ke)(ke)以增(zeng)加148公斤的體(ti)重。

已(yi)在(zai)一個(ge)(ge)出(chu)土於克利夫(fu)蘭勞(lao)埃德的異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)脛骨(gu)(gu)，發現(xian)了(le)骨(gu)(gu)髓骨(gu)(gu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)。除了(le)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)以外，腱龍(long)(long)(long)與(yu)暴龍(long)(long)(long)也發現(xian)了(le)骨(gu)(gu)髓骨(gu)(gu)。骨(gu)(gu)髓骨(gu)(gu)只存(cun)在(zai)于產(chan)卵的雌性(xing)(xing)鳥(niao)類(lei)身上，骨(gu)(gu)髓骨(gu)(gu)富含鈣，可(ke)用來(lai)制(zhi)造蛋殼(ke)的。異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的骨(gu)(gu)髓骨(gu)(gu)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，顯示該個(ge)(ge)體是雌性(xing)(xing)的，而且正在(zai)繁衍期中。這個(ge)(ge)雌性(xing)(xing)異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)估計是在(zai)10歲時死亡，從此顯示異(yi)特(te)(te)龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)完全(quan)成(cheng)長前，就已(yi)達到性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟(shu)。

一(yi)個(ge)具有幾乎完整后(hou)肢(zhi)的(de)(de)幼(you)年(nian)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)標本，顯(xian)示幼(you)年(nian)個(ge)體的(de)(de)后(hou)肢(zhi)比例較(jiao)成年(nian)個(ge)體長，而(er)(er)且后(hou)肢(zhi)下半部(小(xiao)腿(tui)與腳部)長於大腿(tui)部分。這些(xie)差別顯(xian)示年(nian)輕異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)移動速(su)度(du)較(jiao)快，并具有不同(tong)于成年(nian)個(ge)體的(de)(de)獵食方式，例如追趕(gan)小(xiao)型獵物，而(er)(er)成年(nian)個(ge)體則改(gai)(gai)采伏(fu)擊方式捕食大型的(de)(de)獵物。隨者異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)成長，它們的(de)(de)大腿(tui)骨頭變得(de)更厚、更寬，而(er)(er)橫(heng)剖面變得(de)較(jiao)不圓形，隨者肌(ji)肉附(fu)著點(dian)的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)變，肌(ji)肉相(xiang)對更短，腿(tui)部的(de)(de)成長減緩。這些(xie)改(gai)(gai)變顯(xian)示幼(you)年(nian)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)腿(tui)部，承(cheng)受的(de)(de)應(ying)力較(jiao)成年(nian)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)小(xiao)，幼(you)年(nian)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)可能以(yi)更規律的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)前進。

進食方式

異特龍被認為是種主動攻擊的大型掠食者。根據蜥腳類恐龍骨頭上的異特龍齒痕，以及與蜥腳類化石一起發現的零散異特龍牙齒來判斷，異特龍可能以蜥腳類恐龍為獵食對象，或是搜尋它們的尸體為食。另外有明確證據顯示異特龍曾經攻擊過劍龍，例如一個異特龍的尾椎上有個部分痊愈的傷口，這個被刺穿傷口的形狀符合劍龍的尾刺;另外，在一個劍龍的頸部骨板上有個U形的傷口，與異特龍的嘴部形狀符合。在1988年，葛瑞格利·保羅(Gregory Paul)提出異特龍不可能以蜥腳類恐龍為食，除非采取群體方式獵食;因為異特龍的頭部大小屬中型、牙齒相對較小，體型也無法與同時代的大型蜥腳類恐龍相比。另一個可能則是異特龍以幼年蜥腳類恐龍為獵食對象，而不獵食完全成長的蜥腳類恐龍。90年代與2000年的研究可能解答了這個問題。羅伯特·巴克(Robert T. Bakker)將異特龍與一些生存于新生代肉食性哺乳類相比，發現類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適應演化，例如:顎(e)部肌肉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮小、頸(jing)部肌肉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增大、以及將顎(e)部左右(you)撐開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力。雖然異(yi)特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牙(ya)(ya)齒并非如這些(xie)哺乳類呈軍刀狀，巴克提(ti)出(chu)了(le)另一種異(yi)特龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻擊(ji)方式:上顎(e)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短牙(ya)(ya)齒會形成類似鋸子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小型(xing)鋸齒表面，可切入獵(lie)物肉體。這種型(xing)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顎(e)部可使異(yi)特龍采取撕咬方式攻擊(ji)大型(xing)獵(lie)物，消耗(hao)獵(lie)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體力。

