一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于負極(ji)(ji)的(de)鎘(ge)(Cd)和氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉(NaOH)中的(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子(zi)(OH-)化合成氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鎘(ge)，并附(fu)著在(zai)陽極(ji)(ji)上，同時也放(fang)出電子(zi)。電子(zi)沿著電線(xian)至(zhi)陰極(ji)(ji)，和陰極(ji)(ji)的(de)二氧(yang)(yang)化鎳與氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉溶(rong)液中的(de)水反應形成氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鎳和氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子(zi)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鎳會附(fu)著在(zai)陽極(ji)(ji)上，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子(zi)則又回到(dao)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉溶(rong)液中，故(gu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化鈉溶(rong)液濃度(du)不會隨著時間而下降(jiang)。

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)由氧(yang)化鎳(nie)粉(fen)(fen)和(he)石(shi)墨粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不參加化學反應(ying)，其主要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)增強(qiang)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性。負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)由氧(yang)化鎘粉(fen)(fen)和(he)氧(yang)化鐵粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)化鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)使氧(yang)化鎘粉(fen)(fen)有較高的(de)擴散性，防止結(jie)塊，并增加極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)容量。活性物質(zhi)(zhi)分別包在(zai)穿孔(kong)鋼帶(dai)中(zhong)，加壓成(cheng)型(xing)后(hou)即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)正負極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)。極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)間用(yong)(yong)耐堿的(de)硬橡膠絕緣棍或有孔(kong)的(de)聚氯(lv)乙烯瓦(wa)楞板(ban)隔開(kai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)通常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)氫氧(yang)化鉀溶液(ye)。與其它(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)自放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不使用(yong)(yong)時失去(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)速率超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi))適中(zhong)。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，如(ru)果(guo)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不完(wan)全(quan)就(jiu)(jiu)又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下(xia)次再(zai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就(jiu)(jiu)不能(neng)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。比(bi)如(ru)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量后(hou)再(zai)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只能(neng)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出80%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂的(de)記憶效(xiao)應(ying)。當然，幾次完(wan)整的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將(jiang)使NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)恢復正常(chang)(chang)工作。由于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)記憶效(xiao)應(ying)，若未完(wan)全(quan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應(ying)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將(jiang)每節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以下(xia)。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電(dian)池可(ke)重復500次以上的(de)充放電(dian)，非常的(de)經濟。

2、內(nei)阻小，可供大電(dian)(dian)流的放電(dian)(dian)，當它(ta)放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓的變(bian)化(hua)很(hen)小，作為直流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是一種質量極佳的電(dian)(dian)池。

3、因為采用完(wan)全密(mi)封式，因此不會(hui)有電解液(ye)漏(lou)出的現象(xiang)，也完(wan)全不需(xu)要補充電解液(ye)。

4、與其他種類(lei)電(dian)池相比之下(xia)，鎳鎘電(dian)池可耐(nai)過充電(dian)或放過電(dian)，操(cao)作簡單方便。

5、長時間(jian)的放置下也不會使性能劣化，當十分充完電后即(ji)可恢復原來的特性。

6、可使(shi)用在很(hen)廣的溫度范圍(wei)內。

7、因(yin)為它采用金屬容器而(er)作成，有機械性(xing)的堅(jian)固。

8、鎳(nie)鎘電池在非(fei)常嚴(yan)格(ge)的品質管理下被制造完成(cheng)，有非(fei)常優良的品質性賴(lai)性。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳鎘電(dian)池可以提供500次以上的充放電(dian)周(zhou)期(qi)(qi)，壽命(ming)幾(ji)乎(hu)等同(tong)于使用該種電(dian)池的設備的服務期(qi)(qi)。

