介紹
水庫(ku)位于區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域構(gou)造相(xiang)對穩定的(de)地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內出露的(de)地層主(zhu)要有下元古界的(de)混合(he)花崗(gang)(gang)巖、混合(he)巖及(ji)角閃斜長片(pian)麻巖等(deng),侵入巖主(zhu)要有元古界的(de)混合(he)花崗(gang)(gang)巖、花崗(gang)(gang)閃長巖等(deng)。區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內構(gou)造斷裂(lie)(lie)以(yi)南北向(xiang)斷裂(lie)(lie)為主(zhu),規模較(jiao)大(da),其次(ci)為北東向(xiang)、東西向(xiang)及(ji)北西向(xiang)斷裂(lie)(lie)。區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域性的(de)牡(mu)丹江斷裂(lie)(lie)通過壩址左岸埡口(kou),向(xiang)南伸入庫(ku)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),向(xiang)北延至下游,但無現代活(huo)動跡象(xiang)。經遼(liao)寧省地震局(ju)鑒定,基本(ben)地震烈度為6度。
庫區兩岸(an)山勢高(gao)(gao)峻,無相鄰河谷及單(dan)薄分水(shui)(shui)嶺。構成(cheng)庫區的(de)巖(yan)石主要為(wei)弱透水(shui)(shui)的(de)花崗(gang)巖(yan)或混合花崗(gang)巖(yan),且地下水(shui)(shui)位(wei)較高(gao)(gao),無永久性滲漏問題。壩區河谷為(wei)一不(bu)對稱的(de)U型谷,平(ping)水(shui)(shui)期江水(shui)(shui)面寬約155m。右岸(an)為(wei)凹岸(an),因受河流強烈沖刷,沿江形成(cheng)基巖(yan)裸露的(de)陡壁,比高(gao)(gao)達90~180m。左岸(an)為(wei)凸岸(an),分布有漫灘和Ⅰ、Ⅱ級階地,壩頭處為(wei)一近東西向的(de)條形山脊。壩頭后部山脊由于(yu)F1大斷層通過(guo),巖(yan)石風化破(po)碎,構成(cheng)一低矮的(de)埡(wu)口,埡(wu)口左側山體(ti)逐漸(jian)升高(gao)(gao)加厚。水(shui)(shui)庫正常蓄水(shui)(shui)位(wei)218m,水(shui)(shui)庫回水(shui)(shui)長度99.9km,淹沒范圍涉及2個縣2個鄉,總計淹沒耕地10.94萬畝,需遷(qian)移人(ren)口40725人(ren)。
電(dian)站(zhan)屬(shu)一等工程,樞紐(niu)由攔(lan)河壩(ba)(包括大(da)(da)壩(ba)和二壩(ba))、溢洪(hong)道和引水(shui)發電(dian)系統等組成。大(da)(da)壩(ba)為鋼筋混(hun)凝土(tu)面板堆石壩(ba),下游(you)在高(gao)程200m設一寬3m的馬道,在高(gao)程173m有一寬10m的進(jin)廠公路。
堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)體從上(shang)游到下(xia)游分(fen)為墊層區(qu)(qu)、細堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)過渡區(qu)(qu)、主堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)及(ji)下(xia)游堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu),在(zai)周(zhou)邊縫下(xia)設(she)填筑小區(qu)(qu),另(ling)外在(zai)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)游側下(xia)部設(she)粘土(tu)鋪蓋及(ji)保護區(qu)(qu)。趾板(ban)(ban)最(zui)大寬(kuan)度6m,厚0.6m,趾板(ban)(ban)和面(mian)板(ban)(ban)之間設(she)置周(zhou)邊縫。通過趾板(ban)(ban)進行灌漿(jiang)。帷幕灌漿(jiang)為一(yi)排(pai)孔(kong)布(bu)置,最(zui)大深(shen)度約25m,固結灌漿(jiang)于帷幕孔(kong)上(shang)下(xia)游各一(yi)排(pai),孔(kong)深(shen)一(yi)般為6m。壩(ba)址地處寒冷山區(qu)(qu),多(duo)年平均氣溫3.2℃,極(ji)端最(zui)低氣溫是—45.2℃,極(ji)端最(zui)高氣溫37.5℃。
二壩為(wei)粘土(tu)心(xin)墻砂礫石壩,布(bu)置在左岸低(di)矮(ai)埡口處,心(xin)墻建基于(yu)呈塊狀(zhuang)的(de)全風化巖下部,通(tong)過心(xin)墻底(di)板進行灌(guan)漿,向右(you)與大(da)壩帷幕相接,向左壩肩延(yan)長約(yue)120m,另外在F1大(da)斷層(ceng)破碎帶加強灌(guan)漿。溢(yi)洪道位(wei)于(yu)右(you)岸低(di)分水(shui)嶺處,為(wei)開敞式岸坡溢(yi)洪道,由引水(shui)渠、溢(yi)流堰體、泄槽、挑(tiao)流鼻坎及出水(shui)渠組(zu)成。
該(gai)工程(cheng)采用一(yi)次斷流、隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)導流方案,導流洞(dong)(dong)進、出(chu)口(kou)及廠房圍堰(yan)為粘土心墻(qiang)土石圍堰(yan),大壩上游圍堰(yan)為粘土斜墻(qiang)土石圍堰(yan),按10年一(yi)遇(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)設計,2條導流洞(dong)(dong)為直徑(jing)13.7m的圓(yuan)形斷面。第一(yi)年先(xian)填筑導流隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)進、出(chu)口(kou)及廠房圍堰(yan),江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)從束(shu)窄的河床過流,第三年汛末(mo)主河床截流,江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)由兩條導流隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)宣泄,第五年下閘蓄水(shui)(shui),工程(cheng)總工期67個月(yue)。
