什么是無效合同
合同依法(fa)成(cheng)立,便具(ju)有(you)法(fa)律(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。依法(fa)成(cheng)立的(de)含義,不僅包括合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂立過程應符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding),而(er)且包括已經成(cheng)立的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應當符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件。凡不符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)要(yao)件的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),不能產(chan)生合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)法(fa)律(lv)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li),從而(er)屬于(yu)無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。所謂無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)相對(dui)于(yu)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)言(yan)的(de),是(shi)指合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雖(sui)然成(cheng)立,但(dan)因其違(wei)(wei)反法(fa)律(lv)、行政法(fa)規(gui)、社會(hui)公共利益(yi),被(bei)確認為無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。可見,無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)已經成(cheng)立的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),是(shi)欠缺生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)要(yao)件,不具(ju)有(you)法(fa)律(lv)約束力(li)的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),不受(shou)國家法(fa)律(lv)保(bao)護。無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)自始無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一旦被(bei)確認無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),就產(chan)生溯及(ji)既往的(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li),即自合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)立時起(qi)不具(ju)有(you)法(fa)律(lv)的(de)約束力(li),以后(hou)也不能轉(zhuan)化為有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。 無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)當然無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。由于(yu)無(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)違(wei)(wei)反國家法(fa)律(lv)、行政法(fa)強制(zhi)性規(gui)定(ding)(ding)和社會(hui)公共利益(yi)的(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
無效合同種類有哪些
《合(he)同法》第五(wu)十(shi)二條 有下列情形之一的,合(he)同無效:
1、一方以欺詐、脅迫的手段訂立合同,損害國家(jia)利益;
2、惡(e)意串通,損害國(guo)家、集(ji)體(ti)或(huo)者第三(san)人利益(yi);
3、以(yi)合法形式掩蓋非法目的;
4、損害社會公(gong)共利益;
5、違反法律、行政法規的強(qiang)制性規定。
無效合同的特征
1、具有違法性
所謂違(wei)法(fa)性(xing),是指違(wei)反了法(fa)律和行政法(fa)規的強制性(xing)規定和社會公(gong)共利(li)益。
2、具有不履行性
不履行性是指當事人在訂立無效合同后,不得依據合同實際履行,也不承擔不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)合同(tong)的違(wei)約(yue)責(ze)任(ren)。
3、無效合同自(zi)始無效
無(wu)效合(he)同違反了法(fa)律的(de)規定,國(guo)家不予承認和保(bao)護。一旦確認無(wu)效,將(jiang)具有(you)溯及(ji)力(li),使合(he)同從訂立之日起就不具有(you)法(fa)律約束力(li),以后也不能轉化為(wei)有(you)效合(he)同。
無效合同法定理由
根據《合(he)同法》的規定(ding),有下列情形之(zhi)一的,可認定(ding)合(he)同或者部(bu)分合(he)同條款無效:
1、 一方以欺詐、脅迫的(de)手段(duan)訂立的(de)損害(hai)國家利益(yi)的(de)合同;
注意(yi):一方(fang)以欺詐、脅迫手段訂立的合(he)同(tong),屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)意(yi)思(si)表示不真實(shi)的合(he)同(tong),一般屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)可(ke)變更或撤銷的合(he)同(tong),只有在損害了國家利(li)益時,才(cai)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)無效合(he)同(tong)。
2、惡意(yi)串通,并損害國家(jia)、集(ji)體(ti)或第三(san)人利(li)益的合(he)同(tong);
3、合法(fa)形式(shi)掩蓋非(fei)法(fa)目的的合同;
4、損害(hai)社會公共利益的合同;
5、違反法(fa)律(lv)和行政法(fa)規的強制性規定的合同;
6、對于造成(cheng)對方(fang)人(ren)身傷害或者(zhe)因故意或重大(da)過失(shi)造成(cheng)對方(fang)財產損失(shi)免責(ze)的合同條款。
7、提供格式條(tiao)款(kuan)一方免除責任、加重對方責任、排除對方主要權(quan)利的條(tiao)款(kuan)無效(xiao)。
無效合同和可撤銷合同的區別
1、認定程序的啟動不同(tong)。可(ke)變(bian)更(geng)(geng)、可(ke)撤(che)銷合(he)同(tong)中,是撤(che)銷權(quan)人決定是否變(bian)更(geng)(geng)、撤(che)銷合(he)同(tong),其他機關、團體、個人都無權(quan)干預(yu);而無效合(he)同(tong)中,人民法(fa)院(yuan)和仲(zhong)裁機關有主動干預(yu)權(quan)。
