制動液的分類及選購標準

制(zhi)動液俗稱“剎(cha)車(che)(che)油”，它是機動車(che)(che)液壓(ya)制(zhi)動系(xi)統(tong)中傳遞(di)壓(ya)力、制(zhi)止(zhi)車(che)(che)輪(lun)轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)介質，目前，90%的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)輛均采用液壓(ya)制(zhi)動系(xi)統(tong)。因(yin)其特殊性(xing)，它必須要(yao)有適宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫粘度和良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)低溫流(liu)動性(xing)；有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)化學穩定性(xing)；有較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)平衡(heng)回流(liu)沸點(dian)；有較低的(de)(de)(de)吸濕性(xing)；有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)橡(xiang)膠適應性(xing)；有良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)金屬抗腐(fu)蝕性(xing)。制(zhi)動液既然重要(yao)，那什(shen)么時候(hou)更(geng)換、怎么選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)(de)型號以(yi)及要(yao)注意(yi)哪些問題也(ye)是許(xu)多車(che)(che)友急于想了(le)解的(de)(de)(de)。

制動液的分類

由(you)于配制(zhi)的(de)(de)原料不同，制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)種類比(bi)較(jiao)多，目前大體(ti)上(shang)分為(wei)3種類型(xing)(xing)：醇(chun)(chun)型(xing)(xing)、礦(kuang)物油型(xing)(xing)和(he)合成型(xing)(xing)。其(qi)中醇(chun)(chun)型(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)有(you)醇(chun)(chun)型(xing)(xing)1號(hao)(蓖(bi)麻油＋乙醇(chun)(chun))和(he)醇(chun)(chun)型(xing)(xing)3號(hao)(蓖(bi)麻油＋丁醇(chun)(chun))，醇(chun)(chun)型(xing)(xing)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)工(gong)藝簡單(dan)、潤滑(hua)性好且(qie)價格低廉，但(dan)在炎熱季(ji)節使(shi)用時(shi)易產生氣阻，在嚴寒地區的(de)(de)冬(dong)季(ji)使(shi)用時(shi)會變稠分層，使(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)沉重，甚(shen)至失靈，故已被淘(tao)汰。

礦(kuang)物(wu)油型制動(dong)液(ye)是(shi)以精制的輕柴油餾分(fen)經深度(du)(du)脫臘得到的C12~C19異構烷(wan)烴及烷(wan)烴組分(fen)經添(tian)加(jia)稠化劑(ji)、抗氧劑(ji)和助劑(ji)調合而成。按運(yun)動(dong)粘(zhan)度(du)(du)分(fen)為7號(hao)和9號(hao)兩種類型。礦(kuang)物(wu)型制動(dong)液(ye)的溫(wen)度(du)(du)適(shi)應范圍很寬，可以從-50℃~150℃，低溫(wen)流動(dong)性(xing)和潤滑性(xing)較(jiao)好(hao)，對金屬(shu)無(wu)腐蝕作用。但對制動(dong)系統(tong)的橡膠部件(如(ru)皮碗)有溶解作用，如(ru)使(shi)用這(zhe)種類型的制動(dong)液(ye)，必須換用耐礦(kuang)物(wu)油的橡膠零件。

目(mu)前(qian)使用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)為普(pu)遍的(de)是合(he)成型制(zhi)動(dong)液，它是以有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)劑中的(de)醇、醚和酯為基礎，加入添(tian)加劑調(diao)制(zhi)而成。合(he)成性制(zhi)動(dong)液的(de)成分比較(jiao)(jiao)復雜，性質差異(yi)很大，為此國家頒布了合(he)成型制(zhi)動(dong)液標準。有(you)1號、4603、4603~1和4604等(deng)牌號。4603和4603~l號合(he)成制(zhi)動(dong)液適(shi)用(yong)于各(ge)類載貨汽(qi)車(che)的(de)制(zhi)動(dong)系；4604則適(shi)用(yong)于高檔轎車(che)和各(ge)種(zhong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)制(zhi)動(dong)系。

合(he)成(cheng)型制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)(ye)沸點較(jiao)高，不(bu)易產生(sheng)氣阻(zu)；良好的低溫流動(dong)性(xing)(xing)，不(bu)因低溫而粘度增大、流動(dong)性(xing)(xing)變(bian)差，使(shi)制(zhi)動(dong)發(fa)硬；吸水(shui)性(xing)(xing)小，不(bu)影(ying)響沸點和(he)低溫流動(dong)性(xing)(xing)；良好的化學穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，對金屬有防(fang)腐、防(fang)銹作用，不(bu)易分解變(bian)質而產生(sheng)沉淀物；對橡(xiang)膠件(jian)的腐蝕和(he)溶脹(zhang)性(xing)(xing)小，以保證密封件(jian)不(bu)會嚴重變(bian)形(xing)等。這(zhe)類(lei)制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)(ye)在我國(guo)各地(di)一年四季均(jun)可(ke)使(shi)用，因而正(zheng)逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)通用型制(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)(ye)。