2、優異的放電性能

在大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)情況下，鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池具(ju)有低(di)內(nei)阻和高電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)特性，因(yin)而應用廣(guang)泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳鎘電池儲存(cun)壽命長(chang)而且(qie)限制條件(jian)少，在長(chang)期儲存(cun)后(hou)仍可正常(chang)充電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)可根據應用需要進行快速(su)充(chong)電, 滿(man)充(chong)時間僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通(tong)型(xing)鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)可以應用于較(jiao)(jiao)高或較(jiao)(jiao)低溫(wen)度(du)環境(jing)。高溫(wen)型(xing)電池(chi)可以在(zai)70攝(she)氏度(du)或者更(geng)高溫(wen)度(du)的環境(jing)中(zhong)使用。

6、可靠的安全閥

安(an)全閥提供了免維護功能(neng)。鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)在充放(fang)電或者儲存過(guo)程中可(ke)以自(zi)由使用(yong)。由于(yu)密封圈使用(yong)的是特殊材料，再加上密封劑的作用(yong)，使得鎳鎘(ge)電池(chi)很(hen)少(shao)出現(xian)漏液(ye)現(xian)象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從(cong)100mAh 至 7000mAh不等(deng)。通常使用的有標準型，消(xiao)費型，高溫(wen)型和大電流放電型等(deng)四大類，可應用于任何無(wu)線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在(zai)日常工(gong)作中，應(ying)該(gai)熟悉自己使用電池(chi)所屬(shu)類型，它所具有(you)的基本特點和性(xing)能。這對(dui)于(yu)(yu)指導我們(men)正確的使用和保養，具有(you)十(shi)分重要(yao)的意義，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)延長(chang)電池(chi)的使用壽命也(ye)是極為重要(yao)的。

2、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時，室(shi)(shi)溫(wen)最(zui)好控制在10℃－30℃之間(jian)進行，右高于(yu)30攝(she)氏(shi)度最(zui)好采取降(jiang)溫(wen)措施，避免因電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部過(guo)熱發(fa)生變形(xing)；室(shi)(shi)溫(wen)低于(yu)5攝(she)氏(shi)度時，會造(zao)成(cheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足，影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的使(shi)用壽(shou)命。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)經一段時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的使(shi)用(yong)后，由于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程(cheng)度不同和老化或(huo)多或(huo)少的存(cun)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和性能下降(jiang)的情況(kuang)(kuang)，一般情況(kuang)(kuang)下鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可在(zai)10次左(zuo)右(you)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環之后，進(jin)行一次過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是延長(chang)(chang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)比正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)延長(chang)(chang)一倍左(zuo)右(you)。具體舉例如下：用(yong)SONY的BC--1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)對(dui)NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)綠(lv)燈閃(shan)爍時(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠(lv)燈停止(zhi)閃(shan)爍長(chang)(chang)亮(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始(shi)，延長(chang)(chang)點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，點滴(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)以3－4小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)宜(yi)。

4、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)應嚴格按要求規范操(cao)作，切忌長(chang)期過(guo)充(chong)、過(guo)放(fang)或經常充(chong)電(dian)不足。放(fang)電(dian)不徹底、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用時長(chang)期小(xiao)電(dian)流深度放(fang)電(dian)或短路都是造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量下降、壽命縮短的重(zhong)要因素(su)。長(chang)此(ci)以往違章使(shi)用操(cao)作不僅會影響使(shi)用，而且勢必會影響電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量與壽命。

5、在(zai)(zai)常用BC-1WA(B)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程應一次完成，不可中途斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)在(zai)(zai)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)處于高溫狀(zhuang)態，而重新接(jie)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，使得充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器再次給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結(jie)果(guo)會造成過充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)使用中當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)告(gao)警(jing)指示(shi)燈閃(shan)爍告(gao)警(jing)時(shi)，應及時(shi)更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過量放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

6、鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池長期(qi)不用時勿需充電(dian)(dian)保(bao)存(cun)，但須(xu)將電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)至(zhi)終止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后(攝錄機電(dian)(dian)池告警燈閃爍)方可封裝存(cun)放在(zai)原包裝紙(zhi)盒或用布(bu)、紙(zhi)包裝后，置于干燥(zao)、通風處(chu)存(cun)放。