銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是人(ren)(ren)類最早使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。早在(zai)(zai)(zai)史(shi)前時代，人(ren)(ren)們(men)就(jiu)開始采掘露天銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)獲取的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制造武(wu)器、式具和(he)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)器皿，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)對早期人(ren)(ren)類文明的(de)(de)進步影響(xiang)深遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是一(yi)種存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于地(di)殼(ke)和(he)海洋中的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)殼(ke)中的(de)(de)含量約為0.01%，在(zai)(zai)(zai)個別銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床(chuang)中，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含量可以(yi)(yi)達到(dao)3%～5%。自(zi)然界中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，多數以(yi)(yi)化合(he)物即銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物與其(qi)(qi)他(ta)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物聚合(he)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)，開采出來(lai)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)，經過選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)而成(cheng)為含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)位(wei)較高的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)。是唯一(yi)的(de)(de)能大量天然產(chan)出的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)，也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于各種礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)（例如黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、斑銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)、赤銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)和(he)孔(kong)雀石(shi)(shi)）中，能以(yi)(yi)單質(zhi)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)狀態(tai)及黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)合(he)金(jin)的(de)(de)形態(tai)用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)業、工(gong)程技(ji)術和(he)工(gong)藝上。

銅是(shi)(shi)與人(ren)類關系非(fei)常(chang)密切的(de)有色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，被(bei)廣(guang)泛地(di)應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)電氣、輕工(gong)、機械制造(zao)、建筑工(gong)業(ye)、國防工(gong)業(ye)等領(ling)域，在(zai)中國有色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)材料的(de)消(xiao)費中僅(jin)次于(yu)(yu)鋁。銅是(shi)(shi)一種紅色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，同時也是(shi)(shi)一種綠色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)。說它是(shi)(shi)綠色(se)(se)(se)金(jin)屬(shu)，主要是(shi)(shi)因為它熔(rong)點較低，容易再熔(rong)化、再冶(ye)煉，因而(er)回收利(li)用(yong)相當(dang)地(di)便(bian)宜。古(gu)代主要用(yong)于(yu)(yu)器皿(min)、藝術(shu)品(pin)及武(wu)器鑄造(zao)，比較有名(ming)的(de)器皿(min)及藝術(shu)品(pin)如司(si)母戊鼎、四羊方尊。

銅密度的(de)定義：銅的(de)質量與(yu)銅體積的(de)比值就叫作銅密度。

銅密(mi)度符(fu)號(hao)和單位：通常(chang)(chang)用(yong)“ρ”（讀做rōu）表示(shi)，單位為g/cm3，正確讀法(fa)是克每(mei)立方(fang)厘(li)米(mi)。還(huan)有一種不常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)單位是kg/dm3，讀作千克每(mei)立方(fang)分米(mi)。它們之間的換(huan)算關系(xi)：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅密度的(de)公式(shi)：

1.銅密(mi)度的公式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表(biao)示(shi)密(mi)度、m表(biao)示(shi)質(zhi)量、V表(biao)示(shi)體積)

2.銅密度公式(shi)變形：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量(liang)m可以用(yong)天平測量(liang)，液體(ti)和形狀(zhuang)不規則的固體(ti)的體(ti)積v可以用(yong)量(liang)筒或量(liang)杯測量(liang)。

4.物(wu)質的(de)(de)密度是一定的(de)(de)，它不隨體積和質量的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)，不同(tong)牌號的(de)(de)銅密度也是不隨體積變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)。

純(chun)銅密度(du)、黃銅密度(du)、青銅密度(du)、白銅密度(du)：

1.純銅，無(wu)氧銅的密度(du)是8.9(g/cm3)，磷脫(tuo)氧銅的密度(du)是8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加(jia)工(gong)黃銅(tong)的(de)密(mi)度(du)是(shi)8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造黃銅(tong)的(de)密(mi)度(du)是(shi)7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工青(qing)銅的密度(du)(du)是(shi)7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄造(zao)青(qing)銅的密度(du)(du)是(shi)7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅的(de)密度是8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純銅：中國俗(su)(su)稱‘紫銅’，日本(ben)與(yu)臺灣(wan)俗(su)(su)稱‘紅銅’。

紅銅(tong)即(ji)純銅(tong)，又(you)名紫銅(tong)，純銅(tong)密(mi)度為(wei)(wei)8.96，熔點為(wei)(wei)1083℃。具(ju)有(you)很好的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)和導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)，塑性(xing)極(ji)好，易于熱(re)壓和冷(leng)壓力加工，大(da)量(liang)用(yong)于制(zhi)造電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜、電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷、電(dian)(dian)(dian)火花專用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)銅(tong)等要求導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)良好的(de)產品。

