混合動(dong)力車(che)的分(fen)類 混合動(dong)力車(che)的缺點有哪些

混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)車的分類(lei) 混(hun)合動(dong)力(li)車的缺點有(you)哪些

一、混合動力車的分類

A、根(gen)據混合動(dong)力驅動(dong)的(de)聯結方式，混合動(dong)力系統(tong)主要分為以下三類(lei)：

一(yi)(yi)是(shi)串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)（Series Hybrid)。串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)式(shi)(shi)混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由內燃機(ji)(ji)直接帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)通過控制單元傳(chuan)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，再由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能(neng)，最后(hou)通過變(bian)速(su)機(ji)(ji)構來驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)。在(zai)(zai)這種(zhong)聯(lian)(lian)結方式(shi)(shi)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就象一(yi)(yi)個(ge)水庫，只(zhi)是(shi)調(diao)節的(de)對象不(bu)是(shi)水量(liang)，而(er)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對在(zai)(zai)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)產生的(de)能(neng)量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)需要(yao)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)之間進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)節，從(cong)而(er)保證(zheng)車(che)輛(liang)正常工作(zuo)。這種(zhong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)系統(tong)在(zai)(zai)城市(shi)公交上的(de)應(ying)用比較多(duo)，轎(jiao)車(che)上很少使用。

二是并(bing)聯式混合(he)動力系統(tong)(Parallel Hybrid)。并(bing)聯式混合(he)動力系統(tong)有兩套(tao)驅(qu)動系統(tong)：傳統(tong)的(de)內燃機(ji)系統(tong)和電機(ji)驅(qu)動系統(tong)。兩個系統(tong)既(ji)可以同時(shi)協(xie)調工作，也可以各(ge)自單獨工作驅(qu)動汽車。這種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)適用(yong)于多種(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)行駛工況，尤其適用(yong)于復(fu)雜(za)的(de)路(lu)況。該聯結方式結構簡單，成(cheng)本(ben)低。

三是混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)特點在于內燃機(ji)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)各(ge)有一套機(ji)械(xie)變(bian)速機(ji)構(gou)，兩套機(ji)構(gou)或通(tong)過齒(chi)輪系(xi)(xi)(xi)，或采(cai)用行星(xing)輪式結(jie)構(gou)結(jie)合(he)在一起(qi)，從而綜合(he)調節(jie)(jie)內燃機(ji)與電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)之(zhi)間的(de)轉速關系(xi)(xi)(xi)。與并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)式混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比，混(hun)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)式動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)以更加靈活地根據工(gong)況來(lai)調節(jie)(jie)內燃機(ji)的(de)功率輸出和電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運轉。此聯(lian)(lian)(lian)結(jie)方式系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)復雜，成本(ben)高(gao)。

B、根據在混合動力系統(tong)中(zhong)，電機的(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率在整個系統(tong)輸(shu)(shu)出功率中(zhong)占的(de)比(bi)重，也就(jiu)是常說的(de)混合度(du)的(de)不同，混合動力系統(tong)還可以分為以下四類：

一是微混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。這(zhe)種混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)在傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)燃機(ji)上的(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)（一般(ban)為12V）上加裝(zhuang)了(le)皮帶(dai)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)（也就是常(chang)說的(de)(de)(de)Belt-alternator Starter Generator, 簡稱(cheng)BSG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)）。該電(dian)機(ji)為發電(dian)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(Stop-Start)一體(ti)式(shi)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，用來(lai)控制發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)停止，從而取消了(le)發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)怠(dai)速，降低了(le)油耗(hao)和(he)排放。從嚴(yan)格意義上來(lai)講(jiang)，這(zhe)種微混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)車(che)不屬于(yu)真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)汽(qi)車(che)，因為它的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)并(bing)沒有為汽(qi)車(che)行(xing)駛提供持續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)。在微混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)里，電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)通(tong)常(chang)有兩種：12v 和(he)42v。其中(zhong)42v主要(yao)用于(yu)柴油混(hun)合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

二是輕混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。代表(biao)車(che)型是通用的(de)(de)(de)混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)皮卡(ka)車(che)。該混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)采(cai)用了(le)集成啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)（也就是常說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)Integrated Starter Generator，簡稱ISG系(xi)統(tong)(tong)）。與(yu)微混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)相(xiang)比，輕混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)除了(le)能夠實現用發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)控制發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)和(he)停止，還能夠實現：（1）在(zai)減速和(he)制動(dong)(dong)工(gong)況下，對部分能量進行吸收；（2）在(zai)行駛過程中(zhong)，發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)等速運轉(zhuan)，發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)能量可以在(zai)車(che)輪的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)需求和(he)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)需求之間進行調節。輕混合(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)混合(he)(he)度一般(ban)在(zai)20%以下。

三是中混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。該混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)同樣采(cai)用(yong)(yong)了(le)ISG系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。與(yu)輕度(du)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)不同，中混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的是高(gao)壓電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。另(ling)外，中混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)還增加了(le)一個功能：在汽(qi)車(che)處于加速或者大負荷工況時，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)能夠輔助驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)輪，從而(er)(er)補(bu)充發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)本身(shen)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)輸出的不足，從而(er)(er)更好的提高(gao)整車(che)的性能。這種系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)程(cheng)度(du)較高(gao)，可以達到30%左右(you)，技術已經成熟，應用(yong)(yong)廣(guang)泛。

四是(shi)完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用了272-650v的(de)高(gao)壓啟動(dong)(dong)電機(ji)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)合程度更高(gao)。與(yu)中(zhong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比(bi)，完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合度可以達(da)到甚至超過50%。技(ji)術的(de)發展(zhan)將使得(de)完全(quan)(quan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)逐漸成(cheng)為混(hun)(hun)(hun)合動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)技(ji)術的(de)主要發展(zhan)方(fang)向。

二、混合動力車的缺點有哪些

混合動(dong)力車輛的缺點是(shi)在(zai)純電力模式的噪音過低，行(xing)人(ren)無法借由聲音來察覺行(xing)駛中的車輛，容易造成危險;最好加裝喇叭制造警示(shi)音。

電(dian)池重量會(hui)讓(rang)汽車更重，因此研發(fa)更輕的電(dian)池可(ke)以增加效(xiao)益。

必須確保(bao)電池所需的(de)鋰礦(kuang)安全及供應(ying)量;馬(ma)達需要的(de)稀(xi)土金屬目前被(bei)中國壟斷，政治風(feng)險(xian)高;中國對稀(xi)土礦(kuang)場的(de)管理差(cha)，稀(xi)土價格(ge)也沒有反應(ying)開采稀(xi)土需要的(de)污染(ran)防制及安全成本。

不(bu)論(lun)以(yi)環(huan)保(bao)或(huo)經濟觀點(dian)，目前的油(you)電(dian)兩用車并(bing)不(bu)適合只有在假(jia)日使用的人(ren)士，這(zhe)是因為：

價(jia)格較(jiao)高(gao)，必(bi)須降低電池等成本，以(yi)利普及。

普通鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)自放電(dian)(dian)問題(ti)(經(jing)常使用(yong)效益才夠高)，低自放電(dian)(dian)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和可供車用(yong)的鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)目前(qian)價(jia)格容量比還比較高。

電(dian)(dian)池制造及回收會消耗能源、制造污染，需要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)步降低電(dian)(dian)池污染及耗能;否則目前的油電(dian)(dian)兩用車輛要(yao)在行駛數萬公里以后才會有(you)環保效益。