一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于負極(ji)的(de)(de)鎘(Cd)和(he)(he)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉(NaOH)中的(de)(de)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離子(zi)(OH-)化(hua)(hua)合成氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘，并附著(zhu)在陽(yang)極(ji)上，同(tong)時也放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)子(zi)。電(dian)(dian)子(zi)沿著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)線至陰(yin)極(ji)，和(he)(he)陰(yin)極(ji)的(de)(de)二氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)與氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液(ye)中的(de)(de)水反應形(xing)成氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)和(he)(he)氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離子(zi)，氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)會附著(zhu)在陽(yang)極(ji)上，氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)根(gen)離子(zi)則又回到氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液(ye)中，故氫(qing)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈉溶液(ye)濃度(du)不(bu)會隨著(zhu)時間而(er)下降。

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)粉(fen)(fen)和(he)石(shi)墨粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不(bu)參加化(hua)學反(fan)應，其主要作(zuo)用是增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)。負(fu)極(ji)板上的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)由(you)氧(yang)化(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)和(he)氧(yang)化(hua)鐵(tie)粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)化(hua)鐵(tie)粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)鎘粉(fen)(fen)有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)散性(xing)，防止結(jie)塊(kuai)，并增(zeng)(zeng)加極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量。活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)分別包在穿孔鋼帶中(zhong)，加壓成(cheng)型后即成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正負(fu)極(ji)板。極(ji)板間用耐堿的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬橡膠絕(jue)緣(yuan)棍或有孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯瓦楞板隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)通常用氫氧(yang)化(hua)鉀(jia)溶液(ye)。與(yu)其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)使(shi)用時失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)速率超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi))適中(zhong)。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使(shi)用過程中(zhong)，如果放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)完(wan)全就又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下(xia)次再(zai)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就不(bu)能放(fang)(fang)出(chu)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。比如，放(fang)(fang)出(chu)80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量后再(zai)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只能放(fang)(fang)出(chu)80%的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。這就是所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶效應。當然(ran)，幾次完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)將(jiang)使(shi)NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)恢復正常工(gong)作(zuo)。由(you)于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶效應，若未完(wan)全放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將(jiang)每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)1V以下(xia)。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池(chi)可重復500次以上的充(chong)放電，非常的經濟。

2、內阻小(xiao)，可供(gong)大電流的(de)放電，當它放電時電壓(ya)的(de)變化很小(xiao)，作為(wei)直(zhi)流電源(yuan)是一種(zhong)質量極佳的(de)電池。

3、因(yin)為(wei)采用完全密(mi)封(feng)式，因(yin)此不(bu)會有(you)電(dian)解液漏(lou)出(chu)的現(xian)象(xiang)，也完全不(bu)需要補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)解液。

4、與其他(ta)種類電(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)比之(zhi)下(xia)，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)可耐過(guo)充電(dian)或放過(guo)電(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長時間(jian)的(de)放置下也(ye)不會使性能(neng)劣(lie)化，當十分充完(wan)電后即可恢復原來的(de)特性。

6、可使用(yong)在很廣的溫度(du)范圍內。

7、因為(wei)它(ta)采用(yong)金屬(shu)容器(qi)而作成，有機械性的(de)堅固(gu)。

8、鎳(nie)鎘電池(chi)在非(fei)(fei)常(chang)嚴格的(de)品質管理下(xia)被制(zhi)造(zao)完成，有(you)非(fei)(fei)常(chang)優良的(de)品質性賴性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電池可以(yi)提(ti)供500次以(yi)上的(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電周期(qi)，壽命幾乎(hu)等同于(yu)使(shi)用(yong)該種(zhong)電池的(de)(de)設備(bei)的(de)(de)服(fu)務期(qi)。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)的情況下(xia)，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池具有低內(nei)阻和高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的放電(dian)(dian)特性，因而(er)應(ying)用廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳(nie)鎘電池儲存(cun)壽命長(chang)而(er)且(qie)限制條件少，在長(chang)期儲存(cun)后仍可(ke)正常充電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘電池可根據應用需要進行(xing)快速(su)充(chong)電, 滿(man)充(chong)時間(jian)僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)應用于(yu)較高(gao)(gao)或較低溫度環境。高(gao)(gao)溫型電(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)在70攝氏度或者更高(gao)(gao)溫度的環境中使(shi)用。

6、可靠的安全閥

安全(quan)閥(fa)提供了免維護功能(neng)。鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電池在(zai)充放(fang)電或者儲存過程中可以自(zi)由(you)使用(yong)。由(you)于密(mi)封圈使用(yong)的是特殊材料，再加(jia)上密(mi)封劑的作用(yong)，使得(de)鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電池很(hen)少出現漏液(ye)現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量(liang)從100mAh 至(zhi) 7000mAh不(bu)等(deng)。通常使用的有(you)標準型(xing)，消費型(xing)，高溫型(xing)和大(da)電流放電型(xing)等(deng)四大(da)類，可應用于任何無線設備(bei)。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在(zai)日常(chang)工作中，應該熟悉自己使用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)所屬(shu)類型，它所具(ju)有的基本特點和性能。這對于指導我們正(zheng)確(que)的使用(yong)和保養(yang)，具(ju)有十分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)的意義，對于延長電(dian)池(chi)的使用(yong)壽命也是極為重(zhong)要(yao)的。

2、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時，室(shi)(shi)溫最(zui)好(hao)控制在10℃－30℃之間進(jin)行，右(you)高于30攝氏度最(zui)好(hao)采取降(jiang)溫措施，避免(mian)因電(dian)池內部過(guo)熱(re)發(fa)生變形；室(shi)(shi)溫低于5攝氏度時，會造成(cheng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)不足(zu)，影響電(dian)池的使用壽命(ming)。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經一段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)使用后，由于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同(tong)和老化或多或少的(de)(de)存(cun)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和性能下降的(de)(de)情況，一般情況下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可在10次左右的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環之后，進行一次過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是延(yan)長充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)比(bi)正常充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)延(yan)長一倍左右。具(ju)體舉例如下：用SONY的(de)(de)BC--1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在綠燈閃爍(shuo)時(shi)(shi)為快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠燈停止閃爍(shuo)長亮時(shi)(shi)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始，延(yan)長點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)，點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)為過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)，過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)以3－4小時(shi)(shi)為宜(yi)。

4、電池充放電應嚴格按要(yao)求(qiu)規范操作(zuo)，切忌長(chang)期過充、過放或經(jing)常充電不足。放電不徹底、電池使(shi)用(yong)時長(chang)期小電流深度(du)放電或短(duan)路(lu)都是造成電池容量下降(jiang)、壽命縮短(duan)的(de)重要(yao)因素。長(chang)此以往違章使(shi)用(yong)操作(zuo)不僅會影響使(shi)用(yong)，而且勢必會影響電池的(de)容量與壽命。

5、在(zai)常(chang)用(yong)BC-1WA(B)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程應一次(ci)完成，不可中途(tu)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或在(zai)快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處于高溫狀(zhuang)態，而重新接通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，使得充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次(ci)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結果會造成過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)使用(yong)中當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)告警指示(shi)燈閃(shan)爍告警時，應及時更換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過量放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)長期(qi)不用時勿需充電(dian)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)，但須將電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)至終止(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)后(hou)(攝錄機電(dian)池(chi)告警燈閃爍(shuo))方可封裝(zhuang)存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)在原包裝(zhuang)紙(zhi)盒(he)或用布、紙(zhi)包裝(zhuang)后(hou)，置于干燥、通風處存(cun)(cun)放(fang)(fang)。