顯微鏡常見故障及維修

一、粗調失靈

故(gu)障現象是(shi)當轉(zhuan)動粗準焦螺(luo)旋(xuan)(xuan)時，鏡(jing)筒不(bu)能隨之(zhi)升(sheng)降。顯微鏡(jing)鏡(jing)簡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)降是(shi)靠(kao)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動因條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)來實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)粗調(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)筒上(shang)(shang)。當轉(zhuan)動粗調(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)時，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪帶動條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)使鏡(jing)筒升(sheng)降。如果鏡(jing)筒不(bu)能隨之(zhi)升(sheng)降，說(shuo)明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪與(yu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)沒有吻合。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障原因是(shi)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)隨粗調(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)紐(niu)一起轉(zhuan)動，即齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)個止(zhi)(zhi)動螺(luo)釘(ding)沒有把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)燕尾(wei)導軌上(shang)(shang)。修理方法是(shi)把齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)輪移到齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)缺口中間(jian)，并(bing)讓(rang)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)桿(gan)套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺口面向齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，再用(yong)小螺(luo)絲刀將尾(wei)導軌端面上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)個止(zhi)(zhi)動螺(luo)釘(ding)旋(xuan)(xuan)緊。如果無效，說(shuo)明齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損嚴重，則(ze)需取(qu)下鏡(jing)筒，旋(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)、下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)，將齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)倒過來使用(yong)，因為齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)磨損主要(yao)發生在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部。或(huo)者根據齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)寬(kuan)度剪一條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)金屬(shu)(shu)薄(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)片(pian)，讓(rang)金屬(shu)(shu)薄(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)片(pian)鑲嵌在(zai)(zai)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)把薄(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)片(pian)和齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)(zai)鏡(jing)筒上(shang)(shang)，插上(shang)(shang)鏡(jing)筒調(diao)(diao)試(shi)。如感到有松緊情況，則(ze)可更(geng)換(huan)金屬(shu)(shu)薄(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)片(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度，直至(zhi)合適(shi)為止(zhi)(zhi)。或(huo)者按原型號規格(ge)向生產(chan)廠(chang)家購買(mai)新齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)。

二、鏡筒自行下滑

故障現象(xiang)是(shi)(shi)當焦距對準后，手松開準焦螺旋(xuan)(xuan)，鏡簡會(hui)自(zi)行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)，導致焦距不(bu)準。顯微鏡粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)構造中，齒(chi)(chi)輪軸(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)松緊(jin)一般是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小來控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)齒(chi)(chi)輪軸(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)由與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)輪軸(zhou)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旅鈕(niu)通過(guo)兩個(ge)塑料墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)緊(jin)壓(ya)在(zai)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)端(duan)面(mian)上而(er)取(qu)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。糧調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)或與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)端(duan)面(mian)壓(ya)得(de)越(yue)緊(jin)，得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)力(li)(li)就越(yue)大(da)。鏡筒自(zi)行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)由于墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)使用(yong)(yong)日(ri)久，磨損變形(xing)，導致齒(chi)(chi)輪軸(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)力(li)(li)減少，齒(chi)(chi)輪軸(zhou)與(yu)(yu)齒(chi)(chi)桿套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)摩擦(ca)力(li)(li)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)克服不(bu)了(le)鏡筒自(zi)身(shen)重力(li)(li)而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)而(er)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。修理方(fang)法是(shi)(shi)，雙(shuang)手各握一側粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)，相對按照(zhao)順時針方(fang)向擰緊(jin)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)。如(ru)果無(wu)效，則需加厚墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)。用(yong)(yong)尖嘴(zui)鉗插入任一粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)端(duan)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)眼(yan)螺母內，將其旋(xuan)(xuan)出(chu)，取(qu)下(xia)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)，取(qu)出(chu)塑料墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，用(yong)(yong)青(qing)殼紙或薄塑料片剪一個(ge)直徑相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，夾在(zai)原墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)與(yu)(yu)粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)之(zhi)間(jian)，重新裝好，如(ru)果轉動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)很(hen)費(fei)力(li)(li)，說明墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)加得(de)太厚了(le)，應(ying)換個(ge)薄些的(de)(de)(de)(de)墊(dian)(dian)圈(quan)(quan)，總之(zhi)以(yi)轉動粗(cu)(cu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)(xuan)或有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻力(li)(li)又要鏡筒不(bu)易自(zi)行下(xia)滑(hua)(hua)為準。