因呈紫(zi)紅色而得名。它不一定(ding)是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，有時還加入少量脫氧(yang)元素或其他元素,以改(gai)善(shan)材(cai)質和性能,因此也(ye)歸入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。中國紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材(cai)按成分可分為：普通紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和高純(chun)、真空無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)）、脫氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加少量合金(jin)元素的特(te)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)（砷銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)）四類。

黃銅

黃(huang)銅：銅鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)作(zuo)主要添(tian)加元素(su)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)，具有美觀的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色，統稱(cheng)(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二元合(he)(he)金(jin)稱(cheng)(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。三元以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)(cheng)特(te)殊黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)(cheng)復(fu)雜黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)低於36％的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)由固溶體組成，具有良好的(de)(de)(de)冷加工(gong)性能(neng)，如(ru)含鋅(xin)30％的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制(zhi)作(zuo)彈(dan)(dan)殼，俗稱(cheng)(cheng)彈(dan)(dan)殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或七(qi)三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)在(zai)36～42％之間的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)(he)金(jin)由和固溶體組成，其中最常用的(de)(de)(de)是含鋅(xin)40％的(de)(de)(de)六四黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷、鎳合金。

以鎳為主要添加元(yuan)素的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二元(yuan)合金(jin)稱普通白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加有(you)錳、鐵、鋅、鋁等元(yuan)素的(de)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)稱復雜白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工業(ye)用(yong)(yong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為結(jie)構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)電(dian)工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大類。結(jie)構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特(te)點是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)性(xing)(xing)能和(he)耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)好，色澤美觀(guan)。這(zhe)種(zhong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用(yong)(yong)於制造精(jing)(jing)密(mi)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)、化(hua)工機(ji)械(xie)(xie)和(he)船舶(bo)構(gou)件(jian)。電(dian)工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)般有(you)良(liang)好的(de)熱電(dian)性(xing)(xing)能。錳銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)含錳量(liang)不同(tong)的(de)錳白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是(shi)制造精(jing)(jing)密(mi)電(dian)工儀器(qi)、變阻器(qi)、精(jing)(jing)密(mi)電(dian)阻、應變片、熱電(dian)偶等用(yong)(yong)的(de)材料(liao)。

青銅

青銅：銅錫(xi)合金

原(yuan)指銅(tong)(tong)錫(xi)合金(jin)(jin)，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)以外的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)(jin)均(jun)稱青銅(tong)(tong)，并(bing)常(chang)在青銅(tong)(tong)名(ming)字前冠以第(di)一主(zhu)要添加元(yuan)(yuan)素的(de)(de)名(ming)。錫(xi)青銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、減(jian)摩性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好和機(ji)(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，適合於(wu)制造(zao)(zao)軸承(cheng)、蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)等(deng)。鉛青銅(tong)(tong)是現代發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)和磨床廣泛使用的(de)(de)軸承(cheng)材料。鋁青銅(tong)(tong)強度高(gao)，耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)和耐(nai)蝕性(xing)(xing)好，用於(wu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)高(gao)載(zai)荷的(de)(de)齒輪(lun)、軸套、船用螺旋槳等(deng)。鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)和磷(lin)青銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)彈性(xing)(xing)極限高(gao)，導電性(xing)(xing)好，適於(wu)制造(zao)(zao)精密(mi)彈簧(huang)和電接觸元(yuan)(yuan)件，鈹(pi)(pi)青銅(tong)(tong)還用來(lai)制造(zao)(zao)煤礦、油庫等(deng)使用的(de)(de)無火(huo)花工(gong)具。

銅的吸收

一般情況下，銅的(de)(de)攝入量嬰幼兒期(qi)為0.4~1.0mg/日(ri)，成人為1.5~3.omg/日(ri)，吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)率30~40%。胃(wei)、十二(er)指腸和小腸上(shang)部是銅的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)部位，其腸吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)是主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)過(guo)程。膜內外銅離子的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)運體為ATP酶，依靠天(tian)冬氨酸殘基磷酸化供(gong)能，能將主(zhu)動吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)的(de)(de)銅與門靜脈側枝循環中的(de)(de)白(bai)蛋(dan)白(bai)結合，運至肝臟進一步參與代謝。