2、變更、可撤銷(xiao)合同(tong)并非(fei)當然無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),其在未被撤銷(xiao)前(qian)是有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的;而無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合同(tong)是當然無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、自始無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),且不能變更。
3、對于可變更(geng)、可撤(che)銷(xiao)合(he)同(tong),撤(che)銷(xiao)權(quan)人(ren)行使撤(che)銷(xiao)權(quan)必須符合(he)法(fa)律規(gui)定的期(qi)限,超過行使期(qi)限,合(he)同(tong)有(you)效(xiao),不(bu)得行使撤(che)銷(xiao)權(quan);而無效(xiao)合(he)同(tong),不(bu)存在期(qi)限的限制(zhi)。
無效合同的處理方式
1、返還財產
合(he)同(tong)被確認無(wu)效后當事人(ren)依據該合(he)同(tong)所取(qu)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)財產(chan)應當返(fan)還給對(dui)方(fang)。因為(wei)無(wu)效合(he)同(tong)從開(kai)始就(jiu)無(wu)效,所以返(fan)還財產(chan)就(jiu)是使當事人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)財產(chan)關系恢復到合(he)同(tong)簽訂以前的(de)(de)(de)狀態。也就(jiu)是說,是誰的(de)(de)(de)財產(chan)就(jiu)應當歸還給誰。如果標的(de)(de)(de)物已消耗、損壞或滅失,或者已被善意的(de)(de)(de)第三人(ren)合(he)法(fa)(fa)取(qu)得(de)(de)而(er)不(bu)能返(fan)還時(shi),則(ze)可用賠償(chang)經濟損失的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)進行抵償(chang)。
2、賠償損失
合(he)同被(bei)確認無效(xiao)后,有(you)過(guo)錯(cuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一方(fang)應賠償(chang)對方(fang)因(yin)此所遭(zao)受的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。如果雙(shuang)方(fang)均(jun)有(you)過(guo)錯(cuo),那(nei)么(me)各(ge)自(zi)(zi)(zi)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)。各(ge)自(zi)(zi)(zi)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)是(shi)指承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)因(yin)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)錯(cuo)責任(ren)而造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi),即(ji)指雙(shuang)方(fang)當事人按(an)照(zhao)責任(ren)主次、輕重,分別承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)經(jing)濟損(sun)失(shi)(shi)中與自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)責任(ren)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)份額,而不是(shi)各(ge)自(zi)(zi)(zi)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)自(zi)(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)(shi),也不是(shi)平均(jun)分擔(dan)(dan)損(sun)失(shi)(shi)。
3、追繳財產
對(dui)(dui)于(yu)違(wei)反國(guo)家利益(yi)和社會公共利益(yi)的(de)(de)無(wu)效合同,如(ru)(ru)果當事(shi)人雙方(fang)(fang)都是故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)的(de)(de),就(jiu)應當將雙方(fang)(fang)已經(jing)取(qu)得或(huo)者(zhe)約(yue)定取(qu)得的(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)收歸國(guo)家所(suo)有。如(ru)(ru)果只有一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)是出于(yu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)的(de)(de),那么故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)應將從(cong)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)取(qu)得的(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)返回(hui)給對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang);非故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)已經(jing)從(cong)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)取(qu)得的(de)(de)或(huo)者(zhe)約(yue)定取(qu)得的(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan),應收歸國(guo)家所(suo)有。同時(shi),在追繳(jiao)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人的(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)時(shi),要注意(yi)保護非故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人的(de)(de)合法利益(yi),也就(jiu)是說非故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)意(yi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)合法財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)是不能(neng)追繳(jiao)的(de)(de)。