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三、集光器不能定位或卡死

常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)集光(guang)器有(you)(you)二種：一(yi)種是(shi)圓盤或(huo)(huo)光(guang)欄(lan)，在(zai)圓盤卜有(you)(you)大小(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)(bu)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓孔。這(zhe)種光(guang)欄(lan)是(shi)依靠載(zai)物臺下面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧和滾(gun)珠(zhu)卡在(zai)圓盤的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位孔中來定(ding)(ding)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當(dang)滾(gun)珠(zhu)遺失或(huo)(huo)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧失效時(shi)都可(ke)能造(zao)成(cheng)光(guang)柱(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)(bu)能定(ding)(ding)位。修理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)更(geng)(geng)換滾(gun)珠(zhu)或(huo)(huo)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧。現在(zai)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家(jia)已(yi)經(jing)把(ba)(ba)這(zhe)種依靠彈(dan)(dan)(dan)簧和滾(gun)珠(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位方(fang)法(fa)改為依靠彈(dan)(dan)(dan)來定(ding)(ding)位，這(zhe)種結(jie)構(gou)更(geng)(geng)牢固，更(geng)(geng)不(bu)(bu)容易損壞。另(ling)一(yi)種是(shi)彩虹式光(guang)柱(zhu)(zhu)，它是(shi)由十二片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)圓弧形(xing)薄鋼片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)（即(ji)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)）組(zu)成(cheng)。只要(yao)撥動滑(hua)動權(quan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手柄，就可(ke)以任意(yi)改變光(guang)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)。其常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故障是(shi)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)鋼柱(zhu)(zhu)脫(tuo)落(luo)，造(zao)成(cheng)手柄卡死(si)，光(guang)圈(quan)無法(fa)改變。修理方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)螺絲刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)光(guang)欄(lan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)螺釘松開，取出(chu)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，把(ba)(ba)脫(tuo)落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)重新裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)，并(bing)用(yong)502膠水把(ba)(ba)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)膠牢，防止其再脫(tuo)落(luo)。安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)要(yao)注意(yi)，每(mei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)向要(yao)相(xiang)反。或(huo)(huo)者找一(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)段粗細(xi)和這(zhe)光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑配合緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)導線制作(zuo)成(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)上(shang)，然后把(ba)(ba)光(guang)欄(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)底(di)板(ban)(ban)（帶有(you)(you)十二個(ge)小(xiao)(xiao)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓板(ban)(ban)叫(jiao)底(di)板(ban)(ban)）朝上(shang)，把(ba)(ba)每(mei)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)～端的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)插在(zai)底(di)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)孔內，并(bing)按逆時(shi)外方(fang)向逐片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)排(pai)列(lie)整齊。再讓滑(hua)動板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)動槽依次(ci)套在(zai)上(shang)述遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)另(ling)一(yi)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)銅(tong)(tong)柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)，蓋上(shang)蓋板(ban)(ban)，把(ba)(ba)三個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)螺釘擰緊即(ji)可(ke)，如果遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)斷(duan)裂一(yi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)，只要(yao)把(ba)(ba)斷(duan)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)遮光(guang)片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)取出(chu)光(guang)欄(lan)仍(reng)可(ke)以正常(chang)(chang)使用(yong)，斷(duan)裂兩片(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)(pian)以上(shang)應向生產廠(chang)家(jia)購買更(geng)(geng)換。

四、傾斜關節過松

傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)關節是(shi)指鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)柱連接(jie)處的(de)活動關節，使用(yong)顯微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)時，常將(jiang)鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)向后傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)成便(bian)于觀(guan)察的(de)角度，期使用(yong)后，傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)關節就可能松動，造成鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)不能隨意傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)。修(xiu)理辦(ban)法是(shi)，是(shi)尖嘴鉗分別插入傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)關節端(duan)面(mian)的(de)二個(ge)雙眼螺母內，順時針旋轉(zhuan)，直至鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)傾(qing)(qing)(qing)斜(xie)時松緊(jin)適度。如(ru)果無(wu)效，則(ze)可能是(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)臂(bei)(bei)與鏡(jing)(jing)柱兩端(duan)面(mian)的(de)摩擦墊圈磨損，需(xu)加厚(hou)墊圈，用(yong)尖嘴銷(xiao)將(jiang)雙眼螺母旋下(xia)，取(qu)出轉(zhuan)動軸，用(yong)青(qing)殼紙或薄塑料片剪(jian)一個(ge)直徑相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)奎圖(tu)將(jiang)原墊圈加厚(hou)，重(zhong)新組裝好。

五、反光鏡的插腳在插座內過松或過緊

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一種是在插腳上開條槽，依靠槽的寬窄來調節插腳在插座中的松緊一輸腳在插座中過松時，可用一字螺絲刀插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)入插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)槽內(nei)，使槽的(de)開口增大，從而使插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)的(de)松緊(jin)合適。反(fan)之，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)過(guo)緊(jin)，可用(yong)(yong)鋼絲鉗把(ba)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)上槽的(de)開口收小。另一種是依靠止(zhi)緊(jin)螺釘(ding)來調節(jie)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)牙將緊(jin)，當(dang)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)松時，可用(yong)(yong)螺絲刀擰緊(jin)止(zhi)緊(jin)螺釘(ding)。如果(guo)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)(zai)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)座內(nei)過(guo)緊(jin)，當(dang)轉(zhuan)動反(fan)光鏡時、易把(ba)插(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)扭(niu)斷，可用(yong)(yong)螺絲刀把(ba)止(zhi)緊(jin)螺釘(ding)擰松即(ji)可。