推土機的結構與工作原理(li)（二）

2、行星齒輪式動力換擋變速器

TY220推土機行(xing)(xing)星齒輪式(shi)動力換(huan)擋變速器(qi)(qi)的結構圖(tu)，該變速器(qi)(qi)主要由四個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星排和(he)一個(ge)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉閉鎖離(li)合器(qi)(qi)構成。圖(tu)3中(zhong)標的“I”“II”“III”、“IV”是(shi)四個(ge)行(xing)(xing)星排，“V”是(shi)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉閉鎖離(li)合器(qi)(qi)。“I”“II”和(he)“IV”行(xing)(xing)星排都是(shi)固定齒圈(quan)，用行(xing)(xing)星架同向旋(xuan)(xuan)轉進行(xing)(xing)輸(shu)出的。

“II”行(xing)星(xing)(xing)排的(de)行(xing)星(xing)(xing)架上(shang)多裝一(yi)個行(xing)星(xing)(xing)輪，若將(jiang)齒(chi)(chi)圈C用(yong)(yong)離合器(qi)(qi)(qi)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)，當(dang)太陽(yang)輪A右轉(zhuan)(zhuan)時，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)齒(chi)(chi)輪B左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)齒(chi)(chi)輪E右轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，行(xing)星(xing)(xing)架D左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，則(ze)形成了以太陽(yang)輪輸入、行(xing)星(xing)(xing)架反向(xiang)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)輸出的(de)行(xing)星(xing)(xing)齒(chi)(chi)輪減(jian)速機構。TY220型推土(tu)機變速器(qi)(qi)(qi)即利用(yong)(yong)第(di)II行(xing)星(xing)(xing)排作為倒擋使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。離合器(qi)(qi)(qi)有5個。第(di)1至第(di)4離合器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)油缸(gang)(gang)體都由螺栓連接在(zai)端蓋上(shang)，它們是不(bu)運動的(de)。當(dang)油缸(gang)(gang)體和活塞之間布滿壓(ya)力(li)油時，壓(ya)力(li)油在(zai)油超過計劃的(de)密封下，建立油壓(ya)并推活塞壓(ya)緊摩擦(ca)片，則(ze)可將(jiang)齒(chi)(chi)圈固(gu)定(ding)(ding)。

第5號旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)閉鎖離(li)合器的(de)(de)結構比較特殊，它沒有行(xing)(xing)星機構，其(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)時是整體(ti)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)。向旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸中供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)時，需先向中央軸供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)。工(gong)作(zuo)時，壓力(li)(li)油(you)(you)(you)通過第5離(li)合器固(gu)定不動的(de)(de)殼(ke)體(ti)19中的(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)，進入旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸，推(tui)動活塞工(gong)作(zuo)。為防止泄漏，要用旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)環進行(xing)(xing)密(mi)封(feng)(feng)。工(gong)作(zuo)完的(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)液，因為旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸不停地旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，離(li)心力(li)(li)向外甩(shuai)出，無法經供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)排出，會增(zeng)加摩(mo)擦片的(de)(de)磨損(sun)。為解決此題目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)道(dao)排出，會增(zeng)加摩(mo)擦片的(de)(de)磨損(sun)。為解決此題目，在旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)油(you)(you)(you)缸體(ti)上增(zeng)加一個鋼球止回閥，在壓力(li)(li)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用下，它密(mi)封(feng)(feng)油(you)(you)(you)孔以建立油(you)(you)(you)壓，休止供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)時，它會甩(shuai)開(kai)，開(kai)放回油(you)(you)(you)孔以回油(you)(you)(you)。

TY220型(xing)(xing)推土(tu)機變速器，在結構上很(hen)多特點，利用(yong)這些(xie)特點，可(ke)使維(wei)修更為輕易進行(xing)(xing)。如第(di)(di)(di)1至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)器的(de)(de)摩擦片和光盤(pan)都是通用(yong)的(de)(de)；第(di)(di)(di)2至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)4行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)的(de)(de)活塞和密封(feng)環(huan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)離(li)(li)合(he)器導向(xiang)銷相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，光盤(pan)分離(li)(li)彈簧(huang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，離(li)(li)合(he)器活塞分離(li)(li)彈簧(huang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)；第(di)(di)(di)1至(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)3行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)使用(yong)統一個行(xing)(xing)星(xing)架(jia)；第(di)(di)(di)4行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)星(xing)架(jia)利用(yong)外齒圈(quan)插入第(di)(di)(di)3行(xing)(xing)星(xing)排(pai)齒圈(quan)中，并用(yong)彈簧(huang)卡圈(quan)防止軸向(xiang)竄動等等。TY320和TY220型(xing)(xing)推土(tu)機系列產品有完全相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)(de)變速器，只是放(fang)大(da)了(le)幾何尺寸(cun)。TY160型(xing)(xing)推土(tu)機變速器，離(li)(li)合(he)器的(de)(de)排(pai)列方式不同(tong)，第(di)(di)(di)1離(li)(li)合(he)器為前進擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)2離(li)(li)合(he)器為撤退(tui)退(tui)卻擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)3旋轉閉(bi)鎖離(li)(li)合(he)器為I擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)4離(li)(li)合(he)器為III擋(dang)(dang)，第(di)(di)(di)5離(li)(li)合(he)器為II擋(dang)(dang)。安們有相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)使用(yong)維(wei)修特點。