制動液的質量等級

制動液與機油一樣(yang)，也(ye)有質量等級(ji)之分(fen)。國產制動液的質量等級(ji)：國產制動液根(gen)據其(qi)平(ping)衡(heng)回(hui)流(liu)、沸點分(fen)為JG3、JG4、JG5三個質量等級(ji)。序號越(yue)大平(ping)衡(heng)回(hui)流(liu)沸點越(yue)高(gao)，高(gao)溫抗氣阻(zu)性越(yue)好，行車制動安(an)全(quan)性越(yue)高(gao)。我(wo)國還將合成制動液分(fen)為：HZY3、HZY4和HZY5。

國(guo)外制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量等(deng)級(ji)：美國(guo)汽(qi)車工程學會(SAE)規格有SAEJ1704(高溫地區使用(yong))、SAEJ1703(正常(chang))、SAEJ1702(嚴寒地區使用(yong))。另(ling)外美國(guo)聯(lian)邦機動(dong)(dong)車輛安全標準規格分(fen)為(wei)(wei)DOT3、DOT4和(he)DOT5等(deng)，后者比(bi)(bi)前者的(de)(de)綜合性能好。DOT3與DOT4的(de)(de)不同之處主要在于沸點不同，DOT4比(bi)(bi)DOT3更(geng)耐高溫。DOT3和(he)DOT4級(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)是以聚二醇(chun)為(wei)(wei)基礎和(he)乙二醇(chun)及乙二醇(chun)衍生物為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)醇(chun)醚型合成制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)，再加潤滑劑(ji)、稀釋(shi)劑(ji)、防銹劑(ji)、橡膠(jiao)抑制(zhi)(zhi)劑(ji)等(deng)調和(he)而成，也是各國(guo)汽(qi)車最普遍(bian)使用(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)種制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)液(ye)。JG3、JG4、JG5分(fen)別對應(ying)DOT3、DOT4、DOT5級(ji)別。

這里需要給(gei)大家(jia)說明一(yi)下的(de)是，目前國(guo)內家(jia)用(yong)轎車(che)(che)多(duo)使用(yong)合成型(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)，所采用(yong)的(de)標準(zhun)(zhun)也多(duo)以(yi)美國(guo)聯邦機動(dong)車(che)(che)輛安全(quan)標準(zhun)(zhun)規格的(de)DOT標準(zhun)(zhun)為(wei)主。而國(guo)標多(duo)用(yong)在商用(yong)車(che)(che)以(yi)及貨車(che)(che)等大型(xing)車(che)(che)輛的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)液(ye)上(shang)。

級別

制動液主要特性

對應牌號

推薦使用范圍

JG3

具有(you)良好的高溫抗氣阻性(xing)(xing)能和優良的低溫性(xing)(xing)能

DOT3、HZY3

SAEJ1703

我(wo)國(guo)廣大(da)地區均可(ke)使用(yong)

JG4

具有良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的高溫抗氣阻(zu)性能和(he)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的低溫性能

DOT4、HZY4

SAEJ1704

我國廣大地(di)區均可使用(yong)，適用(yong)于制(zhi)動操作時溫度(du)較(jiao)高的(de)轎(jiao)車

JG5

具(ju)有(you)優異的高溫抗氣阻性(xing)能(neng)和低溫性(xing)能(neng)

DOT5、HZY5

SAEJ1705

有特殊要求的車輛使用制動液的更換和選用

當今汽車的(de)(de)(de)設計車速越(yue)來越(yue)高、結(jie)構越(yue)來越(yue)緊湊，導致制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)工作溫度很(hen)高而(er)散熱通風條件較(jiao)差(cha)，因此，對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)性能要求也(ye)越(yue)來越(yue)高。目(mu)前，世界(jie)各國使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)一般(ban)都是合成制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)。關于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)更換(huan)(huan)周期，目(mu)前尚無統一規(gui)定(ding)，通常是根據汽車生(sheng)(sheng)產廠商(shang)或制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產廠商(shang)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間進(jin)行(xing)更換(huan)(huan)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)更換(huan)(huan)周期主要以行(xing)駛里程和使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)(shi)間來確(que)定(ding)。一般(ban)使(shi)用(yong)低級(ji)別(bie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)、低檔車輛(liang)，換(huan)(huan)油周期為(wei)每年(nian)1次或者2~4萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)里；使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)、高級(ji)別(bie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)、高檔車輛(liang)，換(huan)(huan)油周期為(wei)每兩年(nian)1次或者4~5萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)里；另外(wai)在(zai)對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系統進(jin)行(xing)修理和更換(huan)(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主缸、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)輪(lun)缸的(de)(de)(de)活塞(sai)、皮碗等零部件的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)需要更換(huan)(huan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)。在(zai)實際使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)，如果出現制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)踏板忽輕忽重(zhong)、制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)皮碗溶脹、換(huan)(huan)季(ji)時(shi)(shi)(尤其在(zai)冬(dong)季(ji))出現制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)無力(li)這些情況就需要及時(shi)(shi)對制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)進(jin)行(xing)更換(huan)(huan)。

