諾成合同與實踐合同的含義

諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)又稱不(bu)要(yao)(yao)物(wu)合(he)同(tong)。實踐合(he)同(tong)的(de)對稱。指僅以(yi)當(dang)事人意思表示一致為(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)件的(de)合(he)同(tong)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)合(he)同(tong)自當(dang)事人雙方(fang)(fang)意思表示一致時即可成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)，不(bu)以(yi)一方(fang)(fang)交付標的(de)物(wu)為(wei)合(he)同(tong)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)要(yao)(yao)件，當(dang)事人交付標的(de)物(wu)屬于履(lv)行合(he)同(tong)，而與(yu)合(he)同(tong)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)(li)無關。

實踐合同又稱要物合同，是(shi)指除當事人雙方(fang)意(yi)思(si)表示一致外，還須交(jiao)付(fu)標的(de)物或完(wan)成其他現實交(jiao)付(fu)才能成立(li)的(de)合同。

實踐合同與諾成合同的區別

1、二者成立的要件不同

諾成合同(tong)以合意(yi)為(wei)成立(li)要件(jian)，實踐(jian)合同(tong)以合意(yi)和(he)交付(fu)標(biao)的(de)物或完成其(qi)他給付(fu)義務為(wei)成立(li)要件(jian)。諾成合同(tong)自當事人(ren)(ren)意(yi)思表(biao)示一致時即(ji)告(gao)成立(li)，而實踐(jian)合同(tong)則除(chu)當事人(ren)(ren)達成合意(yi)之外，尚需交付(fu)標(biao)的(de)物或完成其(qi)他給付(fu)才能(neng)成立(li)和(he)生效。

2、兩者成立與生效的時間不同

諾成合同自雙方當事人意思表示一致時起合同即告成立；而實踐合同則在當事人達成合意之后，還必須在當事人交付標的物以后，合同才能成立。諾成合同與實踐合同的確定，通常應根據法律的規定及交(jiao)易而(er)定。例(li)如(ru)，根據傳統(tong)民法(fa)，買賣、租賃、雇傭、承攬、委托等屬(shu)于諾(nuo)成合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。而(er)借用、借賃、保(bao)管、運(yun)送等屬(shu)于實踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，質(zhi)權(quan)設定合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)及其(qi)定金合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也屬(shu)于實踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。然(ran)而(er)此種分(fen)類并非(fei)絕對不(bu)變(bian)。例(li)如(ru)，運(yun)輸合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)并非(fei)都是(shi)實踐合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也有一些為諾(nuo)成合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

3、責任不同

在諾成合同中，交付標的物(wu)或完(wan)成其(qi)他(ta)(ta)給(gei)付，系當事(shi)(shi)人的給(gei)付義(yi)務(wu)(wu)，違(wei)(wei)反(fan)該義(yi)務(wu)(wu)便產生(sheng)違(wei)(wei)約責任(ren)。在實(shi)踐合同中，交付標的物(wu)或完(wan)成其(qi)他(ta)(ta)給(gei)付，不是當事(shi)(shi)人的給(gei)付義(yi)務(wu)(wu)，只(zhi)是先合同義(yi)務(wu)(wu)，違(wei)(wei)反(fan)它(ta)不產生(sheng)違(wei)(wei)約責任(ren)，可(ke)構成締約過(guo)失責任(ren)。

從上述內(nei)容，我們(men)可以(yi)看(kan)出，諾成(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)，雙(shuang)方意思(si)表示一致合同(tong)(tong)即成(cheng)(cheng)立。而實(shi)踐合同(tong)(tong)除意思(si)表示一致外(wai)，還(huan)需要完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)交(jiao)付才能成(cheng)(cheng)立。諾成(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)和實(shi)踐合同(tong)(tong)主要區(qu)別在于(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)立時間和生(sheng)效時間不同(tong)(tong)、成(cheng)(cheng)立要件不同(tong)(tong)、責任不同(tong)(tong)。諾成(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)(tong)和實(shi)踐合同(tong)(tong)在現實(shi)生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)使(shi)用頻率還(huan)是比較高的(de)(de)，所(suo)以(yi)正確的(de)(de)認(ren)識這兩個合同(tong)(tong)是非(fei)常(chang)有(you)必要的(de)(de)。

諾誠合同中的特殊性合同

贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)在《合(he)同(tong)法》186條中規定了贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)任意撤消(xiao)權(quan)：贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)在贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)財產(chan)轉移前可以撤消(xiao)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)，但是(shi)(shi)，這并不意味著贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)是(shi)(shi)實踐(jian)合(he)同(tong)。因為(wei)需要注(zhu)意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)：贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)成立、生效是(shi)(shi)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。只要當事人(ren)雙方(fang)有贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)財產(chan)和接(jie)受贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)財產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)意。那么(me)贈(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)與(yu)(yu)(yu)合(he)同(tong)就宣告(gao)成立，轉移財產(chan)只是(shi)(shi)該合(he)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)生效要件。

《合(he)同(tong)法》又列出了兩種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)贈(zeng)與合(he)同(tong)，即具有(you)救災，扶貧和(he)經過公證的(de)贈(zeng)與合(he)同(tong)的(de)當(dang)事(shi)人只要有(you)承諾(nuo)，就不(bu)得反(fan)悔。

因(yin)而判(pan)斷是否為諾(nuo)誠合同(tong)與實踐(jian)合同(tong)并不是在于交付標(biao)的物而是在于合同(tong)成立(li)的時間(jian)上(shang)面。