電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命長短與用戶的日常使用維護有(you)很(hen)大的關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要(yao)是鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的過程中都會硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)，但其它領域的鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)卻比電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)上使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有著更長(chang)的壽(shou)命，這是因為電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有著一個更容易硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)的工作環境。

①深度放電

用在汽車(che)上的鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只是在點(dian)火時(shi)單向放電(dian)(dian)，點(dian)火后(hou)發電(dian)(dian)機會對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)自動充電(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)深度(du)(du)放電(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)在騎行(xing)時(shi)不(bu)可能充電(dian)(dian)，經常(chang)會超過60%的深度(du)(du)放電(dian)(dian)，深放電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，硫酸鉛(qian)濃(nong)度(du)(du)增加，硫化就會相(xiang)當嚴重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車20公里巡(xun)航(hang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一般(ban)是4A，這個值已經(jing)高于其它領域(yu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，而超(chao)速超(chao)載的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車的(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)就更(geng)大。電(dian)(dian)池制造商都進行過1C充電(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)60%的(de)(de)循環壽命試(shi)驗。經(jing)過這樣(yang)的(de)(de)壽命試(shi)驗，可(ke)達到充放電(dian)(dian)循環350次壽命的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池很多，但是實(shi)際在用的(de)(de)效果就相差甚(shen)遠了(le)。這是因為大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)作增(zeng)加(jia)了(le)50%的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)深度，電(dian)(dian)池會加(jia)速硫(liu)化(hua)。所以，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池壽命更(geng)短(duan)，因為三輪(lun)摩托車的(de)(de)車身太重，工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)達6A以上(shang)。

③充放電頻率高

用(yong)在后(hou)備供電(dian)(dian)(dian)領域的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，只有在停電(dian)(dian)(dian)時才(cai)會放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如(ru)果一年(nian)(nian)(nian)停8次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，要達到10年(nian)(nian)(nian)的壽命，只用(yong)做(zuo)到80次(ci)循(xun)環充電(dian)(dian)(dian)壽命，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車一年(nian)(nian)(nian)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環300次(ci)以上(shang)很(hen)常見。

④短時充電

由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車是交通工具，可充電(dian)(dian)的時間不多，要在(zai)8小(xiao)時內完成(cheng)36伏(fu)或48伏(fu)的20安時充電(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)就(jiu)必須提高充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓（一般為單節(jie)2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)過(guo)單節(jie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)壓（2.35伏(fu)）或析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)壓（2.42伏(fu)）時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就(jiu)會因過(guo)度(du)(du)析(xi)氧而開閥排氣，造(zao)成(cheng)失水(shui)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)解液濃度(du)(du)增加，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作(zuo)為交通工具(ju)，電(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)車(che)的充電(dian)及(ji)(ji)放(fang)電(dian)被完全分離開來，放(fang)電(dian)后很(hen)難有條件及(ji)(ji)時充電(dian)，而放(fang)電(dian)后形成的大(da)量硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛如果超過半小時不充電(dian)還原(yuan)為氧化(hua)(hua)鉛，就會硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)結成晶(jing)體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對(dui)電(dian)動自行車用鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)特殊性，各個電(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)商采取了多種(zhong)方法(fa)。最典型的(de)方法(fa)如(ru)下：

①增加極板數量。

把原設計的(de)單(dan)格(ge)5片6片制(zhi)(zhi)改為6片7片制(zhi)(zhi)，7片8片制(zhi)(zhi)，甚至8片9片制(zhi)(zhi)。靠(kao)減薄極(ji)板(ban)厚(hou)度(du)和(he)隔(ge)板(ban)，增加極(ji)板(ban)數量(liang)來(lai)提高(gao)電池容量(liang)。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)硫酸比重一(yi)般都在(zai)1.21~1.28之間，而電(dian)(dian)動自行車的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)硫酸比重一(yi)般都在(zai)1.36～1.38左右，這(zhe)樣可以提(ti)供較大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流，提(ti)升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增(zeng)加氧化鉛就增(zeng)加了(le)(le)參與放(fang)電的電化學反(fan)應物質，也就增(zeng)加了(le)(le)放(fang)電時間，增(zeng)加了(le)(le)電池(chi)容量。