在人體的應用

銅是人(ren)體健康不可(ke)缺(que)少的微量營養素，對于(yu)血液、中樞神經和(he)免(mian)疫系(xi)統，頭(tou)發(fa)、皮膚(fu)和(he)骨骼組織以及腦子和(he)肝、心等(deng)內臟的發(fa)育和(he)功能有重要(yao)影響。銅主要(yao)從日常(chang)飲食中攝入。世界衛生組織建議，為了維持健康，成人(ren)每公斤體重每天應(ying)攝入0.03毫克銅。孕(yun)婦和(he)嬰幼兒應(ying)加(jia)倍。缺(que)銅會引(yin)起(qi)各種疾(ji)病(bing)，可(ke)以服用含(han)銅補劑和(he)藥(yao)丸來(lai)加(jia)以補充(chong)。

銅(tong)(tong)在(zai)人(ren)體(ti)內(nei)含量(liang)約100～150mg，血(xue)清銅(tong)(tong)正常值100～120μg/dl，是人(ren)體(ti)中含量(liang)位居第二的必需微量(liang)元(yuan)素。含銅(tong)(tong)的酶有酪氨(an)酸(suan)酶、單胺氧(yang)(yang)化酶、超氧(yang)(yang)化酶、超氧(yang)(yang)化物歧化酶、血(xue)銅(tong)(tong)藍蛋白等。銅(tong)(tong)對(dui)血(xue)紅蛋白的形成起活化作(zuo)用，促進鐵的吸收和利用，在(zai)傳遞(di)電子、彈性蛋白的合成、結(jie)締組織的代(dai)謝(xie)、嘌呤代(dai)謝(xie)、磷脂及神(shen)經組織形成方面(mian)有重要意義。

銅缺(que)乏可引起如下疾(ji)病：

1.貧血

一般最常見的臨床表現為頭暈、乏(fa)力(li)、易倦、耳鳴、眼花。皮膚黏(nian)膜(mo)及指甲等顏色(se)蒼白，體力(li)活動后感覺氣促、心(xin)(xin)(xin)悸。嚴重貧(pin)血時，即使在休息時也出現氣短和心(xin)(xin)(xin)悸，在心(xin)(xin)(xin)尖(jian)和心(xin)(xin)(xin)底部(bu)可聽到(dao)柔和的收縮期雜音。

2.骨骼改變

臨床(chuang)表現為(wei)骨質疏松，易發(fa)生骨折(zhe)。

3.銅與冠心病

4.銅(tong)與白(bai)癜(dian)風病

5.女性不孕癥

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導(dao)線(xian)的線(xian)心：用(yong)銅做導(dao)線(xian)即(ji)是導(dao)體，導(dao)體的性質是具有導(dao)電性。

2、各種電器中的(de)散(san)熱(re)器：散(san)熱(re)器的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是用(yong)來散(san)熱(re)的(de)，所以利(li)用(yong)的(de)是銅的(de)導熱(re)性。

3、各種裝飾(shi)的(de)銅(tong)箔：能(neng)制(zhi)成各種形狀銅(tong)箔，這是利用了銅(tong)的(de)延展性(xing)。

銅及其合金加工材

板(ban)材(cai)、帶材(cai)、箔材(cai)、排材(cai)、管(guan)材(cai)、棒材(cai)、線材(cai)和型材(cai)

銅工藝品

銅(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)是(shi)一(yi)種手工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，即(ji)通過手工(gong)(gong)將原料或半(ban)成(cheng)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)，是(shi)對一(yi)組價值藝(yi)(yi)術品(pin)的(de)(de)總稱。銅(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)來(lai)源與生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，卻(que)又創造了高(gao)于(yu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)價值。

銅樂器

銅管樂器：是一種將氣流吹進吹嘴(zui)之后，造成嘴(zui)唇振(zhen)動的樂器。

青(qing)銅(tong)樂器：是夏商周三代音樂文化中最(zui)具代表性、最(zui)重要(yao)的歷史遺存。青(qing)銅(tong)樂器主要(yao)有銅(tong)鈴、鉦(zheng)、鐃、鎛、編甬鐘(zhong)、編鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)等。

水洗、除塵、藥洗、涂層要(yao)(yao)得當。銅(tong)制品大部分都需要(yao)(yao)進行清潔(jie)處理(li)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是除掉銅(tong)制品上(shang)的污(wu)垢(gou)，如土斑、銹斑、油垢(gou)、汗(han)漬等，因為這些東西不但損(sun)害銅(tong)制品，還(huan)可能對身體不好。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。