一、電抗器的種類有哪些

1、按結構及冷卻介質：分為空(kong)心式(shi)、鐵(tie)心式(shi)、干(gan)式(shi)、油浸式(shi)等(deng)，例如：干(gan)式(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、干(gan)式(shi)鐵(tie)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、油浸鐵(tie)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、油浸空(kong)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、夾持(chi)式(shi)干(gan)式(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、繞(rao)包式(shi)干(gan)式(shi)空(kong)心電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、水泥電(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

2、按接法：分(fen)為并(bing)聯電(dian)抗器(qi)和串聯電(dian)抗器(qi)。

3、按功能：分為限流和補償。

4、按用途：按具體用途細(xi)分，例(li)如(ru)：限流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、功(gong)率(lv)因數補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、平衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、接地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、消弧線圈、進線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、出線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、自飽和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（可調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、可控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)）、軛流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、串(chuan)聯(lian)諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、并聯(lian)諧振電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。

二、各類電抗器在電路中的作用

1、串聯電抗器的作用

串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)抗器主要(yao)用(yong)來(lai)限(xian)制短路電(dian)流，也有在濾波器中與電(dian)容器串(chuan)聯(lian)或并聯(lian)用(yong)來(lai)限(xian)制電(dian)網中的高次諧波，串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)抗器通常起限(xian)流作用(yong)。

2、并聯電抗器的作用

并聯電抗器(qi)有改善(shan)電力系統(tong)無功(gong)功(gong)率有關運行狀況的多(duo)種功(gong)能(neng)，經常(chang)用(yong)于無功(gong)補償(chang)。例(li)如改善(shan)長輸(shu)電線(xian)(xian)路上的電壓(ya)分布；用(yong)來吸收(shou)電纜(lan)線(xian)(xian)路的充電容性無功(gong)；防(fang)止(zhi)發(fa)電機(ji)帶長線(xian)(xian)路可能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)的自勵磁諧振現(xian)(xian)象等。

3、輸入電抗器的作用

輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器是用來(lai)限(xian)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓突變(bian)和操作過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流沖擊，平(ping)滑(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓中(zhong)包含(han)的(de)(de)(de)尖(jian)峰脈沖，或平(ping)滑(hua)橋式整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)換相時產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓缺陷，有效地保(bao)護變(bian)頻器和改善功率因數(shu)，它既能阻止來(lai)自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)干擾，又能減少整(zheng)流單(dan)元(yuan)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)諧波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)污染。

4、輸出電抗器的作用

輸出電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要作用是補(bu)(bu)償(chang)長線（50-200m）分布電(dian)(dian)容的(de)(de)影響，并(bing)能抑(yi)制輸出諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流，提高(gao)輸出高(gao)頻阻抗(kang)，有(you)效(xiao)抑(yi)制dv/dt，減(jian)低(di)高(gao)頻漏電(dian)(dian)流，起到(dao)保(bao)護(hu)變頻器(qi)(qi)(qi)，減(jian)小設備噪(zao)聲的(de)(de)作用。電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)功率(lv)的(de)(de)時候，往往會受到(dao)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓和諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)沖擊，造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)損壞和功率(lv)因數(shu)降低(di)，為此，需(xu)要在(zai)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)的(de)(de)時候進行諧(xie)波(bo)治理。

5、直流電抗器的作用

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)接在變頻系統的直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)環節(jie)與逆變環節(jie)之間，主要用途(tu)是將疊加在直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)上的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)分量限(xian)定(ding)(ding)在某(mou)一規定(ding)(ding)值，保(bao)持整(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)連續，減小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)脈沖值，使(shi)逆變環節(jie)運行更穩定(ding)(ding)及改善(shan)變頻器(qi)(qi)的功率因數。

6、濾波電抗器的作用

濾(lv)波電抗器(qi)(qi)廣泛用(yong)于(yu)高低壓濾(lv)波柜中，與(yu)濾(lv)波電容器(qi)(qi)相串聯，調諧至某一諧振(zhen)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)，用(yong)來吸收電網(wang)中相應(ying)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)的(de)諧波電流，以消除高次諧波對主變及系統中其它(ta)電器(qi)(qi)設備的(de)危害。

濾波(bo)電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)相串聯后，不但(dan)能有(you)效(xiao)地吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)諧波(bo)，而(er)且提高了系(xi)統(tong)的功率(lv)因數，對于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)的安全運行起(qi)到了較大的作(zuo)用。