通(tong)過這些措(cuo)施，電(dian)池的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)(liang)滿足了(le)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)要求，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)池的(de)(de)大電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)(de)特(te)性。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，極(ji)板(ban)增加(jia)了(le)，硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)就(jiu)(jiu)減(jian)少了(le)，電(dian)池發熱導致大量(liang)(liang)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)，同時，電(dian)池的(de)(de)微短(duan)路(lu)和鉛枝搭橋的(de)(de)概率(lv)增加(jia)了(le)。提高硫(liu)酸(suan)比重增加(jia)了(le)電(dian)池的(de)(de)初期容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，硫(liu)化現象就(jiu)(jiu)更嚴重。密(mi)封電(dian)池的(de)(de)最基(ji)本原理之一就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)正極(ji)板(ban)析氧(yang)(yang)以后，氧(yang)(yang)氣直接(jie)到(dao)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)，被負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)吸收而還(huan)原為水(shui)(shui)，考核電(dian)池這個技術(shu)指標的(de)(de)參數叫(jiao)做“密(mi)封反(fan)應效率(lv)”，這種(zhong)現象叫(jiao)做“氧(yang)(yang)循環”。這樣，電(dian)池的(de)(de)失(shi)水(shui)(shui)很少，實現了(le)“免維護(hu)”，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)免加(jia)水(shui)(shui)。

為(wei)此，都要求(qiu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量(liang)做的比正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)容(rong)量(liang)大一些(xie)，又(you)(you)(you)稱為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)過渡。增(zeng)加正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性物質(zhi)必然使得(de)，負極(ji)(ji)過渡減少了(le)，氧循環變差了(le)，失水(shui)增(zeng)加了(le)，又(you)(you)(you)會(hui)造(zao)成硫化。這些(xie)措施雖然提升了(le)電池的初期容(rong)量(liang)，但是卻會(hui)造(zao)成失水(shui)和硫化，而(er)失水(shui)和硫化又(you)(you)(you)會(hui)相互促成，最終結果卻是犧牲電池的壽命。

還有(you)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)極群組(zu)裝(zhuang)虛焊(han)(han)問(wen)題。容(rong)易產生(sheng)虛焊(han)(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)(shi)極板。而(er)(er)每(mei)個(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格有(you)15片極板，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)15個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)6個(ge)(ge)單(dan)格，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)90個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)，一(yi)組(zu)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)12V電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)有(you)270個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)。如果一(yi)個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點(dian)存(cun)在(zai)虛焊(han)(han)，該單(dan)格容(rong)量就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)下(xia)降，進(jin)而(er)(er)該單(dan)格形成(cheng)(cheng)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)整個(ge)(ge)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會形成(cheng)(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)不(bu)均(jun)衡，使(shi)這(zhe)組(zu)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提前(qian)失效。就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)算(suan)虛焊(han)(han)控制在(zai)萬(wan)分(fen)之一(yi)，平均(jun)每(mei)37組(zu)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)會有(you)一(yi)組(zu)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存(cun)在(zai)虛焊(han)(han)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)絕(jue)對不(bu)能夠允許的(de)(de)。而(er)(er)鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)板柵的(de)(de)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)時候(hou)會析出(chu)鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩蓋虛焊(han)(han)問(wen)題，這(zhe)樣(yang)，很多電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商寧愿(yuan)采(cai)用低銻合金(jin)的(de)(de)板柵而(er)(er)沒有(you)采(cai)用鉛鈣(gai)合金(jin)。而(er)(er)低銻合金(jin)的(de)(de)板柵析氧析氫電壓更(geng)低，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)氣量大，失水相對嚴重，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)容(rong)易硫化。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多數車的(de)控制器都留(liu)了一個線損插頭，很(hen)多經銷商以(yi)去掉限速來招攬顧(gu)客。一些(xie)車廠(chang)干(gan)脆(cui)就去掉限速器出廠(chang)，既可以(yi)吸引(yin)看(kan)重車速的(de)客戶，也能降(jiang)低成本，這樣(yang)的(de)車在高(gao)速行駛(shi)時電流非(fei)常大(da)，會嚴重縮短(duan)電池(chi)壽命。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)最(zui)低保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為10.5V，如果是36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組，最(zui)低保(bao)留電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就是31.5V，目(mu)前大多數車廠采用的(de)控制器(qi)欠(qian)壓(ya)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也(ye)都是31.5V。表面上(shang)看這是正確的(de)，但是，實際(ji)當36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組只(zhi)剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存在容量差(cha)，肯(ken)定(ding)就會有一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就處于(yu)過放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。