對于制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)問題，原則上根據汽車(che)生產(chan)廠家使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)說明書(shu)推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)等級(ji)(ji)、品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)、型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)等進行(xing)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)。按照國標(biao)(biao)或DOT標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)等級(ji)(ji)，盡量(liang)(liang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，并優(you)先選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高等級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；車(che)輛(liang)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)說明書(shu)在給出(chu)了標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)外，一(yi)(yi)般還提(ti)供(gong)了可(ke)供(gong)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)應(ying)盡可(ke)能選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，缺乏(fa)時(shi)才考(kao)慮(lv)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。如果(guo)推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)(pai)也(ye)缺乏(fa)，才可(ke)以選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)相(xiang)應(ying)等級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)；對有(you)(you)(you)特(te)殊要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，應(ying)加注(zhu)(zhu)特(te)定牌(pai)(pai)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)溫度范圍在-60℃~60℃之(zhi)間，低溫下粘度比較小，非常(chang)適合(he)于嚴(yan)寒地區冬季(ji)(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；如果(guo)汽車(che)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橡膠零(ling)(ling)件(jian)是(shi)耐油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，應(ying)優(you)先選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)礦物油型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，它不受地區、季(ji)(ji)節和(he)車(che)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，潤滑性好(hao)，無腐蝕作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，換油周(zhou)期長；但制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)橡膠零(ling)(ling)件(jian)不是(shi)耐油的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，則不能使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)礦物型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)；不同類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)由(you)于成(cheng)(cheng)分不同，混(hun)合(he)后可(ke)能發(fa)生化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)，堵塞制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，所以通常(chang)不允許混(hun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)(yi)般相(xiang)溶性較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同一(yi)(yi)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，也(ye)不能混(hun)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，以防相(xiang)互間產(chan)生化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)，影響制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)效果(guo)；選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)正規優(you)質產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)，避免使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)質量(liang)(liang)低劣(lie)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。選(xuan)(xuan)購制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)時(shi)，首先看產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)說明書(shu)或標(biao)(biao)簽上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說明，是(shi)什么類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，有(you)(you)(you)無質量(liang)(liang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)質量(liang)(liang)指標(biao)(biao)，若(ruo)沒有(you)(you)(you)標(biao)(biao)注(zhu)(zhu)這些內容則不能使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，而只(zhi)標(biao)(biao)有(you)(you)(you)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)慎(shen)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。千萬不要(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)國家早已淘汰(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醇型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號(hao)很多(duo)，顏色各異(yi)，要(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意其(qi)質量(liang)(liang)指標(biao)(biao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度范圍，常(chang)溫和(he)低溫下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粘度、透(tou)明度，有(you)(you)(you)無沉淀和(he)異(yi)味。

有ABS裝置的車輛的制動系統產生的摩擦熱比未裝ABS裝置的車高，制動液的惡化變質也可能會相對早地出現，如果在制動液變質的情況下繼續使用，將會使制動主缸、輪缸、油壓控制器等產生損傷、吸濕率增加，使制動力下降。因此，要對裝有ABS裝置車輛的制動液從嚴選用，嚴格遵守汽車制造廠商推薦的更換周期。另外還要根據使用條件，在必要時提前進行更換。有ABS系統的車輛一般都選用DOT4的制動液。盡管DOT5的制動液具有更高的沸點，但是，由于DOT5是硅基制動液.會對橡膠件產生較強的損害。因此。在ABS系統中，一般不選用DOT5的制動液。但是，由于DOT3和DOT4是醇基制動液，具有較強的吸濕性，隨著使用時間的延長，其中的含水量會不斷增多。當制動液中含有較多的水分時，會使制動壓力調節裝置中的精密零件發生銹蝕；在寒冷的氣候條件下，還會使制動液的粘度變大，影響制動液在制動系統中的流動，使制動變得遲緩，從而導致制動距離延長。另外，制動液中的含水量會對制動液的沸點產生非常明顯的影響，發生氣阻現象。DOT3和DOT4制動液一般經過12個月的使用以后其中的含水量為2%，經過18個月的使用以后.其中的含水量平均可達3%。因此建議每12個月更換一次制動液。