汽車制動總泵的作用
剎車總泵是汽車(che)行(xing)車(che)剎(cha)車(che)系(xi)統(tong)當(dang)中的(de)主要控制(zhi)裝置,在雙回路主制(zhi)動系(xi)統(tong)的(de)制(zhi)動過程和釋(shi)放過程中實現靈(ling)敏的(de)隨(sui)動控制(zhi)。
汽車制動總泵結構
總泵(beng)(beng)通常是由缸(gang)(gang)體、活(huo)(huo)塞、活(huo)(huo)塞回位彈簧、復式閥(油(you)液控制閥)、皮(pi)(pi)碗、皮(pi)(pi)圈(quan)等部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成。缸(gang)(gang)體上下分(fen)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)液室(shi)(shi)、工作缸(gang)(gang)室(shi)(shi),活(huo)(huo)塞從缸(gang)(gang)體的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)端裝進缸(gang)(gang)內,將(jiang)缸(gang)(gang)體分(fen)為前(qian)、后(hou)(hou)兩室(shi)(shi),皮(pi)(pi)碗前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)工作缸(gang)(gang)通向(xiang)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)液室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)(kong)為回油(you)孔(kong)(kong),皮(pi)(pi)圈(quan)前(qian)、活(huo)(huo)塞頂部(bu)(bu)之后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)工作缸(gang)(gang)通向(xiang)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)掖室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)孔(kong)(kong)為進液孔(kong)(kong)(補償(chang)孔(kong)(kong))。總泵(beng)(beng)安(an)裝位置都以活(huo)(huo)塞進口處(chu)為后(hou)(hou)。
汽車制動總泵工作原理
當踩下(xia)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)踏(ta)板(ban)時,推桿向(xiang)前推動(dong)(dong)(dong)總泵(beng)活(huo)塞(sai),在皮碗遮(zhe)閉回油(you)(you)孔后,活(huo)塞(sai)前室油(you)(you)液壓(ya)(ya)力增(zeng)高,復式閥門中間的(de)出油(you)(you)閥被壓(ya)(ya)開,油(you)(you)液經過管(guan)路流(liu)向(xiang)各制動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輪分泵(beng)缸(gang)。油(you)(you)液推動(dong)(dong)(dong)分泵(beng)活(huo)塞(sai),克服制動(dong)(dong)(dong)蹄回位彈簧(huang)的(de)拉力而推開制動(dong)(dong)(dong)蹄.蹄片壓(ya)(ya)緊制動(dong)(dong)(dong)鼓,產生制動(dong)(dong)(dong)作用。
當駕(jia)駛者踩下制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)踏板(ban)并保持不(bu)(bu)動(dong)時,總泵(beng)前工作(zuo)室及分泵(beng)缸(gang)(gang)內(nei)(nei)油壓不(bu)(bu)再(zai)增加,出(chu)油閥(fa)(fa)在彈簧的(de)作(zuo)用下關(guan)閉,回油閥(fa)(fa)也是關(guan)閉的(de),復式閥(fa)(fa)門處于(yu)(yu)雙關(guan)閉狀態,總泵(beng)缸(gang)(gang)不(bu)(bu)再(zai)向車輪分泵(beng)缸(gang)(gang)供油,分泵(beng)缸(gang)(gang)內(nei)(nei)的(de)油液也不(bu)(bu)能回流,整個管路處于(yu)(yu)等壓,制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)系維持一定的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)強度。
放(fang)松制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏板時(shi),在(zai)踏板回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)位彈簧和(he)活塞回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)位彈贊的(de)作(zuo)用下(xia),總泵(beng)(beng)活塞向(xiang)后退(tui),總泵(beng)(beng)缸前工作(zuo)室油(you)(you)壓(ya)降低,分泵(beng)(beng)缸內高(gao)壓(ya)油(you)(you)液壓(ya)開復式(shi)閥(fa)門口外的(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)閥(fa)流回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)總泵(beng)(beng)前室。隨著制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液的(de)流回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)蹄在(zai)其回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)位彈簧的(de)拉(la)力(li)下(xia)合攏,制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)狀(zhuang)態解除。由于總泵(beng)(beng)活塞回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)位彈簧在(zai)裝配狀(zhuang)態下(xia)就有一定(ding)的(de)預(yu)壓(ya)力(li),當油(you)(you)液回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)流油(you)(you)壓(ya)降低到不能克服預(yu)壓(ya)力(li)時(shi),回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)閥(fa)又(you)關(guan)閉,制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液停止流回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui),于是管道(dao)及分泵(beng)(beng)缸內油(you)(you)壓(ya)比(bi)總泵(beng)(beng)缸內油(you)(you)壓(ya)高(gao)出約0.5公(gong)斤/平方厘(li)米(mi)。這(zhe)就是所謂分泵(beng)(beng)缸及管道(dao)中的(de)殘余壓(ya)力(li),這(zhe)個殘余壓(ya)力(li)可以為下(xia)次制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)迅速實現(xian)提供條件(jian)。
