一、鉛酸電池最佳充電方法

（1）恒定電流充電法

在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)保(bao)持(chi)不(bu)(bu)變，叫做恒(heng)(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或等流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中由于蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)逐漸(jian)升高，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)逐漸(jian)下降，為保(bao)持(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)(bu)致因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升高而減(jian)小，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)必須逐漸(jian)升高電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，以維持(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)始終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)變，這對于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的自動化程(cheng)度要(yao)求(qiu)較高，一般簡(jian)陋(lou)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備是(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)滿足恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求(qiu)的。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大(da)(da)允許的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)情況下，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越大(da)(da)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間就可以縮短。若從時間上(shang)考慮，采(cai)用(yong)此法(fa)(fa)有利的。但在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期若充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)仍(reng)不(bu)(bu)變，這時由于大(da)(da)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)用(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)解水(shui)上(shang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)出氣泡過(guo)(guo)多而顯(xian)沸(fei)騰狀，這不(bu)(bu)僅消(xiao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，而且(qie)容(rong)易使極板上(shang)活性物質大(da)(da)量脫落，溫升過(guo)(guo)高，造成極板彎曲，容(rong)量迅速(su)下降而提(ti)前(qian)報廢。所以，這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)很少采(cai)用(yong)。

（2）恒定電壓充電法

在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)保持(chi)不變(bian)，叫(jiao)做恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)，簡(jian)稱恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)或(huo)(huo)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。由于恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)至后(hou)期(qi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)(zhong)保持(chi)一定，所(suo)以(yi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流相當大(da)，大(da)大(da)超過(guo)(guo)正常充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流值。但隨著充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)進行，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)逐漸升高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流逐漸減(jian)小。當蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)相等時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流減(jian)至最(zui)小甚至為(wei)零。由此(ci)可見(jian)，采用(yong)(yong)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)優點(dian)在于，可以(yi)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)大(da)而(er)造成極(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)脫落(luo)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)損失。但其缺點(dian)是，在剛(gang)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流過(guo)(guo)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)體積變(bian)化收縮太快，影響(xiang)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)強度，致使(shi)其脫落(luo)。而(er)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流又過(guo)(guo)小，使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)深(shen)處的(de)(de)活性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)得不到充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，形成長期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足，影響(xiang)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命(ming)。所(suo)以(yi)這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)(fa)一般只適用(yong)(yong)于無配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備或(huo)(huo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備較簡(jian)陋的(de)(de)特殊場合，如汽車上蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，1號至5號干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)式的(de)(de)小蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均采用(yong)(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)。采用(yong)(yong)等壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)給蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)：酸性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)2.4～2.8V左右，堿性(xing)(xing)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)每個(ge)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)1.6～2.0V左右。

（3）有固定電阻的恒定電壓充電

為(wei)補救(jiu)恒(heng)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的缺點而采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的一種方法。即(ji)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之(zhi)間串聯一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這樣充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)初(chu)期的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)以調整。但有時(shi)最大充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流受到限制，因此隨充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程的進(jin)行，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸上升(sheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流卻(que)幾乎成(cheng)為(wei)直線衰減(jian)。有時(shi)使用(yong)(yong)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)，約在2.4V時(shi)，從低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻轉換到高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，以減(jian)少(shao)出氣。

（4）階段等流充電法

綜(zong)合恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和(he)恒(heng)壓充電(dian)法的(de)特點，蓄電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充電(dian)初期(qi)用較大的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，經(jing)過一段(duan)時間改用較小的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，至充電(dian)后期(qi)改用更小的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，即不同階(jie)段(duan)內以不同的(de)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進行(xing)(xing)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)的(de)方法，叫做階(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)法。階(jie)段(duan)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充電(dian)法，一般(ban)可分為兩個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)進行(xing)(xing)，也可分為多個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)進行(xing)(xing)。

階(jie)(jie)段等流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)所需充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間短(duan)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果也好。由于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期改用較小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這樣(yang)減(jian)少了氣泡對極板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質的沖刷(shua)，減(jian)少了活性(xing)物(wu)質的脫落(luo)。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)(fa)能延長蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池使用壽命(ming)，并節省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又徹底，所以(yi)是當前常用的一種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。一般蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池第(di)一階(jie)(jie)段以(yi)10h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段以(yi)20h率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。各階(jie)(jie)段充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間的長短(duan)，各種蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的具(ju)體要求和標(biao)準不(bu)一樣(yang)。

3階段充電法是鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)理想充(chong)電(dian)法。