這時候(hou)，過放(fang)電的(de)(de)電池(chi)容量(liang)急劇下降，這時對電池(chi)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)影(ying)響(xiang)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是該單只(zhi)電池(chi)，而是影(ying)響(xiang)整組(zu)電池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命。其(qi)實，在電池(chi)電壓低(di)于32V以后一直到27V，所增加的(de)(de)續行能力不到2公里，而對電池(chi)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)卻非常(chang)大。只(zhi)要出現(xian)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)情況10次，電池(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)就會低(di)于標稱容量(liang)的(de)(de)70%。

另(ling)外(wai)，一些用戶(hu)(hu)發現電池(chi)在欠(qian)壓(ya)以后(hou)，過10分(fen)鐘，電池(chi)又不欠(qian)壓(ya)了，就又采(cai)(cai)取(qu)給電行駛，這對電池(chi)破(po)壞更大，而(er)大多(duo)數車(che)的(de)(de)說明(ming)書沒有(you)(you)給用戶(hu)(hu)以警示(shi)。目前多(duo)數控制器內部都有(you)(you)可調的(de)(de)電位(wei)(wei)器，而(er)這個可調的(de)(de)電位(wei)(wei)器的(de)(de)振(zhen)動漂移(yi)是(shi)比較嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)。在價格競(jing)爭中，面對更注(zhu)重車(che)外(wai)表的(de)(de)用戶(hu)(hu)群，很(hen)少有(you)(you)產品采(cai)(cai)用抗振(zhen)動的(de)(de)精密多(duo)圈(quan)電位(wei)(wei)器，這樣的(de)(de)控制器發生振(zhen)動后(hou)漂移(yi)也不奇(qi)怪。

5、充電設備的原因

業界廣(guang)為(wei)流(liu)傳的(de)一(yi)句話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不是用壞的(de)，是充壞的(de)。為(wei)了(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)短時高容量(liang)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在三段(duan)式恒壓(ya)限流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得(de)(de)不通過(guo)提高恒壓(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣，大大超(chao)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正極板(ban)析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和負極板(ban)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。一(yi)些充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制(zhi)造商的(de)產品(pin)為(wei)了(le)降低充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)的(de)指示，提高了(le)恒壓(ya)轉浮充的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而使得(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指示充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，還沒有充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提高浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)來彌(mi)補。這(zhe)樣，很(hen)多(duo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)過(guo)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣在浮充階段(duan)還在大量(liang)析(xi)氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧循環又不好，這樣(yang)在浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)階段也在不斷的(de)(de)排氣。恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)了，保證了充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，但是(shi)犧牲的(de)(de)是(shi)失水和(he)硫化。恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)低了，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量又難以保證。在改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板柵合金、提高(gao)析氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改善(shan)氧循環性能，提高(gao)密封反應效率的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在2.42V以下，也就是(shi)在析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下。這樣(yang)做必然會導(dao)致(zhi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)延長(chang)，這就必須在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀態下，加入去極(ji)化的(de)(de)負(fu)脈沖，改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能力(li)(li)，在大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候多(duo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)入一(yi)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受(shou)能力(li)(li)比較大的(de)(de)時(shi)候，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采用大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)比較小。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)基本上(shang)(shang)沒有(you)高(gao)于嚴重析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦高于(yu)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也會快速的(de)失水。使(shi)用(yong)這類(lei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，必須采用(yong)連續充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果中途停止幾(ji)天充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)會產生比較嚴重(zhong)的(de)硫化而提前失效。而用(yong)戶使(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，是無法保證每次(ci)使(shi)用(yong)以(yi)后，都能夠及時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，一年以(yi)內(nei)發生數次(ci)沒(mei)有(you)(you)及時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)硫化就(jiu)會積累。多數充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商都說車(che)廠(chang)因(yin)為價格因(yin)素不(bu)接(jie)受可以(yi)保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。應該承(cheng)認，這是大多數小企業是如此，但是，有(you)(you)發展的(de)、規模性大企業確(que)實出高價也買不(bu)到好的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一些充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)制(zhi)造商把某些功能夸(kua)大，成品的(de)功效沒(mei)有(you)(you)其(qi)宣傳的(de)那樣好。還有(you)(you)不(bu)少功能是屬于(yu)賣概念的(de)功能，實效有(you)(you)限。