3、轉向離合器和轉向制動器

變(bian)速器的(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入中心傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)后，就從縱向(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)變(bian)為橫向(xiang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)，由(you)橫軸分外(wai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)給左、右兩(liang)個(ge)轉向(xiang)離(li)(li)合器。圖4是TY220型推土機的(de)中心傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)及(ji)轉向(xiang)離(li)(li)合器結構圖。該機的(de)轉向(xiang)離(li)(li)合器是彈(dan)(dan)簧壓(ya)緊、液壓(ya)分離(li)(li)、常嚙合、溫式摩擦(ca)片(pian)結構型式。它包括外(wai)鼓1、內(nei)鼓5、壓(ya)盤2、外(wai)摩擦(ca)片(pian)3、內(nei)齒處4、活塞15、螺栓13、套筒14與(yu)活塞15連(lian)接成一個(ge)整體(ti)，大、小彈(dan)(dan)簧支撐在內(nei)鼓5上(shang)，彈(dan)(dan)簧的(de)安(an)裝負(fu)荷(he)推動(dong)(dong)活塞15向(xiang)右移動(dong)(dong)，帶動(dong)(dong)壓(ya)板2將摩擦(ca)片(pian)3和齒片(pian)4壓(ya)緊在一起(qi)，實現(xian)接合傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)力(li)。彈(dan)(dan)簧共(gong)8組(zu)，總安(an)裝負(fu)荷(he)3.2T，有足夠的(de)壓(ya)力(li)壓(ya)緊摩擦(ca)片(pian)以傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞力(li)矩。

當推土(tu)機(ji)需要(yao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(如拉動左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)拉桿)時，淮壓(ya)油充(chong)入轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)離合器活塞15和輪轂6之間的油腔，油壓(ya)力(li)(li)推動活塞，帶動壓(ya)盤向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)移動，摩擦(ca)片和齒片松開，不再(zai)傳遞力(li)(li)矩，推土(tu)機(ji)左(zuo)(zuo)側(ce)失去動力(li)(li)，在右側(ce)履帶的推動下向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)結束時，松開拉桿，液壓(ya)油在活塞推動下回流，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)離合器重新接合傳力(li)(li)，推土(tu)機(ji)恢復直線行駛。

TY220型(xing)推土(tu)機轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)是液壓助(zhu)力(li)、浮動(dong)(dong)濕式(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)式(shi)。它包括安裝在(zai)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)離合器(qi)外(wai)鼓上的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)15、助(zhu)力(li)活塞8、連(lian)桿10、浮動(dong)(dong)桿11、連(lian)桿14等(deng)零(ling)件。因為浮念(nian)頭構的(de)(de)優勝機能，不論離合器(qi)外(wai)鼓是正(zheng)轉(zhuan)仍(reng)是反轉(zhuan)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)時都很(hen)平穩，不會產生制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)沖擊(ji)。當(dang)(dang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)1.5上的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)襯片16磨損(sun)后(hou)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)和外(wai)鼓之間(jian)間(jian)隙(xi)變(bian)(bian)大(da)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)跳板行程(cheng)增加，當(dang)(dang)行程(cheng)增大(da)到一定限(xian)度時，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)變(bian)(bian)得不可(ke)靠。因此，要不斷地(di)調(diao)整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)間(jian)隙(xi)。推土(tu)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)踏板尺度行程(cheng)和極限(xian)行程(cheng)如表所示。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)間(jian)隙(xi)調(diao)整的(de)(de)方(fang)法：拆去調(diao)節螺栓的(de)(de)護(hu)蓋后(hou)，將調(diao)節螺栓口右旋(xuan)，扭緊(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)以抱住外(wai)鼓(扭緊(jin)力(li)矩(ju)約90N·m)然(ran)后(hou)擰松螺栓(TY160型(xing)擰松15/6圈，TY320型(xing)擰松11/6圈)，使(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)帶(dai)和外(wai)鼓間(jian)泛起0.3mm尺度間(jian)隙(xi)，調(diao)整完成。

TY320型、TY160型和(he)TY220型推土(tu)機系列產品有相(xiang)似的轉向離合器和(he)制動器，它(ta)們有相(xiang)同的使用和(he)維修特點(dian)。