埃米(mi)莉·雷菲爾德(de)(Emily J. Rayfield)等人使用有限元(yuan)分析，研究(jiu)了(le)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱(lu)骨(gu)，也得到了(le)類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。根據(ju)其中的(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)力學(xue)研究(jiu)結(jie)果，異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱(lu)骨(gu)非常強(qiang)壯，咬(yao)(yao)合力相當(dang)大。異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)(yao)合力可(ke)以達到3-8噸，而(er)且它(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)顱(lu)可(ke)承受(shou)(shou)約(yue)55000牛(niu)頓(dun)來自于齒列的(de)(de)(de)垂直壓(ya)強(qiang)。這個研究(jiu)也提出異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)使用頭(tou)部來撞擊獵物(wu)，并(bing)張開大口、撕咬(yao)(yao)獵物(wu)。這個研究(jiu)認為異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部結(jie)構允許它(ta)(ta)們(men)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)獵食模(mo)式來攻擊不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)獵物(wu):它(ta)(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)部較(jiao)輕型，可(ke)攻擊較(jiao)小、較(jiao)靈活的(de)(de)(de)鳥腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)(long);但頭(tou)部有足夠的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度承受(shou)(shou)撞擊，可(ke)允取(qu)它(ta)(ta)們(men)采取(qu)伏擊方式攻擊較(jiao)大型的(de)(de)(de)劍龍(long)(long)科與(yu)蜥腳(jiao)類恐龍(long)(long)。

其(qi)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學家(jia)則對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)研究表示異(yi)(yi)議，他(ta)們(men)認(ren)為現(xian)存(cun)(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中沒(mei)有(you)采(cai)取撞(zhuang)擊(ji)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，并(bing)提出異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部有(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度，應可(ke)(ke)承(cheng)受獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)掙(zheng)扎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力量。雷菲(fei)爾德(de)等人對(dui)異(yi)(yi)議提出回應，他(ta)們(men)承(cheng)認(ren)現(xian)存(cun)(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中沒(mei)有(you)類(lei)(lei)(lei)似異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，但(dan)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒列(lie)適(shi)合這(zhe)(zhe)種攻擊(ji)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，而(er)它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部結構可(ke)(ke)保護上(shang)顎、減低承(cheng)受力量。另一種可(ke)(ke)能則是，獸腳(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)(例如異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long))不必(bi)費力將(jiang)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)殺死，而(er)是從活生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)腳(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)身上(shang)咬(yao)(yao)下(xia)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肉塊(kuai)，肉塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)只需維(wei)持獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)(cun)即可(ke)(ke)。這(zhe)(zhe)種獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)也使(shi)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)機會痊愈，而(er)獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)者也可(ke)(ke)能以類(lei)(lei)(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)再(zai)度獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。另外，鳥腳(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)是當地最常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，因此異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能采(cai)偷襲方(fang)(fang)式(shi)獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鳥腳(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)，使(shi)用前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)抓住獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，并(bing)咬(yao)(yao)斷(duan)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)喉嚨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣管，類(lei)(lei)(lei)似今日(ri)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型(xing)貓科動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)壯，能夠(gou)抓緊獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，所以這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)獵(lie)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)是可(ke)(ke)能成立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其(qi)他(ta)影響(xiang)進食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素包含:眼睛、前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)、以及后肢(zhi)(zhi)。異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭部形(xing)狀將(jiang)立體(ti)視(shi)覺限制(zhi)在20°的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內，略小(xiao)于現(xian)代鱷(e)魚。如同鱷(e)魚，這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)范圍已足(zu)夠(gou)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)判(pan)斷(duan)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距離(li)與攻擊(ji)時(shi)機。相較于其(qi)他(ta)獸腳(jiao)(jiao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)恐(kong)(kong)龍(long)(long)，異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)肢(zhi)(zhi)適(shi)合抓住一定距離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，還有(you)將(jiang)獵(lie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)拉近;而(er)指爪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構造顯(xian)示它們(men)可(ke)(ke)用來(lai)勾取物(wu)(wu)(wu)體(ti)。經(jing)推算，異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最高奔(ben)跑(pao)速度可(ke)(ke)達每小(xiao)時(shi)30到(dao)55公里(li)。