當迅速(su)放松制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)踏板時,總(zong)泵活(huo)塞(sai)在回(hui)位彈簧作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)迅速(su)后退,總(zong)泵缸的(de)前(qian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)容積擴大,油壓迅速(su)降低,各分(fen)泵缸內(nei)油液(ye)受管道阻力的(de)影響,來不及流回(hui)并充滿活(huo)塞(sai)前(qian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(shi)(shi),活(huo)塞(sai)前(qian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(shi)(shi)會出現負壓,而活(huo)塞(sai)后工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(shi)(shi)油壓相對較高。在此壓力差(cha)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下(xia),貯(zhu)液(ye)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)的(de)油液(ye)便經進液(ye)大孔、活(huo)塞(sai)后室(shi)(shi)、活(huo)塞(sai)頂(ding)部的(de)六(liu)個(ge)小孔,翻(fan)過皮(pi)碗的(de)邊緣(yuan)流入活(huo)塞(sai)前(qian)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)室(shi)(shi)。此時再踩(cai)下(xia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)踏板,又(you)會有制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)供給(gei)各分(fen)泵缸,以增強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)效(xiao)率。踩(cai)一(yi)腳制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)感覺到(dao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)力不足時,二腳制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)便會生效(xiao)。
汽車制動總泵常見故障診斷
1、剎車偏軟
汽(qi)車行駛中制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)減速度(du)(du)小,制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)距離(li)長,液壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)系統產(chan)生(sheng)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)效能不(bu)良的原(yuan)因(yin),一般可(ke)根(gen)據制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)行程(cheng)、踏(ta)(ta)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的軟(ruan)硬感覺、踏(ta)(ta)下(xia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)后的穩定性(xing)來判斷。維(wei)持制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)的高(gao)度(du)(du)若緩慢下(xia)降,說明制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)管路某處破裂、接頭密閉不(bu)良、總泵(beng)或(huo)分(fen)泵(beng)活塞密封(feng)不(bu)良、回油閥(fa)及出油閥(fa)不(bu)良。可(ke)首先踏(ta)(ta)下(xia)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban),觀察有無(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液滲漏(lou)部(bu)位。若外部(bu)正常,則應(ying)檢查分(fen)泵(beng)或(huo)總泵(beng)故障。連續幾(ji)腳制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踏(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)高(gao)度(du)(du)稍有增高(gao),并(bing)有彈性(xing)感,說明制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)管路中滲入了空氣。
2、剎車跑偏
剎車時,方向跑偏,特別(bie)是沒有裝ABS剎車防抱(bao)死裝置(zhi)的汽(qi)車,方向控制不(bu)了,其原因為剎車磨損不(bu)均,總泵一個(ge)活(huo)塞油封膨(peng)脹(zhang)、一個(ge)分泵漏油所致。
3、剎車抖動
剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)時擺(bai)振,方向盤彈手(shou)。原(yuan)因為剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)盤擺(bai)差超限,剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)鉗(qian)變形(xing),剎(cha)(cha)(cha)車(che)片磨(mo)成錐形(xing)。發(fa)生此類情況必須進廠(chang)檢修(xiu)。
4、剎車吱吱響
一般(ban)為(wei)剎車盤、片(pian)或制動鼓(gu)、蹄片(pian)磨損不平所致。
5、剎車突然失靈
汽車在行駛中,一腳或連續幾腳剎車,剎車均被踏到底,剎車突然失靈。原因:制動總泵或分泵漏油(you)(you)嚴重(zhong);制(zhi)動(dong)總(zong)泵或分泵活(huo)塞(sai)密封(feng)圈破損,或剎車(che)油(you)(you)路中(zhong)有(you)過多的空氣。如發生(sheng)此(ci)情況,司機應迅速連續(xu)兩腳(jiao)剎車(che)。發生(sheng)制(zhi)動(dong)失(shi)靈(ling)的故障,應立即(ji)停(ting)車(che)檢查。首先(xian)觀(guan)(guan)察制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)罐(guan)中(zhong)的制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)有(you)無虧(kui)損,然后觀(guan)(guan)察制(zhi)動(dong)總(zong)泵、分泵、油(you)(you)管有(you)無泄漏制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)處(chu)。
6、剎車不回
踏下(xia)制動踏板時(shi)感到既高又硬或沒有自(zi)由行程,汽車(che)起步(bu)困難或行駛費力。故障現象:踩剎車(che)踏板,踏板不升高,無阻力。需判斷(duan)制動液是否缺失;制動分(fen)泵(beng)、管路及接頭處是否漏(lou)油;總泵(beng)、分(fen)泵(beng)零部件是否損壞。