7、變頻器電抗器的作用

變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)專用電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)(qi)通常安裝在變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)直(zhi)流(liu)調(diao)速器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入或(huo)輸(shu)出端(duan)，可抵(di)制(zhi)變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)3、5次諧(xie)波向電(dian)(dian)網(wang)傳遞，減少(shao)變頻(pin)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧(xie)波對(dui)其他元件的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾，改善電(dian)(dian)網(wang)質(zhi)量、提高功(gong)率(lv)因數并限(xian)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)異常波動和電(dian)(dian)網(wang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、平抑波形、減少(shao)對(dui)變頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。

8、平波電抗器的作用

平波(bo)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器在整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)是個(ge)重要(yao)元件，在中(zhong)頻電(dian)(dian)源中(zhong)主要(yao)作(zuo)用是：

（1）限制短路(lu)電(dian)流(liu)，（逆變晶(jing)閘管換相(xiang)時同時導通相(xiang)當于整流(liu)橋(qiao)負載直接短路(lu)）沒有電(dian)抗(kang)器就直接短路(lu)。

（2）抑(yi)制中頻分量對工頻電網的影響。

（3）濾波作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)（整流電(dian)流帶(dai)有交流成分；高頻交流不一通過大(da)電(dian)感）使整流輸出(chu)波形(xing)連(lian)續(xu)，如不連(lian)續(xu)，就會出(chu)現電(dian)流為(wei)零的時(shi)間，這時(shi)逆(ni)變橋(qiao)停止工作(zuo)(zuo)，造成整流橋(qiao)開路(lu)的現象。

（4）并聯逆變電(dian)路的(de)輸(shu)入功率有(you)無功分量的(de)吞吐，逆變橋的(de)輸(shu)入電(dian)路中必定有(you)儲能的(de)元件(jian)電(dian)抗器。

9、啟動電抗器的作用

交(jiao)流(liu)異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)，是額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)5—7倍，因此，大(da)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)在啟動(dong)時，會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網產生較大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)，對線路的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備產生較大(da)的(de)影(ying)響。通常用降(jiang)壓(ya)的(de)方法來限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。降(jiang)壓(ya)啟動(dong)的(de)可在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)線路上串聯(lian)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器，一(yi)般匹(pi)配的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)功率在220KW—4800KW。

10、限流電抗器的作用

當(dang)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)發生故障時(shi)，用來限制饋線過流(liu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)抗(kang)器。

三、電抗器如何選型

1、電抗器的類型

電(dian)抗器的種類眾(zhong)多，在選型時需(xu)(xu)要結(jie)合(he)使用場合(he)和實際需(xu)(xu)求來選擇(ze)合(he)適的電(dian)抗器類型。

2、額定電壓和額定電流

額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓和額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流(liu)是電(dian)抗(kang)器選型(xing)的(de)重要參數。常規額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓有220V、380V、660V等(deng)，額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流(liu)一般是電(dian)機(ji)額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)1.1倍(bei)左右。在(zai)實際(ji)選型(xing)過(guo)程中，需(xu)要考慮(lv)到系統(tong)的(de)額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)壓和額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)流(liu)，通過(guo)比較(jiao)電(dian)抗(kang)器的(de)額(e)(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)和實際(ji)要求值(zhi)(zhi)，選擇峰值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)流(liu)和均值(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)壓均超過(guo)需(xu)求的(de)電(dian)抗(kang)器，以確保系統(tong)的(de)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行。

3、工作溫度

電抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)工作溫度對其性能(neng)和壽命有較大的(de)(de)影響。一(yi)般(ban)來說，電抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)在過(guo)載或(huo)長時(shi)(shi)間運行時(shi)(shi)，會產生一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)溫升，而溫升過(guo)高則會影響電抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)性能(neng)和壽命。因此，在選擇電抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)時(shi)(shi)，需要結合實際工作條件來選擇具有合適溫升的(de)(de)電抗(kang)器(qi)(qi)。

4、磁性材料

電抗器中的磁性材料對電抗器的性能和壽命具有很大影響。一般來說，電抗器中所使(shi)用的磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)料需(xu)要具(ju)有較(jiao)好(hao)的耐高溫(wen)、耐腐(fu)蝕、大磁(ci)導率等性(xing)質，以滿足復雜(za)的工作環(huan)境。在選型時需(xu)要選擇具(ju)有較(jiao)好(hao)性(xing)能和質量(liang)可靠的磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)料的電抗器。