汽車電(dian)(dian)機一(yi)般(ban)指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，是指(zhi)依據電(dian)(dian)磁感應定律實現電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)轉換或傳遞(di)的(de)一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機也稱馬達，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)字(zi)母(mu)“M”表示。它(ta)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)是產生(sheng)驅動(dong)轉矩，作(zuo)為用(yong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)動(dong)力源(yuan)。

1、電動汽車直流電機

優點(dian)：是起動加速轉(zhuan)巨(ju)大，電磁(ci)轉(zhuan)矩控(kong)制特(te)性良好，調速方便，控(kong)制裝置簡(jian)單，成本(ben)較低(di)。

缺點：有機械換向器(qi)，當在高速(su)大負荷下(xia)運行(xing)時，換向器(qi)表面有火花出(chu)現，因此(ci)不宜太高的電機轉速(su)。比(bi)較與其(qi)他(ta)驅(qu)動系統而(er)言處于劣(lie)勢(shi)，已(yi)經逐(zhu)漸被淘(tao)汰。

2、電動汽車交流感應電機

交流感應電機定子用于(yu)產(chan)生(sheng)磁(ci)場(chang)，由定子鐵芯、定子繞組(zu)、鐵芯外側(ce)的(de)(de)外殼、支撐(cheng)轉(zhuan)子軸的(de)(de)軸承組(zu)成。交流電機有價格(ge)低(di)、以維護、體積(ji)小的(de)(de)優(you)點，但是(shi)交流電機的(de)(de)控制(zhi)比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)。已經(jing)成為交流驅(qu)動(dong)電動(dong)汽車(che)的(de)(de)首選。

3、電動汽車交流感應電機

永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體來產生氣隙磁(ci)(ci)(ci)通量(liang)，永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體代替了(le)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)線圈和感應(ying)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中定子的(de)(de)勵磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)同步電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)高(gao)效率、高(gao)力(li)矩(ju)慣量(liang)比(bi)、高(gao)能量(liang)密度(du)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)其(qi)低速大扭(niu)矩(ju)的(de)(de)優點能滿足(zu)車輛在復雜多變的(de)(de)道路下(xia)行駛，是(shi)個高(gao)性(xing)能而(er)且低碳環保電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)隨著稀土(tu)永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)材料的(de)(de)出現有(you)望與交流(liu)感應(ying)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)爭奪(duo)市場(chang)。特別是(shi)在中小功率范圍內等到了(le)廣泛的(de)(de)應(ying)用。

4、電動汽車開關磁阻電機

開(kai)關磁阻電機定、轉子都是普通硅鋼(gang)片疊壓成(cheng)的雙凸極(ji)結(jie)構。

優點：簡單可靠(kao)、可調(diao)速范圍寬(kuan)、效率高、控制靈活(huo)、成本低(di)。

缺點：轉矩波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢測器、有非線性特性等。應用受到限制。【詳細】

由(you)于交流(liu)(liu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉子是由(you)發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)通過皮帶驅動旋轉的(de)(de)，發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)轉速從最低約800轉/分的(de)(de)轉到最高(gao)約6000轉/分鐘，因而發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉子的(de)(de)轉速變(bian)化范圍非常大，這樣(yang)將引起發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)發(fa)生較(jiao)大變(bian)化，無法滿足汽車(che)用電(dian)設備的(de)(de)工(gong)作要求(qiu)。為了滿足用電(dian)設備恒(heng)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，交流(liu)(liu)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)必須配用電(dian)壓(ya)調(diao)節(jie)器，使其(qi)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓(ya)在發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)有工(gong)況下基本保(bao)持恒(heng)定(ding)。

對(dui)于12V的汽車電器系(xi)統，調(diao)節(jie)器調(diao)節(jie)發電機的輸出電壓范圍在13.8－14.4伏之(zhi)間。

發電機的輸出電壓取決于發電機定子線圈的匝數、發電機的轉速和轉子線圈產生磁場的強度，而我們只能調節的是轉子線圈產生磁場的強度。電壓調節器通過控制轉子線圈的通電電流來控制磁場的強度。【詳細】