社會行為

長久以來，半科學(xue)文獻與(yu)大(da)眾讀物都將(jiang)(jiang)異(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)描述成以群體(ti)方(fang)式獵(lie)(lie)食，并以蜥腳類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)與(yu)其他大(da)型(xing)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)為獵(lie)(lie)食對象(xiang)。羅伯特(te)(te)(te)·巴克(Robert T.Bakker)從脫落的牙齒、大(da)型(xing)獵(lie)(lie)物的被咬過骨頭研判(pan)，異(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)具(ju)有親代(dai)養育的社會行(xing)為。巴克認為成年(nian)異(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)將(jiang)(jiang)食物帶到(dao)巢穴中(zhong)，以供幼年(nian)異(yi)特(te)(te)(te)龍(long)(long)食用(yong)，并防止(zhi)其他肉食性動物找到(dao)它(ta)們的食物。

研究提(ti)出(chu)異(yi)特龍與其(qi)他獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍具(ju)有(you)侵略(lve)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)種(zhong)內行(xing)為，而(er)非合作(zuo)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為，如(ru)(ru)同(tong)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)雙弓動(dong)物(wu)。一(yi)個(ge)研究則推(tui)論(lun)(lun)獸腳(jiao)類(lei)(lei)恐龍會合作(zuo)獵食(shi)，而(er)非個(ge)別獵食(shi);這種(zhong)行(xing)為在(zai)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)較少見，而(er)現存雙弓動(dong)物(wu)(包(bao)括(kuo)蜥(xi)蜴、鱷魚、鳥類(lei)(lei))很少合作(zuo)獵食(shi)。許多現代的(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)性(xing)(xing)雙弓動(dong)物(wu)是領域性(xing)(xing)，會將侵入領地(di)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)殺(sha)(sha)死(si)、并吞(tun)食(shi)它們的(de)(de)(de)尸體(ti);另外(wai)當聚集(ji)在(zai)食(shi)物(wu)周圍時，它們會將企圖搶先的(de)(de)(de)較小個(ge)體(ti)殺(sha)(sha)死(si)。克(ke)利夫蘭勞埃德采(cai)石場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)大量異(yi)特龍化石可能源于它們在(zai)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)相(xiang)食(shi)時被淹死(si)。這也(ye)可以(yi)解釋(shi)異(yi)特龍化石中(zhong)(zhong)，幼年(nian)與近(jin)成年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)所(suo)(suo)占的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)較高(gao);因為在(zai)現代的(de)(de)(de)鱷魚與科(ke)莫多龍中(zhong)(zhong)，幼年(nian)與近(jin)成年(nian)個(ge)體(ti)較少在(zai)聚食(shi)地(di)點中(zhong)(zhong)被殺(sha)(sha)死(si)。這理論(lun)(lun)也(ye)可解釋(shi)巴克(ke)所(suo)(suo)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)巢穴狀(zhuang)況。有(you)些證據顯(xian)示(shi)異(yi)特龍具(ju)有(you)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)相(xiang)食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為，例(li)如(ru)(ru)肋骨碎(sui)片上有(you)脫落的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)類(lei)(lei)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)、一(yi)個(ge)肩胛(jia)骨上有(you)可能的(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)痕、巴克(ke)所(suo)(suo)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)巢穴中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特龍骨骸可能遭到同(tong)類(lei)(lei)相(xiang)食(shi)。

腦部感覺

一個(ge)針對異(yi)特(te)龍腦(nao)部的(de)電腦(nao)斷層掃描，發(fa)現它們的(de)腦(nao)部與鱷魚和鳥類有較多的(de)共同點(dian)。前庭器(qi)官的(de)結構顯示它們的(de)頭(tou)部保持在幾乎水平的(de)位置，而(er)非(fei)朝(chao)上(shang)或朝(chao)下。內耳的(de)結構類似(si)鱷魚，所以(yi)(yi)異(yi)特(te)龍可(ke)能(neng)容易(yi)聽到低頻的(de)聲(sheng)音，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)聽到細微的(de)聲(sheng)音。異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)嗅球大，可(ke)能(neng)適合(he)感覺氣味。