（5）浮充電法

間歇(xie)使用(yong)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)或僅(jin)在交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時才(cai)使用(yong)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式為浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式。一些特(te)殊(shu)場(chang)合使用(yong)的固(gu)定型蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般均采用(yong)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)法對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的優點主要在于(yu)能(neng)減(jian)少(shao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的析(xi)氣率，并(bing)可防止(zhi)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時由于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)同(tong)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并(bing)聯(lian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瞬時輸(shu)出大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，這有助(zhu)于(yu)鎮(zhen)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源系(xi)統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正常。浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法的缺(que)點是個(ge)別蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)均衡(heng)和充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以需要進行(xing)定期(qi)的均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

二、鉛酸蓄電池如何修復

并不是所有失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)都能(neng)進行修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)，如(ru)出現(xian)了短(duan)路和(he)斷路的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質嚴(yan)重(zhong)脫落的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、極板(ban)嚴(yan)重(zhong)損壞(huai)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)變形(xing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)塑(su)料殼體(ti)(ti)嚴(yan)重(zhong)變形(xing)和(he)嚴(yan)重(zhong)破裂的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)塑(su)料殼體(ti)(ti)底部出現(xian)大面積漏液的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是不能(neng)進行修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的。所以可(ke)修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是因(yin)失(shi)(shi)水嚴(yan)重(zhong)而(er)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)極上(shang)(shang)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質發(fa)生嚴(yan)重(zhong)的硫酸(suan)鹽化而(er)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，以及因(yin)磕碰、摔打、跌落等原因(yin)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)殼體(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)部出現(xian)微弱裂縫(feng)而(er)漏液造成失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，即(ji)結構輕微失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。所以鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)可(ke)分(fen)為對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)和(he)對塑(su)料殼體(ti)(ti)結構件失(shi)(shi)效(xiao)的修(xiu)復(fu)(fu)。

1、對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

對電性能(neng)失效的鉛酸蓄(xu)電池修(xiu)(xiu)復可分為化學方法修(xiu)(xiu)復和物(wu)理方法修(xiu)(xiu)復。

（1）用化學方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

化(hua)學方(fang)法對電性能失(shi)效(xiao)的鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的修復通常是(shi)(shi)采用加入化(hua)學活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)方(fang)法，如添加納(na)米(mi)碳溶膠蓄電池活(huo)化(hua)劑(ji)，它是(shi)(shi)以(yi)納(na)米(mi)石墨為(wei)溶質主(zhu)要成份的水溶液。

A、對(dui)失水嚴重的鉛(qian)酸蓄電池在加入(ru)活化劑前要先加入(ru)濃度(du)為(wei)5%~10%的稀(xi)硫酸(suan)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)，補(bu)加的電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)量控制在上(shang)下(xia)液(ye)面(mian)線(xian)之間偏上(shang)線(xian)的位置。

B、按(an)活化劑的(de)(de)使用添(tian)加量要求通過氣塞孔均勻的(de)(de)從四周(zhou)及(ji)中(zhong)間加入到每個單(dan)體蓄電池內部并搖動均勻。納米碳(tan)溶(rong)膠活化劑加完后(hou)電解液的(de)(de)液面線(xian)接近液面標示線(xian)的(de)(de)上(shang)線(xian)。

C、立即對修復的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，開始(shi)活(huo)化充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)要大于正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的50%左右，以便(bian)使納(na)米石墨(mo)在(zai)電(dian)場的作用下盡快的吸附到(dao)電(dian)極里(li)面(mian)，大(da)約充進40%左右的電(dian)量(liang)時再進行(xing)正常充電(dian)。首(shou)次活化的充電(dian)量(liang)為理論容(rong)量(liang)的120%~130%。

一般活化2~3個周(zhou)次后電池的電性能(neng)就能(neng)得(de)以恢復，其放電容(rong)量在(zai)額(e)定容(rong)量的98%以上的可認為修復完成。電池活化修復后對電解液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面偏高(gao)的要抽出多余的電解液(ye)(ye)。

在電池活化前電池內部的電解液如果混濁并為棕色及有固體顆粒但放電容量接近額定容量的80%的電(dian)池(chi)，應把電(dian)解液全部倒出（或吸(xi)出）并(bing)用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)用(yong)純凈水(shui)清洗(xi)2次，然后再加入使用濃(nong)度的硫酸電(dian)解液，再按前述方法對電(dian)池進行活化修復。

注意：

納米碳溶膠鉛酸蓄電池活化劑最適用于富液型的各種鉛酸蓄電池的修復，對VRLA鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的修復(fu)也有一定效(xiao)(xiao)果；但(dan)對膠體電(dian)解質電(dian)池(chi)的修復(fu)效(xiao)(xiao)果不明(ming)顯。