1、不充電

發(fa)動機在(zai)中等以(yi)上轉速時，電(dian)流表指針指示(shi)不(bu)充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)指示(shi)燈亮，首先要(yao)考慮蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)情(qing)況，若充(chong)電(dian)不(bu)足為發(fa)電(dian)裝置故障。

不充(chong)電除了傳動皮帶過(guo)松打滑，一(yi)般(ban)要檢(jian)查發(fa)電機(ji)本(ben)身不發(fa)電或調節(jie)器故障，以及(ji)充(chong)電電路(lu)斷路(lu)故障。如發(fa)電機(ji)內(nei)部整流脫落或電樞接(jie)線柱底部與二(er)極管(guan)(guan)元件(jian)板接(jie)觸處不通;二(er)極管(guan)(guan)擊穿短路(lu)，造成定(ding)子(zi)繞組燒損;電刷在炭刷架內(nei)卡住(zhu)接(jie)觸不良，或磁場繞組斷路(lu)等。

診斷(duan)中提(ti)高發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)轉(zhuan);開(kai)大(da)燈(deng)，如電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)瞬間(jian)的(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則為發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與調(diao)節器(qi)工作正常，而是(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)已足;若電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)較大(da)的(de)偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)放電(dian)(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，則故障在發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)或(huo)調(diao)節器(qi)，應檢(jian)查(cha)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)線路各接頭(tou)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)良好，風扇皮帶是(shi)否(fou)(fou)過松及發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、調(diao)節器(qi)的(de)技術(shu)狀況。首先驗證充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)確實有(you)(you)故障，將(jiang)發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)置于中速運轉(zhuan)，在開(kai)前照燈(deng)的(de)瞬間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)或(huo)保持原位不(bu)動，為蓄電(dian)(dian)池已充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)工作正常。如果電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)指(zhi)(zhi)針(zhen)偏(pian)向(xiang)(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)有(you)(you)故障，應予(yu)檢(jian)修。

2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足的情(qing)況下，提高發(fa)動機轉速，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針指示較(jiao)小的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，則為充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過小故障(zhang)。這一般(ban)是發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機本身電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)足，調節器技術狀態不(bu)良(liang)以及充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)增大所致(zhi)。

可按以(yi)下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、調節(jie)器和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)等(deng)各機(ji)(ji)件(jian)的接(jie)(jie)(jie)線柱及(ji)(ji)其導線連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)是(shi)否牢靠。檢查風扇(shan)皮(pi)帶是(shi)否過松而使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)轉速(su)(su)不高。在(zai)上述情(qing)況正(zheng)常(chang)時(shi)，可在(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)中等(deng)轉速(su)(su)下檢查調節(jie)器的限額電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，拆檢發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)否有磨損損壞的異常(chang)現象(xiang)(xiang)。檢查調節(jie)器活動(dong)觸點是(shi)否燒(shao)蝕或有無(wu)氧化物，活動(dong)觸點臂與(yu)鐵(tie)芯間間隙及(ji)(ji)彈簧拉力是(shi)否符(fu)合技術要求;調節(jie)器接(jie)(jie)(jie)線有無(wu)松動(dong)現象(xiang)(xiang)。發(fa)(fa)現異常(chang)現象(xiang)(xiang)應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)修(xiu)復(fu)。發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)中速(su)(su)以(yi)上運(yun)轉時(shi)，接(jie)(jie)(jie)通(tong)前照燈(deng)，若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流仍顯示充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統技術狀(zhuang)況良好;若電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源表(biao)(biao)顯示放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過小(xiao)故(gu)障(zhang)，應予檢修(xiu)。