價值及其他

相關研究

早期研究

早在1869年，科羅拉多州格(ge)蘭比郡附近的中央(yang)公園d當地居民將(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)馬蹄(ti)化(hua)石(shi)交給了費迪(di)南(nan)德·范迪(di)威爾·海登(Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden);該(gai)地可能(neng)屬于莫里遜組。海登將(jiang)(jiang)這(zhe)標本交給約瑟夫(fu)·萊(lai)(lai)迪(di)(Joseph Leidy)，萊(lai)(lai)迪(di)發現這(zhe)個(ge)"馬蹄(ti)"化(hua)石(shi)其實是半節尾椎骨(gu)。約瑟夫(fu)·萊(lai)(lai)迪(di)起初暫(zan)時將(jiang)(jiang)它歸類(lei)為歐(ou)洲雜肋龍(long)的一(yi)(yi)個(ge)種(Poicilopleurodon valens)。萊(lai)(lai)迪(di)后來將(jiang)(jiang)它建立為一(yi)(yi)個(ge)新的屬，腔軀龍(long)(Antrodemus)。

異特龍的原型標本(編號YPM 1930)被(bei)發(fa)現于科羅拉多州卡農(nong)城北方的花園(yuan)公園(yuan)，由一(yi)(yi)小群(qun)破碎(sui)骨(gu)頭(tou)所構成，包(bao)含三(san)節脊(ji)椎、一(yi)(yi)個(ge)肋骨(gu)碎(sui)片(pian)、一(yi)(yi)顆牙(ya)齒、一(yi)(yi)個(ge)趾骨(gu)、以及(ji)(ji)右肱(gong)骨(gu)主(zhu)干部分;而右肱(gong)骨(gu)最常被(bei)后來的研究提及(ji)(ji)。在1877年(nian)，奧塞內爾·查利斯·馬什(Othniel Charles Marsh)根據(ju)這些化(hua)石，把這種(zhong)(zhong)生物定名(ming)為(wei)異特龍，并把其模(mo)式種(zhong)(zhong)正式命名(ming)為(wei)脆弱異特龍(Allosaurus fragilis)。種(zhong)(zhong)名(ming)fragilis來自拉丁語，意即(ji)"脆弱的"，是指它們脊(ji)椎骨(gu)的輕(qing)盈特點。

在18世紀后期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)戰爭(zheng)期(qi)間，馬什與愛德華·德林克·科(ke)普(pu)(Edward Drinker Cope)之間有過(guo)激(ji)烈的(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)。兩(liang)人(ren)曾根據(ju)許多零散(san)、相似的(de)(de)(de)化石(shi)建立(li)了(le)數個屬，但之后被證明屬于異(yi)特龍，使得異(yi)特龍的(de)(de)(de)發現與早期(qi)研究(jiu)非常復(fu)雜。兩(liang)人(ren)所建立(li)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱(cheng)包含:馬什命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)Creosaurus(意為"肌肉蜥(xi)蜴")、Labrosaurus(意為"貪吃的(de)(de)(de)蜥(xi)蜴")、以及科(ke)普(pu)命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)Epanterias(意為"拱起的(de)(de)(de)")。

在(zai)競爭的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，科普與馬(ma)什(shen)并沒(mei)有持續地進行(xing)他們與他們下屬的(de)(de)挖掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。舉(ju)例(li)而言，班杰明(ming)(ming)·福蘭克林·馬(ma)奇(Benjamin Franklin Mudge)在(zai)科羅拉(la)多州(zhou)花(hua)園公(gong)園發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)異特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)原型標本(ben)后，馬(ma)什(shen)便轉向懷(huai)俄明(ming)(ming)州(zhou)進行(xing)新的(de)(de)挖掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo);而在(zai)1883年(nian)(nian)，M.P.Felch重(zhong)新開始(shi)花(hua)園公(gong)園的(de)(de)挖掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)后，卻發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)幾乎完整的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)，以(yi)(yi)及數個(ge)部分(fen)骸骨(gu)。另外，科普的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)挖掘(jue)(jue)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)H.F.Hubbell，在(zai)1879年(nian)(nian)于懷(huai)俄明(ming)(ming)州(zhou)的(de)(de)科摩(mo)崖(ya)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)異特(te)龍(long)(long)標本(ben)(編號(hao)AMNH 5753)，但他沒(mei)有提(ti)到化(hua)石(shi)的(de)(de)完整程(cheng)度，所以(yi)(yi)科普從(cong)未看過(guo)這個(ge)化(hua)石(shi)。在(zai)1903年(nian)(nian)，科普死后數年(nian)(nian)，這個(ge)標本(ben)被(bei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)是當(dang)時最完整的(de)(de)獸腳類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)之一(yi)(yi)，并在(zai)1908年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)展覽。在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)由查爾斯·耐特(te)(Charles R.Knight)所繪制的(de)(de)圖畫中(zhong)，編號(hao)AMNH 5753的(de)(de)異特(te)龍(long)(long)跨越(yue)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)只迷惑(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)身上，吞食著迷惑(huo)(huo)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)尸體。雖(sui)然這是第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)將(jiang)獸腳類(lei)恐龍(long)(long)描(miao)繪成站立姿態，但當(dang)時并沒(mei)有科學證據(ju)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)支(zhi)持。

