一、兒童用藥怎么計算劑量
兒童用藥的時候,在劑量方面要精準計算,不同年齡兒童用藥劑量也有差異,具體的計算方法有:1、按年齡快速計算:按照兒童年齡與成人劑量換算得到:1歲以內劑量=成人劑量×0.01(年齡+3);1歲以上劑量=成人劑量×0.05(年齡+2)。2、按體重計算:每日兒童每千克體重的用藥劑量乘以兒童體重千克數,即為一天的藥物劑量。計算公式:一天的藥物劑量=每千克體重的劑量×兒童體重千克數或一天的藥物劑量=成人每日劑量×(兒童體重千克數/50)。3、按體表面積計算:有的藥物規定了每平方米體表面積的用藥劑量,需要計算處兒童的體表面積后折算出兒童使用劑量。30kg以內的兒童:體表面積(m2)=體重(kg)*0.035+0.1;30-50kg的兒童:體重每增加5kg,體表面積增加0.1m2;50kg以上兒童:體重每增加10kg,體表面積增加0.1m2。4、按成人劑量折算:兒童用藥劑量與成人用量的比例關系:出生-1月:1/18-1/14,1月-6月:1/14-1/7,6月-1歲:1/7-1/5,1歲-2歲:1/5-1/4,2歲–4歲:1/4-1/3,4歲-6歲:1/3-2/5,6歲-9歲:2/5-1/2,9歲-14歲:1/2-2/3,14歲-18歲2/3-3/4。以上幾種計算方法是不確定劑量時的參照方法,不同病癥程度、藥物種類、兒童體質或年齡都可能影響藥物劑量,因此具體劑量最好能咨詢醫生,科學用藥。如果您家里有兒童,建議在藥箱里常備一些兒童藥物,有需要的話,可以先來了解一下兒童用藥十大品牌。
二、兒童用藥與成人用藥的區別
1、同(tong)(tong)(tong)疾病、同(tong)(tong)(tong)癥狀,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):考慮(lv)到(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing)和有(you)效性(xing)問題,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)在相同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疾病上,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),比如成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)發熱、頭痛可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)阿司(si)匹林類(lei)解熱鎮痛藥(yao)(yao),但兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)則可(ke)能(neng)引起瑞氏綜(zong)合(he)征;另(ling)外(wai),成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)氨基(ji)(ji)糖(tang)(tang)苷類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)菌藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu),安全(quan)性(xing)還是(shi)相對(dui)(dui)比較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)有(you)耳聾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險。2、劑(ji)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)量(liang),兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)千量(liang)”,一(yi)般除了(le)肝腎功能(neng)障(zhang)礙、懷孕、老年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)情況,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)某一(yi)種藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)劑(ji)量(liang)是(shi)一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但是(shi),兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)劑(ji)量(liang)要(yao)根據年(nian)齡、體重、體表面(mian)積進(jin)行計算(suan)。3、輔(fu)料(liao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):大(da)(da)多藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是(shi)苦澀或伴有(you)其他難聞氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),因此會(hui)(hui)加一(yi)些(xie)(xie)額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)料(liao),對(dui)(dui)口(kou)(kou)感和外(wai)觀加以(yi)(yi)調整,以(yi)(yi)掩蓋難聞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)味(wei)和不(bu)(bu)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)觀,減(jian)少(shao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抵抗(kang)。而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中,一(yi)些(xie)(xie)輔(fu)料(liao)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)合(he)兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如溶液劑(ji)中含(han)有(you)乙(yi)醇(chun)、注射劑(ji)中含(han)有(you)苯甲醇(chun)等(deng)(deng),兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)要(yao)避(bi)免(mian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。4、藥(yao)(yao)品外(wai)形(xing)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):在保證藥(yao)(yao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上,考慮(lv)到(dao)孩子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理和現實(shi)情況(吞咽等(deng)(deng)情況),大(da)(da)多會(hui)(hui)將兒(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)口(kou)(kou)服藥(yao)(yao)制(zhi)作成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顆粒劑(ji)、口(kou)(kou)服液、糖(tang)(tang)漿、滴劑(ji)等(deng)(deng),以(yi)(yi)便(bian)孩子服用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)多數口(kou)(kou)服藥(yao)(yao)是(shi)膠囊(nang)、片(pian)劑(ji)、緩(huan)釋片(pian)、丸(wan)劑(ji)等(deng)(deng)。5、味(wei)道(dao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong):不(bu)(bu)少(shao)兒(er)(er)科專用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu),會(hui)(hui)有(you)各種水果(guo)味(wei);而(er)且(qie)還有(you)些(xie)(xie)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)沖配(pei)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后,是(shi)五(wu)顏六色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)吸引孩子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目光。而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)不(bu)(bu)會(hui)(hui)考慮(lv)這些(xie)(xie)因素。
三、兒童用藥原則有哪些
1、嚴格掌(zhang)握(wo)適應(ying)(ying)證(zheng),精心挑(tiao)選(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),選(xuan)(xuan)擇藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)時應(ying)(ying)嚴格掌(zhang)握(wo)適應(ying)(ying)證(zheng),精心挑(tiao)選(xuan)(xuan)療效確切、不(bu)良(liang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)較小的藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu),特(te)別(bie)是對(dui)中樞神經系統、肝、腎功能有損害的藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)盡可能少(shao)用(yong)或不(bu)用(yong)。2、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)特(te)點,選(xuan)(xuan)擇給(gei)(gei)(gei)藥(yao)(yao)途徑,口服給(gei)(gei)(gei)藥(yao)(yao)為首選(xuan)(xuan),肌注(zhu)給(gei)(gei)(gei)藥(yao)(yao)要考(kao)慮(lv)注(zhu)射部位(wei)的吸收狀況,盡量(liang)避免用(yong)靜脈注(zhu)射。3、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)不(bu)同階段,嚴格掌(zhang)握(wo)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)量(liang):兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao),特(te)別(bie)是新生兒(er)(er)(er)、嬰幼兒(er)(er)(er)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)量(liang)應(ying)(ying)嚴格掌(zhang)握(wo),隨(sui)著年(nian)齡(ling)增長,用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)量(liang)應(ying)(ying)相應(ying)(ying)增加。4、根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)生理特(te)點,注(zhu)意給(gei)(gei)(gei)藥(yao)(yao)方法:根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)年(nian)齡(ling)不(bu)同階段,采取適當的方法,特(te)別(bie)是口服給(gei)(gei)(gei)藥(yao)(yao)要防止嘔吐,不(bu)能硬灌。5、嚴密觀察兒(er)(er)(er)童(tong)(tong)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)反(fan)應(ying)(ying),防止產生不(bu)良(liang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)。