（2）用物理方法對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

用物理(li)方法對電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池修復是用充電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備提供的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式創新(xin)—充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)變化來實現(xian)的(de)。

A、對失水嚴重的電池進行補充電解液

方法(fa)見（1）；

B、對修復的電池進行小電流預放電

小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)預放電(dian)(dian)可以使(shi)電(dian)(dian)解液更容易浸潤到(dao)電(dian)(dian)極內(nei)部(bu)，使(shi)表面(mian)已生成(cheng)鈍(dun)化(hua)層的(de)活性物質（硫(liu)酸鉛）在(zai)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)產生比較(jiao)疏松的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛分(fen)子，這有助于鈍(dun)化(hua)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛活化(hua)并(bing)再(zai)度參(can)加電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應。

C、修復充電

可采用變幅脈沖鉛酸蓄電池修復儀來對電性能失效的電池修復充電。一開始要用大電流對失效的電池充電，當電池的電壓和內阻達到一定值時會自動的引入脈沖充電；正脈沖電流一般≥0.3C，負(fu)脈沖(chong)電(dian)流(liu)一般≥0.1C，終(zhong)止時單體電池電壓控制在2.63V~2.70V之間(jian)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高(gao)而(er)逐步下降，這可(ke)以避(bi)免長時間(jian)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)極的損壞(huai)和(he)失水。一般修復充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)控(kong)制在額定容量(liang)的120%左右(you)，時間控(kong)制在(zai)10h~12h之間。

D、第一次修復充電后的容量檢測

第一次修復充電完成后應擱置2小(xiao)時，其后檢察電(dian)(dian)池的開路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，若一切正常可按要求的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，放(fang)至單體電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)到1.75V，放出的容量應不(bu)少(shao)于額(e)定容量的95%。

E、第二次修復充電

對于長時間沒有使用或失水嚴重及硫酸鹽化嚴重引起電性能失效的電池僅一次性修復很難使電池的容量恢復到額定容量的95%以上；需要對容(rong)量(liang)恢復到額定容(rong)量(liang)80%以上的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)進行第二(er)次修復(fu)。第二(er)次修復(fu)的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)方法與第一(yi)次相(xiang)同。一(yi)般只是(shi)電(dian)性能失效的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)第二(er)次修復(fu)后其電(dian)池(chi)容量可以恢復(fu)到(dao)額定(ding)容量的(de)(de)98%以上；這時(shi)可認為修(xiu)復完(wan)成，電池(chi)再充電后就(jiu)可以提交使用。如果第(di)二次修(xiu)復放(fang)電容量低于額定(ding)容量的(de)85%則認為該電池(chi)徹底失效(xiao)不可(ke)修復。

（3）用掃描共振頻率技術對電性能失效的鉛酸蓄電池修復

掃描(miao)共振(zhen)頻率技(ji)術(shu)（裝置(zhi)）對落后或電性能失效電池的修復操(cao)作

A、對失水嚴重的(de)電(dian)池進行補充電(dian)解(jie)液，方法同(tong)3.1.1.2（1）。

B、將掃描共振(zhen)頻率裝置連接到電池（組）的正(zheng)、負極上，按使用要(yao)求(qiu)對落(luo)后(hou)或電性(xing)能失(shi)效(xiao)的電池進行修復。為防止電池工作狀態(tai)對修復的干擾(rao)在線路(lu)中應串一個(ge)同步干擾(rao)抑制模塊。

C、測量(liang)被修復電(dian)路中電(dian)池的電(dian)壓和(he)(he)內(nei)阻，失效(xiao)的或(huo)落(luo)后的電(dian)池電(dian)壓和(he)(he)內(nei)阻與其它電(dian)池基本一致時可以認為修復完成(cheng)。

注意：

可用于通信、通訊系統、UPS系(xi)統、衛星地面站等設(she)施的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)機(ji)房。該技術(shu)（裝置(zhi)）的最(zui)大特點是落后或失效的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可以在(zai)線(xian)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)，不必把(ba)有問(wen)題的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)從供配(pei)電(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)取下，是屬(shu)于在(zai)線(xian)智能(neng)修復(fu)(fu)(fu)，可無(wu)需人員值(zhi)班，修復(fu)(fu)(fu)激活電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時也不會給電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)帶(dai)來損壞。