異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)名(ming)(ming)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重復使得研究變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜，并隨者馬什(shen)與科(ke)(ke)普的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭而惡化(hua)。在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時便有(you)一些(xie)科(ke)(ke)學家，例(li)如塞繆爾(er)·溫德爾(er)·威利斯(si)頓(Samuel Wendell Williston)，提(ti)出有(you)太多相(xiang)關(guan)名(ming)(ming)稱被重復建(jian)立。在(zai)(zai)1901年(nian)(nian)，威利斯(si)頓便指(zhi)出馬什(shen)自己也(ye)無法分辨出異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)與Creosaurus的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)。查(cha)爾(er)斯(si)·懷特(te)尼·吉爾(er)摩爾(er)(Charles W.Gilmore)在(zai)(zai)1920年(nian)(nian)嘗試(shi)將這些(xie)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱整(zheng)理、歸類。吉爾(er)摩爾(er)認為(wei)萊迪(di)(di)用(yong)來命(ming)名(ming)(ming)腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾椎，其實跟(gen)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾椎一樣;因為(wei)腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)較(jiao)早(zao)命(ming)名(ming)(ming)，所以取代異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)。在(zai)(zai)接下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50年(nian)(nian)，腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)取代異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)，成為(wei)正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱，直到詹姆斯(si)·麥迪(di)(di)遜在(zai)(zai)克利夫蘭勞埃德采石(shi)場發(fa)現新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)，并出腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)材料無法鑒定，發(fa)現地點也(ye)不清楚，應該采用(yong)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)這名(ming)(ming)稱。腔軀(qu)龍(long)(long)為(wei)非正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)法，只(zhi)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)區分吉爾(er)摩爾(er)與麥迪(di)(di)遜兩人重建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同形態頭顱骨。

早在(zai)1927年(nian)(nian)開(kai)始(shi)，猶他州艾麥里縣(xian)的(de)克利(li)夫(fu)蘭勞埃(ai)德(de)恐(kong)龍(long)采石場(chang)(chang)便(bian)有了零散(san)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)，威廉(lian)·斯(si)托克斯(si)(William J. Stokes)在(zai)1945年(nian)(nian)于《科學》雜志(zhi)描述了這個采石場(chang)(chang)，但(dan)直到60年(nian)(nian)代，才開(kai)始(shi)了大(da)(da)型的(de)挖掘計畫(hua)。在(zai)1960年(nian)(nian)到1965年(nian)(nian)期間，在(zai)接(jie)近(jin)40個機構的(de)合力挖掘之下，該采石場(chang)(chang)出(chu)土(tu)了數(shu)千塊骨(gu)(gu)頭。克利(li)夫(fu)蘭勞埃(ai)德(de)采石場(chang)(chang)的(de)著名原因(yin)包含:大(da)(da)部分骨(gu)(gu)頭都屬于脆弱異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)，例如在(zai)2006年(nian)(nian)，73個出(chu)土(tu)的(de)恐(kong)龍(long)個體中，至少(shao)有46個屬于脆弱異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long);這些化(hua)石不呈(cheng)天然狀態，而且互相混(hun)合;將近(jin)有10多個科學研(yan)究討論了該地(di)(di)點的(de)化(hua)石埋葬狀況，形(xing)成不同、互相矛盾的(de)解(jie)釋。對于該地(di)(di)的(de)成因(yin)，包含大(da)(da)群動物深陷在(zai)泥濘之中、乾旱導致大(da)(da)群動物困在(zai)水洼之中。無論正確的(de)成因(yin)為何，當地(di)(di)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)大(da)(da)量異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)化(hua)石使得科學家可以詳細(xi)地(di)(di)研(yan)究它們，使得異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)成為了解(jie)最多的(de)獸(shou)腳類(lei)恐(kong)龍(long)之一(yi)。該地(di)(di)所出(chu)土(tu)的(de)異(yi)(yi)特(te)龍(long)化(hua)石幾乎包含各(ge)種年(nian)(nian)齡與(yu)大(da)(da)小，身長范(fan)圍從1公尺到9公尺。