6、其它原因

不少電(dian)池在單體測試(shi)中，可以獲得比較好的(de)結果(guo)，但是，對于(yu)串連電(dian)池組來說，由(you)于(yu)容量(liang)、開(kai)路電(dian)壓、荷電(dian)狀態、硫化程度(du)各不相(xiang)同，這(zhe)個差異(yi)會(hui)在串連電(dian)池組被擴大，狀態差的(de)單體會(hui)影響整(zheng)組電(dian)池，其壽命明顯下降(jiang)。

從電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在生(sheng)(sheng)產線上充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，到(dao)用戶購車后(hou)配車使用這段時間(jian)(jian)要經過(guo)很多(duo)環(huan)節，間(jian)(jian)隔時間(jian)(jian)甚(shen)至(zhi)會長(chang)達數月(yue)，在這期(qi)間(jian)(jian)，由(you)于沒對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行補充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)(sheng)的硫酸鉛大(da)量(liang)堆(dui)積結(jie)晶(jing)，用戶剛買到(dao)的新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可能是已經老化甚(shen)至(zhi)報費的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家在執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)質保(bao)時，對(dui)回收電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)并(bing)不(bu)是完全的(de)(de)淘汰。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)返(fan)退(tui)(tui)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商重(zhong)新(xin)(xin)進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)驗(yan)，在檢(jian)驗(yan)中往(wang)往(wang)會發現(xian)有(you)60%以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)符(fu)合返(fan)退(tui)(tui)條件(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因也就是在串連電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)中，個別的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后(hou)形成整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)功能下降(jiang)而引(yin)起整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)返(fan)退(tui)(tui)。不(bu)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商對(dui)返(fan)退(tui)(tui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配(pei)組(zu)(zu)、補水、除(chu)硫(liu)、包裝后(hou)，又(you)重(zhong)新(xin)(xin)提供給(gei)用(yong)戶，以(yi)(yi)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)有(you)效使(shi)用(yong)壽命，降(jiang)低報廢率，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商的(de)(de)部分理索賠的(de)(de)損失，所以(yi)(yi)，很多經銷商已經感覺到廠家提供的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯“一(yi)(yi)代不(bu)如一(yi)(yi)代”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池如果(guo)使(shi)用得當，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池使(shi)用3年左右(you)問題(ti)不(bu)大(da)，反之(zhi)，使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)大(da)大(da)減短。因此(ci)，消費者日常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的保養是(shi)決定電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)的關鍵(jian)所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池和充電的注意事項，我們分成兩類：絕對不(bu)允許（禁止）和最好不(bu)要(yao)（建議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁(jin)將電池的正(zheng)負極短路

2、禁止經常使用(yong)到欠壓保護電(dian)路起作用(yong)的時候才充電(dian)

3、禁止經常在(zai)未充(chong)滿電(dian)的(de)情況下(xia)拔下(xia)充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)電(dian)源來(lai)使用電(dian)動車

4、禁(jin)止(zhi)閑置時間(jian)過長（不得超(chao)過三天(tian)，且所剩電量應大于(yu)40%），禁(jin)止(zhi)虧電存(cun)放