2、鉛酸蓄電池殼體損壞的修復

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在使用過程中(zhong)有(you)時會出(chu)現碰撞、跌落、摔打的現象，這就會造成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的塑料殼體被損(sun)(sun)壞。對(dui)于(yu)只(zhi)有(you)輕(qing)微損(sun)(sun)壞（如外殼有(you)輕(qing)微縫隙、漏電(dian)解液并不(bu)嚴(yan)重、內部電(dian)極并未損(sun)(sun)壞）的可以進行修復，但修復后不(bu)應影響(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在設備(bei)上的裝配。

（1）用粘合技術對鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷的修復操作

按正丁酮100?ml+20?g?ABS（或SAN）塑料(liao)料(liao)粒的配比配制膠液(ye)(ye)，不斷搖(yao)動(dong)，使固體(ti)料(liao)粒完全溶解并成均勻液(ye)(ye)，待用(yong)（膠液(ye)(ye)用(yong)后密(mi)封好，可以長(chang)期使用(yong)）。把鉛酸蓄電池外殼損傷處擦拭潔(jie)凈，粘接面上不能有粉(fen)塵，粉(fen)狀顆(ke)粒，油污及電解液(ye)(ye)并應(ying)平整。取(qu)潔(jie)凈的尺寸(cun)適度的ABS（或SAN）塑(su)料板塊(kuai)（板塊(kuai)的尺寸各方向上要大于(yu)裂縫5mm以上，厚(hou)度(du)和(he)電池外(wai)殼(ke)壁相當，待用。取適量的膠(jiao)液涂抹于鉛酸蓄電池外(wai)殼(ke)的損傷處及(ji)周邊5mm以上的地帶，再把(ba)裁剪好(hao)(hao)的塑(su)料(liao)板塊緊(jin)壓(ya)在涂好(hao)(hao)膠的電池外殼損(sun)傷處并平(ping)壓(ya)緊(jin)，12小時以(yi)后待膠液完全干涸后檢查不漏，可以(yi)認(ren)為修(xiu)復完成(cheng)，可提(ti)交使(shi)用。應注(zhu)意的(de)是粘接(jie)面必需平整，粘接(jie)處必需平壓緊。被修(xiu)復的(de)電(dian)池在修(xiu)復前若漏電(dian)解液較多時應補加使(shi)用濃度的(de)硫酸電(dian)解液在充(chong)電(dian)活化后方可提(ti)交使(shi)用。

粘合修復鉛酸蓄電池技術適用于電池殼體材料有溶劑可溶的，如ABS（丙烯晴、苯乙(yi)烯、丁二烯共聚物），改性ABS工(gong)程塑料，SAN工程塑(su)料(liao)（苯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、丙烯(xi)(xi)晴共聚物）等。

（2）用熱熔粘合技術對殼體損傷的鉛酸蓄電池的修復

對鉛酸蓄電池的損傷面進行潔凈處理，粘接面不應有酸液、粉塵、油污和粒狀雜質。用熱熔槍對熱熔膠棒加熱并對修復處適當加熱，使熱熔膠棒熔化并流落到電池殼體的損傷處，熱熔膠粘合面各方向上的膠液要大于損傷縫隙處5mm以上，損傷縫(feng)隙粘合膠(jiao)面的厚(hou)(hou)度不小(xiao)于(yu)電池外(wai)殼的壁厚(hou)(hou)，熱熔膠(jiao)合面可以適(shi)當加壓有利(li)于(yu)粘合牢固，自然冷卻12小時后檢查不漏，可(ke)以認(ren)為修復完成，可(ke)提交使用。

熱熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)修(xiu)(xiu)復可以(yi)用(yong)熱熔(rong)(rong)膠棒，也可以(yi)用(yong)與電(dian)池(chi)殼體(ti)相同材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的棒（板）材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，作為(wei)熱熔(rong)(rong)膠合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，后者效(xiao)果(guo)會更好(hao)。對(dui)熔(rong)(rong)膠粘合(he)修(xiu)(xiu)復前失(shi)液(ye)過多的電(dian)池(chi)修(xiu)(xiu)復后應補加使用(yong)濃度的電(dian)解液(ye)到液(ye)面線的中間部位(wei)并充電(dian)后再提交使用(yong)。

熱熔膠粘合修復適用于所有的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體修復，特別是沒有溶劑的熱塑性工程塑料制作的電池殼體破裂的修復，如PP（聚丙(bing)烯），改(gai)性(xing)增強(qiang)PP（滑石(shi)粉強化的聚丙(bing)烯）等。

對(dui)于極拄處，或蓋子上出(chu)現(xian)的輕微縫隙也可以用上述熱熔粘合方法進行(xing)修復。

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