80年代研究

自(zi)從麥迪遜的(de)(de)專題(ti)論文公布以來，已有許多研究(jiu)討論異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)(de)古生(sheng)(sheng)物學(xue)以及(ji)古生(sheng)(sheng)態學(xue)。這些(xie)研究(jiu)涵蓋了異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)(de)骨骼差異(yi)、生(sheng)(sheng)長模式、頭顱骨重建、獵(lie)食(shi)模式、腦(nao)部(bu)構造、以及(ji)群居生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)與親代養育的(de)(de)可能性。早期異(yi)特(te)龍標本(ben)的(de)(de)重新(xin)研究(jiu)、在葡萄牙新(xin)發現的(de)(de)化石、以及(ji)數個非常完整的(de)(de)標本(ben)也有助于對異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)(de)了解。

"大艾爾"

在1991年發現(xian)的(de)(de)"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)"標(biao)本(編號MOR 593)，是最著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)異(yi)特龍化(hua)石(shi)之一(yi)(yi)。"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)"是個相當完整的(de)(de)天然狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態標(biao)本，接(jie)近95%完整度，身(shen)長約(yue)8米。"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)"最初是由卡比(bi)·希(xi)伯(bo)(Kirby Siber)所率領的(de)(de)瑞(rui)士團隊發現(xian)于(yu)懷俄(e)明州的(de)(de)比(bi)格霍恩縣，并(bing)由懷俄(e)明大(da)學地理博物館(guan)與(yu)洛磯山博物館(guan)共同(tong)挖掘出土。因(yin)為(wei)該化(hua)石(shi)相當完整，因(yin)此取了個昵稱:"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)"。發現(xian)"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)"的(de)(de)瑞(rui)士團隊后來在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)地點發現(xian)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)異(yi)特龍化(hua)石(shi)，并(bing)取名(ming)為(wei)"大(da)艾(ai)爾(er)二(er)號"，這具化(hua)石(shi)是到目前為(wei)止，保存(cun)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態最好的(de)(de)異(yi)特龍化(hua)石(shi)。

"大(da)艾爾(er)"的(de)體型小于脆弱(ruo)異(yi)特(te)龍的(de)平均大(da)小，可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)個近成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)體，估計(ji)只(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)長到了87%，或(huo)是(shi)另一(yi)較小的(de)種。"大(da)艾爾(er)"由布(bu)倫(lun)特(te)·布(bu)萊特(te)豪(hao)普特(te)(Brent Breithaupt)是(shi)在(zai)1996年(nian)所(suo)敘述。其(qi)中有(you)19個骨頭是(shi)斷裂的(de)，呈(cheng)現出感染(ran)的(de)跡象，這(zhe)可能(neng)(neng)導致"大(da)艾爾(er)"的(de)死亡。這(zhe)些(xie)感染(ran)的(de)骨頭包含五個肋骨、五節脊椎、四(si)個腳部骨頭;數個骨頭則(ze)具有(you)骨髓(sui)炎。右(you)腳上的(de)感染(ran)與傷(shang)口(kou)可能(neng)(neng)影響了"大(da)艾爾(er)"的(de)行走，從(cong)步態的(de)改變研判，右(you)腳的(de)傷(shang)口(kou)可能(neng)(neng)感染(ran)了另一(yi)只(zhi)腳。

古生態研究

異(yi)特龍是(shi)美國西(xi)部莫(mo)里遜組地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)最(zui)常見(jian)的(de)(de)大型獸腳亞目化石，它們位在該地食物鏈的(de)(de)最(zui)上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。莫(mo)里遜組被(bei)認(ren)為是(shi)半干旱(han)的(de)(de)環(huan)境，具有明顯的(de)(de)雨季(ji)和旱(han)季(ji)，地形(xing)為平坦的(de)(de)泛濫平原。該地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)植被(bei)是(shi)由針(zhen)葉樹、樹蕨(jue)、蕨(jue)類所構成的(de)(de)樹林，以及由蕨(jue)類所構成的(de)(de)疏林莽原。