5、如果發現(xian)連續充(chong)電10小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)還沒有轉(zhuan)燈(deng)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)馬(ma)上停止充(chong)電，檢(jian)查電池的溫度是否發燙(tang)。會(hui)的話應(ying)(ying)(ying)該(gai)盡(jin)早(zao)送修(xiu)，無法立即送修(xiu)者，應(ying)(ying)(ying)控制充(chong)電總(zong)時(shi)間不超(chao)過8小(xiao)時(shi)，否則電池將會(hui)因(yin)膨脹(zhang)變(bian)形而損壞。

不(bu)轉燈原(yuan)因(yin)有三(san)：

一：充電器參數不匹配，產生漂(piao)移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池因素：失水，電池內部有單格短(duan)路，硫化較為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。

排查方法：

1、檢(jian)查充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是否損壞(huai)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)參數是否符合要求(qiu)（有的人用48V的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器來充(chong)(chong)36V的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組），看是否電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏(pian)高（14.8V/個以上的）或(huo)涓(juan)流(liu)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)偏(pian)低

2、檢查充(chong)電回(hui)路保險絲是(shi)否(fou)接觸(chu)(chu)良(liang)好(hao)，保險絲座有(you)無燒焦痕(hen)跡，檢查連線插(cha)接頭接觸(chu)(chu)是(shi)否(fou)良(liang)好(hao)，包(bao)含充(chong)電器的(de)插(cha)頭的(de)車(che)上的(de)插(cha)座。

3、查(cha)看(kan)(kan)電池(chi)內部是(shi)否有(you)干涸(he)現象，即電池(chi)是(shi)否缺液嚴重(zhong)。干涸(he)的電池(chi)應(ying)補加純水或1.05g/cm3的稀硫酸，進行維(wei)護(hu)充放電進行修復，同時測(ce)量(liang)單格電壓(ya)，看(kan)(kan)是(shi)否有(you)單格短路的存在(zai)。

4、還應檢查(cha)極板(ban)是否存在不可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化。硫化嚴重的(de)話(hua)，內阻增大(da)，充(chong)電(dian)就會引(yin)起嚴重發熱(re)。

5、極板的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化，可(ke)通過充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)測量其端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)變化來判(pan)定(ding)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升特(te)別快，某些單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)特(te)別高，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降(jiang)特(te)別快。出現(xian)上述(shu)情況，可(ke)判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)池出現(xian)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化。如(ru)果發(fa)現(xian)有不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸鹽化，應進行均衡(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)法進行修復。

6、禁(jin)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)最(zui)大放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)額(e)定容量150%，也就是如果是6-DZM-10（常說(shuo)的(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池）的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，它的(de)(de)最(zui)大放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如果是6-DZM-17的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池它的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如果是20AH的(de)(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)大放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這(zhe)樣(yang)也同樣(yang)的(de)(de)限制了控制器限流(liu)值的(de)(de)大小

建議：

1、最好不要在未充滿(man)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況下拔下充電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源來使用電(dian)(dian)動車(che)。還(huan)有應注意的(de)(de)是(shi)：

轉燈并不(bu)表(biao)示此時的電(dian)池已經充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)，差不(bu)多只有95%－99%，需(xu)要(yao)繼續浮充(chong)(chong)2－3個小時來把它充(chong)(chong)滿。

2、做到及時(shi)充電，閑置時(shi)間最好不超(chao)過12個小時(shi)，同時(shi)應增加相應浮充的時(shi)間。

3、使(shi)(shi)用量較(jiao)少者，最(zui)好使(shi)(shi)用到50%－80%后再(zai)充電(dian)，有利于延長電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)。

4、在電池使用一年(nian)后，每間(jian)隔2個(ge)月，最好恒流充電一次，電流大小(xiao)為C／15，時間(jian)20小(xiao)時。

5、少拉(la)重(zhong)物，速(su)度不要開得太快，減小(xiao)電(dian)池的(de)放電(dian)電(dian)流。

6、緩慢加速，減(jian)小(xiao)大電流對電池，控制器(qi)及(ji)電機的沖擊。