3、充電電流過大

汽車(che)電(dian)流表(biao)指針偏轉到(dao)最大(da)充電(dian)電(dian)流位(wei)置;若(ruo)夜(ye)間行車(che)，發動(dong)機轉速(su)高時，就會(hui)出現(xian)照明和儀表(biao)指示燈(deng)(deng)特別(bie)亮。燈(deng)(deng)泡容易燒毀，分電(dian)器觸點燒蝕(shi)，蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)解液消(xiao)耗過(guo)快。首(shou)先(xian)檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)器火線(xian)(xian)(xian)與磁場(chang)(chang)兩接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)柱導線(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)否接(jie)錯(cuo)，活動(dong)觸點是(shi)否燒蝕(shi)或粘合于常閉(bi)狀態。檢(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)器時，可拆下(xia)磁場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，若(ruo)充電(dian)電(dian)流明顯減(jian)小(xiao)，為調(diao)(diao)節(jie)(jie)(jie)器故障，可能是(shi)低速(su)觸點燒結分不開，線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈有斷路(lu)等，若(ruo)充電(dian)電(dian)流仍然很大(da)，可能是(shi)磁場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和電(dian)樞接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)有短路(lu)。首(shou)先(xian)檢(jian)查是(shi)否因蓄(xu)電(dian)池內部(bu)短路(lu)和嚴重虧(kui)電(dian)而引(yin)起充電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)大(da)應予檢(jian)修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)怠速(su)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)轉速(su)運(yun)轉時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指針左右擺動(dong)，顯示間歇充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(有(you)(you)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)時又不(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的現(xian)象(xiang))，一般為發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)穩(wen)定。首先應檢查各(ge)連接線(xian)頭是否(fou)松動(dong)和接觸(chu)不(bu)良;皮帶是否(fou)過(guo)松以(yi)(yi)及蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的極樁有(you)(you)無(wu)松動(dong)。若(ruo)無(wu)異常(chang)再檢查調節器觸(chu)點(dian)是否(fou)燒蝕、臟污，線(xian)圈或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻有(you)(you)無(wu)接觸(chu)不(bu)良、斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)等(deng);仍無(wu)異常(chang)，則應拆檢發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)內部的技(ji)術(shu)狀況，并逐項(xiang)修復。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)中速(su)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)運(yun)轉時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)指示充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但指針不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)左右擺動(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時大(da)時小，應予檢修。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿短路或斷路;激磁繞組短路或斷路;三相定子繞組相問短路或搭鐵;轉子滑環嚴重氧化臟污，炭刷架損壞或炭刷在刷架中卡住。【詳細】

1、避免大電流放電

電動車在起步(bu)、載人、上坡時(shi)，盡量避免猛踩(cai)加速，形(xing)成(cheng)瞬間大電流放電。大電流放電容(rong)易導致產生硫酸(suan)鉛結晶，從而損害(hai)電池極板的物理性能(neng)。

2、避免充電時插頭發熱

二百二十伏電源插(cha)頭或充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)出插(cha)頭松動、接(jie)觸(chu)面氧化等現象都會導(dao)致(zhi)插(cha)頭發熱，發熱時間過長會導(dao)致(zhi)插(cha)頭短路(lu)或接(jie)觸(chu)不良，損害充(chong)電器(qi)(qi)和(he)電瓶，給您(nin)帶來不必要的損失。所以發現上(shang)述情況時，應(ying)及時清除(chu)氧化物或更換接(jie)插(cha)件。

3、定期檢查

在使(shi)用過程中，如果電動車的續行里(li)程在短(duan)時(shi)間(jian)內突然大幅度下降十幾公(gong)里(li)，則很(hen)有可能是(shi)電池組中最(zui)少有一塊電池出現問題。此時(shi)，應及時(shi)到(dao)銷(xiao)售中心或代理商(shang)維修(xiu)部進行檢查、修(xiu)復或配組。

這樣能相(xiang)對延(yan)長電池(chi)組(zu)的壽命(ming)，最大(da)程度地節省您(nin)的開支。

4、嚴禁存放時虧電

蓄電(dian)(dian)池在存放時(shi)嚴禁處于虧電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。虧電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)是指電(dian)(dian)池使用后沒(mei)有及時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)。

在虧電狀態下存放電池，很容易出現硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結晶物附著在極板上，會堵塞電離子通道，造成充電不足，電池容量下降。虧電狀態閑置時間越長，電池損壞越重。因此，電池閑置不用時，應每月補充電一次，這樣能較好地保持電池健康狀態。【詳細】