莫里(li)遜組是個富含化(hua)石(shi)(shi)的(de)挖掘地點，該地曾發現(xian)綠藻、真菌、苔蘚、木賊、蕨類、蘇鐵、銀杏(xing)、以及(ji)數科針葉樹(shu)等植物(wu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi);其(qi)他的(de)動物(wu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)則包含:雙殼綱、蝸牛、輻鰭魚綱、青蛙、蠑螈、烏(wu)龜、喙(hui)頭(tou)目(mu)、蜥(xi)蜴、陸生(sheng)與水生(sheng)的(de)鱷形超目(mu)、數種翼(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)目(mu)、大量的(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、以及(ji)早期的(de)哺乳類，例如:柱齒(chi)獸目(mu)、多瘤(liu)齒(chi)目(mu)、對(dui)齒(chi)獸目(mu)、三(san)尖齒(chi)獸目(mu)。莫里(li)遜組所發現(xian)的(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)則包含了獸腳亞目(mu)的(de)角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、嗜鳥(niao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，蜥(xi)腳下(xia)目(mu)的(de)迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、圓(yuan)頂龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、梁龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，鳥(niao)臀目(mu)的(de)彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、橡(xiang)樹(shu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。

在猶他州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)克利夫蘭勞(lao)埃德(de)采(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場，有一個數量眾多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)層。這(zhe)(zhe)個化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)層包含(han)超過(guo)(guo)10,000個骨頭，大(da)(da)部分屬(shu)于異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但(dan)也(ye)有其(qi)他恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，例(li)如(ru)(ru)(ru)劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與角(jiao)鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此眾多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)動物化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)何集中于同一地(di)(di)(di)點，仍(reng)不(bu)清楚。而且肉食(shi)性(xing)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)比例(li)大(da)(da)于草食(shi)性(xing)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，這(zhe)(zhe)種狀況非常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)少(shao)見。這(zhe)(zhe)個化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)層被(bei)解釋成(cheng)群體獵(lie)食(shi)所造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)很難證(zheng)實。另一個可能性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)克利夫蘭勞(lao)埃德(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)采(cai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場在過(guo)(guo)去是(shi)(shi)(shi)個"掠食(shi)者(zhe)陷阱"，類(lei)似拉(la)布雷亞瀝青坑，造成(cheng)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)掠食(shi)者(zhe)陷入無法掙脫的(de)(de)(de)沉積層中。葡(pu)萄牙(ya)所發現(xian)異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)層，年代屬(shu)于晚侏(zhu)羅紀(ji)，被(bei)認為(wei)環境類(lei)似莫里遜(xun)組(zu)，但(dan)受到(dao)海洋的(de)(de)(de)影響較多(duo)(duo)。這(zhe)(zhe)個葡(pu)萄牙(ya)地(di)(di)(di)層也(ye)發現(xian)了(le)許多(duo)(duo)莫里遜(xun)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)恐龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，主要有異(yi)特(te)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、角(jiao)鼻(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、蠻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、迷惑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)，或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)相近(jin)(jin)(jin)物種，例(li)如(ru)(ru)(ru)腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)(jin)親葡(pu)萄牙(ya)巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、彎龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)(jin)親龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爪龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。

