銅礦石如何提煉銅
從銅礦中開采出來的銅礦石,經(jing)過(guo)選礦(kuang)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)含銅品(pin)位較(jiao)高的銅精礦(kuang)或者說是銅礦(kuang)砂,銅精礦(kuang)需要經(jing)過(guo)冶(ye)煉提(ti)成(cheng)(cheng),才能成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)精銅及銅制品(pin)。最早的銅礦(kuang)石(shi)來源(yuan)是孔雀石(shi)。
1、礦石的加工
銅礦石的分類及屬性:
煉銅的原(yuan)料是銅礦石。銅礦石可分(fen)為三類(lei):
(1)硫化礦,如黃銅(tong)礦(CuFeS2)、斑銅(tong)礦(Cu5FeS4)和輝銅(tong)礦(Cu2S)等。
(2)氧(yang)化礦(kuang)(kuang),如赤銅礦(kuang)(kuang)(Cu2O)、孔雀石[Cu?(OH)?CO?]、藍銅礦(kuang)(kuang)[2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2]、硅孔雀石(CuSiO3·2H2O)等(deng)。
(3)自然銅(tong)。銅(tong)礦(kuang)石(shi)中(zhong)銅(tong)的含(han)量在1%左右(you)(0.5%~3%)的便有開采價值(zhi),因為采用浮選(xuan)法可以把礦(kuang)石(shi)中(zhong)一部分(fen)脈石(shi)等(deng)雜質除(chu)去,而得到含(han)銅(tong)量較高(8%~35%)的精(jing)礦(kuang)砂。
2、冶煉過程
(1)火法煉銅
通(tong)過(guo)熔(rong)融冶煉(lian)(lian)和電解(jie)精火(huo)煉(lian)(lian)生產出(chu)(chu)陰極(ji)銅(tong),也(ye)即電解(jie)銅(tong),一(yi)般適于高(gao)品(pin)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)礦(kuang)。火(huo)法冶煉(lian)(lian)一(yi)般是(shi)先將含銅(tong)百分之幾或(huo)千分之幾的(de)(de)(de)(de)原礦(kuang)石(shi),通(tong)過(guo)選礦(kuang)提高(gao)到(dao)20%~30%,作為(wei)銅(tong)精礦(kuang),在密閉鼓(gu)風爐、反射爐、電爐或(huo)閃速爐進行造锍(liu)熔(rong)煉(lian)(lian),產出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)锍(liu)(冰銅(tong))接著(zhu)送入轉爐進行吹(chui)煉(lian)(lian)成粗銅(tong),再在另一(yi)種反射爐內經過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)精煉(lian)(lian)脫雜,或(huo)鑄成陽(yang)極(ji)板進行電解(jie),獲(huo)得品(pin)位高(gao)達99.9%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電解(jie)銅(tong)。該流程簡短、適應性強,銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)收率可(ke)達95%,但因礦(kuang)石(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫在造锍(liu)和吹(chui)煉(lian)(lian)兩階段(duan)作為(wei)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)硫廢(fei)氣排出(chu)(chu),不易(yi)回(hui)收,易(yi)造成污染。
從銅礦石冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)銅(tong)(tong):以(yi)黃銅(tong)(tong)礦為(wei)(wei)例,首先把(ba)(ba)精(jing)礦砂(sha)(sha)、熔劑(ji)(ji)(石(shi)灰石(shi)、砂(sha)(sha)等(deng)(deng))和(he)燃料(焦炭(tan)、木(mu)炭(tan)或無煙煤)混合,投入(ru)“密閉”鼓(gu)(gu)風爐中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)1000℃左(zuo)右進行熔煉(lian)(lian)(lian)。于(yu)是礦石(shi)中(zhong)一部分(fen)硫成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)SO?(用于(yu)制(zhi)硫酸),大(da)部分(fen)的(de)(de)砷(shen)、銻等(deng)(deng)雜(za)質成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)As?O?、Sb?O?等(deng)(deng)揮發性(xing)物(wu)質而(er)(er)被除(chu)(chu)去(qu):2CuFeS?+O?=Cu?S+2FeS+SO?↑。一部分(fen)鐵(tie)的(de)(de)硫化物(wu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為(wei)(wei)氧化物(wu):2FeS+3O?=2FeO+2SO?↑。Cu?S跟剩余的(de)(de)FeS等(deng)(deng)便熔融在(zai)(zai)(zai)一起(qi)而(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)“冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)”(主(zhu)要由Cu?S和(he)FeS互相溶解形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de),它的(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)20%~50%之間,含硫率在(zai)(zai)(zai)23%~27%之間),FeO跟SiO?形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)熔渣(zha):FeO+SiO?=FeSiO?。