一、電動車電機有幾種類型
1、按工作電(dian)源(yuan)種類劃分:可分為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。
直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji):按(an)結構及工作原理可劃(hua)分(fen):無刷直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和有刷直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。又(you)(you)可分(fen)為(wei)永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按(an)材料又(you)(you)分(fen)為(wei)稀(xi)土、鐵氧體、鋁(lv)鎳(nie)鈷永磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)磁(ci)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按(an)勵磁(ci)方式又(you)(you)分(fen)為(wei)串勵、并勵、他勵和復勵直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。
交流電機(ji)可分(fen):單相(xiang)電機(ji)和三相(xiang)電機(ji)。
2、按結構和工作(zuo)原理(li)劃(hua)分:可分為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。異步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)速(su)總(zong)是(shi)略低于旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)的同步轉(zhuan)速(su)。同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)速(su)與負載大小無關而始(shi)終保持為同步轉(zhuan)速(su)。
3、按(an)用途(tu)分:有驅(qu)動電(dian)機和控制(zhi)用電(dian)機。
4、按運轉速(su)(su)(su)度分:有高速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、低(di)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、恒(heng)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和調速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。低(di)速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)又(you)分為齒輪減速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)磁減速(su)(su)(su)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)和爪極同步電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)等(deng)。
最后電(dian)機肯定(ding)有分品牌、國產或者是進口的(de),車子的(de)價格也決定(ding)著電(dian)機的(de)質量,所以老是想買便宜(yi)車的(de)朋友,可以多多了解這些電(dian)機的(de)區別,再選購。
二、電動車常用電機的優缺點
1、串勵直流電動機
優勢:超大扭矩
串(chuan)(chuan)勵直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機是(shi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)機中(zhong)的王者,啟動(dong)(dong)時能夠輸出(chu)巨大(da)的扭(niu)矩,絕(jue)對可以(yi)稱得(de)上(shang)是(shi)動(dong)(dong)力(li)之(zhi)王!裝有(you)(you)串(chuan)(chuan)勵直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che),起步(bu)稍稍加油,就可以(yi)燒(shao)胎(tai)起步(bu)絕(jue)塵而去,留下(xia)兩道(dao)長長的黑色輪胎(tai)印。裝備串(chuan)(chuan)勵直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機的普通電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che),0~100Km/h加速只需(xu)要3.8秒,由于串(chuan)(chuan)勵直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機具(ju)有(you)(you)體(ti)積小、輸出(chu)扭(niu)矩大(da)的特性,在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)方程式賽車(che)中(zhong)也有(you)(you)應用。
串勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機名字聽(ting)起(qi)來很復(fu)雜(za),但在生活中大部分(fen)人都用(yong)過,那就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)鉆,所以知(zhi)道電(dian)(dian)鉆的力很大的原因了吧(ba)。串勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機啟動(dong)時(shi)巨大的扭(niu)矩輸出(chu)特(te)性,特(te)別適用(yong)于(yu)陡坡工況,并且不需要變速(su)機構,就(jiu)能輸出(chu)燃(ran)油車(che)無法(fa)達到(dao)的扭(niu)矩。
劣勢:高速特性差
串(chuan)勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機在輸(shu)(shu)出扭(niu)矩上有天生(sheng)的(de)(de)優勢,但串(chuan)勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機并不(bu)完美,其中最顯著的(de)(de)是不(bu)能(neng)在勻速(su)狀態下適應不(bu)同的(de)(de)扭(niu)矩輸(shu)(shu)出,這就是早期的(de)(de)電(dian)動汽(qi)車選擇串(chuan)勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機后又(you)放棄(qi)的(de)(de)原因,串(chuan)勵(li)(li)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機的(de)(de)這一(yi)致命缺點導致電(dian)動汽(qi)車中高速(su)性能(neng)較差,影響使(shi)用(yong)體驗(yan),如果強行(xing)大功(gong)率輸(shu)(shu)出扭(niu)矩和轉速(su),還會加速(su)電(dian)機自身的(de)(de)損壞。
2、永磁直流電機
優勢:超低成本
早期(qi)的電(dian)動汽車(che)出于技術和成本的原(yuan)因,選擇(ze)安裝永磁(ci)直(zhi)流電(dian)機作(zuo)為(wei)動力來源,永磁(ci)直(zhi)流電(dian)機的確結構(gou)簡單、穩定可靠、成本低廉,越來越多(duo)地用在低速電(dian)動汽車(che)或(huo)電(dian)動工具車(che)上。
劣勢:噪音較大
永磁直流電(dian)機的(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)缺點是(shi)噪聲很(hen)大(da),并(bing)且(qie)噪聲的(de)(de)頻率隨電(dian)機轉速提高而增加,達到一(yi)定轉速時(shi)就變得非常刺耳無(wu)(wu)法(fa)讓人接受且(qie)無(wu)(wu)法(fa)消(xiao)除(chu),同(tong)樣地,電(dian)動汽車很(hen)快也(ye)放棄了直流永磁電(dian)機,但直流永磁電(dian)機在(zai)“老年(nian)人代步(bu)車”上大(da)放異彩,盡管(guan)這(zhe)類電(dian)動汽車不是(shi)合(he)規電(dian)動汽車。
3、三相交流電動機
優勢:超控性好
三相交流電機與(yu)前面(mian)兩種直(zhi)流電(dian)機工(gong)作原理不同,在可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)方面(mian)表現良好,直(zhi)流電(dian)機很難(nan)做到精確控(kong)(kong)制轉(zhuan)動(dong)角度,因此裝有直(zhi)流電(dian)機的電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車,在堵車工(gong)況慢速(su)行駛時非(fei)常考驗駕(jia)駛技巧,一(yi)加油(you)門就竄動(dong)導(dao)致駕(jia)駛體(ti)驗很糟(zao)糕(gao)。三相交(jiao)流電(dian)機除了可控(kong)(kong)性(xing)很好以外,還有大(da)扭矩、高轉(zhuan)速(su)輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)。
劣勢:配套設備多
電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸(shu)出(chu)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian),要驅動三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)工作,就要配套專門的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)控(kong)制器,將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變成(cheng)三相(xiang)(xiang)需要波形的三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian),同時增加了系(xi)統復雜度和(he)成(cheng)本。另外為了三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)轉速(su)較高(gao),使用(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車還需要配備(bei)減(jian)速(su)機(ji)(ji)構,也就是一個(ge)簡單的變速(su)箱,將(jiang)轉速(su)與扭矩以最(zui)合適的狀態輸(shu)出(chu)。
目前主流的純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)都(dou)是(shi)使用三相交(jiao)流電(dian)機來驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che),日(ri)漸(jian)成(cheng)熟的三相交(jiao)流電(dian)機技術已經成(cheng)為(wei)了電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的標配。