異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與其他(ta)侏羅紀獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)共同(tong)生(sheng)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)莫(mo)里遜(xun)組與葡萄牙(ya)，包含:角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、體(ti)型較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，食蜥王龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，依潘龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。這(zhe)(zhe)點很不尋常。根據生(sheng)理結構(gou)與化石位(wei)置，它(ta)們三者(zhe)似乎擁(yong)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態位(wei)。角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能活(huo)躍于(yu)河道(dao)附(fu)近，角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身體(ti)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)細，叫(jiao)矮，而蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)則(ze)十分粗壯，擁(yong)有(you)威(wei)力巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爪子和(he)威(wei)力無窮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)放血牙(ya)加碎骨牙(ya)，但(dan)體(ti)型至(zhi)少(shao)有(you)10-12米+，可(ke)(ke)使它(ta)們躲藏在(zai)(zai)(zai)森(sen)林中(zhong)突襲迷惑(huo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)，腕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)這(zhe)(zhe)類大型蜥腳(jiao)(jiao)類，有(you)時也(ye)會去捕獵劍龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)家族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成員;異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腿(tui)部(bu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長、速度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)快，但(dan)它(ta)們在(zai)(zai)(zai)森(sen)林或矮樹叢中(zhong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不靈活(huo)，因此可(ke)(ke)能活(huo)躍于(yu)干(gan)燥的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泛濫(lan)平原中(zhong)。對于(yu)角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究比蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)還深(shen)入。角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)與異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭顱骨較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高、較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)狹窄，而牙(ya)齒(chi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大、較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)寬廣。在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)個異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恥骨末端(duan)發現了另一(yi)個獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)痕，可(ke)(ke)能是(shi)(shi)由角(jiao)鼻龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)或蠻(man)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)所留下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)可(ke)(ke)能也(ye)是(shi)(shi)其他(ta)獸(shou)(shou)腳(jiao)(jiao)類恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)來(lai)源選擇之(zhi)一(yi)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)恥骨是(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)腹部(bu)下緣，夾在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩腿(tui)之(zhi)間，處于(yu)身體(ti)最龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方之(zhi)一(yi)。顯(xian)示這(zhe)(zhe)只異(yi)特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)死后，尸體(ti)被其他(ta)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)所吞食。

大眾文化

在大眾文化中，異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)與暴(bao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)皆(jie)是大型肉(rou)食性恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)代表。異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)也是博(bo)物(wu)館常見(jian)的(de)(de)恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)之一，部(bu)分原因為克利夫(fu)蘭(lan)勞(lao)(lao)埃(ai)德恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)采石場所出土(tu)的(de)(de)大量異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化石;到了(le)1976年，已經有三大洲、八個國家的(de)(de)38個博(bo)物(wu)館具有從克利夫(fu)蘭(lan)勞(lao)(lao)埃(ai)德恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)采石場所出土(tu)的(de)(de)異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)化石。異特龍(long)(long)(long)(long)是猶他州的(de)(de)官(guan)方州恐(kong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。

自20世紀初期開始(shi)，異特龍便(bian)已(yi)出現在大眾文化之中(zhong)。在BBC(迷失的(de)世界)中(zhong)就出現過異特龍的(de)身影并襲擊了主角和(he)原始(shi)人，另外本片中(zhong)有三只異特龍。

異特(te)龍(long)還短暫(zan)的(de)(de)出現在(zai)2009年的(de)(de)電影(ying)《失(shi)落(luo)的(de)(de)大陸》在(zai)影(ying)片中與霸王龍(long)展開(kai)了對決但之后又和(he)霸王龍(long)一起襲擊了主(zhu)角和(he)他(ta)的(de)(de)朋友，但在(zai)影(ying)片的(de)(de)最后被主(zhu)角的(de)(de)杯子炸死(si)。

異(yi)特龍(long)也(ye)出現在(zai)BBC的電視節目(mu)《與恐龍(long)共舞(wu)》(Walking with Dinosaurs)的第(di)二集與第(di)五(wu)集。而《與恐龍(long)共舞(wu)》的特別節目(mu)《異(yi)特龍(long)之(zhi)謎》(Ballad of Big Al)，則是(shi)以著名的"大(da)艾爾"作為主角，敘述了它的一生。

異特(te)龍也出(chu)現在(zai)《恐(kong)龍x檔(dang)案》中。

另有(you)紀錄片《恐龍(long)革命(ming)》第(di)一季的(de)第(di)二集《異特龍(long)的(de)故事》講述一只下顎被打(da)斷的(de)異特龍(long)的(de)生活。

在CAPCOM于2000年(nian)推出(chu)的(de)電子游戲《恐龍危機2》中(zhong)，異特龍也有多次登場(chang)。

異(yi)特(te)龍也出現在(zai)IOS的游戲(侏羅(luo)紀世界)中被錯(cuo)誤的描述成有(you)2個爪子(zi)(zi)類似霸王龍實(shi)際(ji)上真(zhen)實(shi)的異(yi)特(te)龍是有(you)三個爪子(zi)(zi)，不要被游戲欺騙(pian)了。