熔渣(zha)浮在(zai)(zai)(zai)熔融冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)上面,容易分(fen)離(li),借(jie)以(yi)除(chu)(chu)去(qu)一部分(fen)雜(za)質。然后把(ba)(ba)冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)移(yi)入(ru)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)爐中(zhong),加入(ru)熔劑(ji)(ji)(石(shi)英砂(sha)(sha))后鼓(gu)(gu)入(ru)空(kong)氣(qi)進行吹煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(1100~1300℃)。由于(yu)鐵(tie)比銅(tong)(tong)對氧有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)親(qin)和(he)力,而(er)(er)銅(tong)(tong)比鐵(tie)對硫有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)親(qin)和(he)力,因此冰(bing)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)FeS先轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為(wei)(wei)FeO,跟熔劑(ji)(ji)結合成(cheng)(cheng)渣(zha),而(er)(er)后Cu?S才(cai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)變為(wei)(wei)Cu?O,Cu?O跟Cu?S反(fan)應生成(cheng)(cheng)粗銅(tong)(tong)(含銅(tong)(tong)量約為(wei)(wei)98.5%)。2Cu?S+3O?=2Cu?O+2SO?↑,2Cu?O+Cu?S=6Cu+SO?↑,再(zai)(zai)把(ba)(ba)粗銅(tong)(tong)移(yi)入(ru)反(fan)射爐,加入(ru)熔劑(ji)(ji)(石(shi)英砂(sha)(sha)),通入(ru)空(kong)氣(qi),使(shi)粗銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)雜(za)質氧化,跟熔劑(ji)(ji)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)爐渣(zha)而(er)(er)除(chu)(chu)去(qu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)雜(za)質除(chu)(chu)到(dao)一定(ding)程度后,再(zai)(zai)噴入(ru)重(zhong)油(you),由重(zhong)油(you)燃燒產生的(de)(de)一氧化碳等(deng)(deng)還(huan)(huan)原性(xing)氣(qi)體(ti)使(shi)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)高溫下還(huan)(huan)原為(wei)(wei)銅(tong)(tong)。得到(dao)的(de)(de)精(jing)銅(tong)(tong)約含銅(tong)(tong)99.7%。
除了銅(tong)(tong)精礦之(zhi)(zhi)外,廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)作為精煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)料(liao)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),包括(kuo)舊廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)新(xin)廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong),舊廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)來自舊設備和(he)舊機(ji)器,廢(fei)(fei)棄(qi)的(de)樓(lou)房和(he)地下(xia)管(guan)道;新(xin)廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)來自加工廠(chang)棄(qi)掉的(de)銅(tong)(tong)屑(xie)(銅(tong)(tong)材的(de)產出(chu)比為50%左右(you)),一(yi)般廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)供應較穩定,廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)可以分為:裸雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong):品(pin)位在90%以上(shang);黃雜(za)(za)銅(tong)(tong)(電(dian)線(xian)):含銅(tong)(tong)物料(liao)(舊馬(ma)達、電(dian)路板);由廢(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)其(qi)他類似材料(liao)生產出(chu)的(de)銅(tong)(tong),也稱為再生銅(tong)(tong)。
(2)濕法煉銅
一船適于低品(pin)位的(de)氧化(hua)銅,生產出的(de)精銅稱(cheng)為電(dian)積銅。現代濕法(fa)冶煉(lian)有硫酸化(hua)焙燒—浸(jin)(jin)出—電(dian)積,浸(jin)(jin)出—萃取—電(dian)積,細菌(jun)浸(jin)(jin)出等法(fa),適于低品(pin)位復雜礦、氧化(hua)銅礦、含銅廢礦石的(de)堆(dui)浸(jin)(jin)、槽浸(jin)(jin)選用或就地浸(jin)(jin)出。濕法(fa)冶煉(lian)技術正在逐步推(tui)(tui)廣,預計本(ben)世紀(ji)末可達總產量的(de)20%,濕法(fa)冶煉(lian)的(de)推(tui)(tui)出使銅的(de)冶煉(lian)成本(ben)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低。