蓮花水(shui)(shui)電站是中國目(mu)前在(zai)寒冷(leng)地(di)區修建的一座混凝土面(mian)板(ban)堆石壩,每(mei)年施工期不足(zu)7個月。冬(dong)季石料開(kai)采或制備不停工,需解決負溫下(xia)不灑水(shui)(shui)的壩體填筑質量(liang)控制問題(ti)。
總工程量(liang)為土石方(fang)(fang)開挖624.48萬m3,土石方(fang)(fang)填筑590萬m3,混凝土澆筑49.69萬m3。工程總投資19.5億。淹沒耕地(di)1295.5hm2,遷移人口40725人。
工程設計
大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)位(wei)(wei)于主河床(chuang),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)型為(wei)混(hun)凝土(tu)面板堆石壩(ba)(ba)(ba),最(zui)(zui)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)71sm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)902om,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)度(du)(du)(du)8om,面板總面積75400 mZ,大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)上下(xia)游(you)(you)邊(bian)坡1:1.4。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)基(ji)礎鋪有2om厚的(de)排(pai)水層(ceng).壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體填筑390萬(wan)m3。筑壩(ba)(ba)(ba) 堆石料(liao)為(wei)混(hun)合花(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan),其強(qiang)風化(hua)下(xia)部至徽新巖(yan)(yan)體的(de)濕(shi) 抗壓強(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)51.0-150 MPa。周邊(bian)縫(feng)設(she)3道(dao)止水,勃(bo)土(tu)心墻堆石壩(ba)(ba)(ba)最(zui)(zui)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高(gao)47Zm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)332m,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan) 8om,上下(xia)游(you)(you)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)坡均(jun)為(wei)l,2.0、1:2.25,薪土(tu)心墻頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)4Om,上下(xia)游(you)(you)坡比1:0.2,貓土(tu)心墻的(de)土(tu)料(liao)為(wei)左岸的(de)貓土(tu)和(he)(he)粉質貓土(tu),滲(shen)透系數1.7xlo’scm/S、設(she)計干密度(du)(du)(du)1.62kg/cm。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)殼料(liao)為(wei)溢洪(hong)道(dao)開挖(wa)強(qiang)風化(hua) 混(hun)合花(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)部分砂礫石料(liao)。開敞式溢洪(hong)道(dao)位(wei)(wei)于右岸的(de)山體婭口處,溢流(liu)(liu)前(qian)沿(yan) 總長(chang)度(du)(du)(du)130m,溢洪(hong)道(dao)由(you)溢流(liu)(liu)堰(yan)、泄(xie)槽(cao)和(he)(he)挑流(liu)(liu)棄坎(kan)組 成(cheng),全長(chang)990m。溢洪(hong)道(dao)最(zui)(zui)大泄(xie)量18570 m3/s,共7孔設(she)有16 mX13.4m弧形工作門(men)和(he)(he)平板檢修門(men)。
引(yin)水(shui)發(fa)電系(xi)統位于右岸,采用(yong)引(yin)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞接地面廠房布置型式。引(yin)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞進口位于右岸大(da)壩(ba)上游200m的陡崖處。兩條(tiao)引(yin)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞均采用(yong)岸塔(ta)式進水(shui)口,進水(shui)塔(ta)高62sm,進水(shui)口前沿設(she)有4扇(shan)6mx33m活動攔(lan)污(wu)柵,每個進水(shui)口設(she)計流(liu)量(liang)662 m3/s,設(she)有兩扇(shan)6m沐14 m平板檢修門(men)及固(gu)定式卷揚啟閉機。兩條(tiao)引(yin)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞均為圓(yuan)型鋼筋混凝土襯(chen)砌斷(duan)面,隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞埋深70一160m,內徑13.7m,1號和(he)2號引(yin)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)洞分別長(chang)620.54m和(he)493.98m。
引水隧洞(dong)末端均(jun)設有(you)一(yi)座阻抗式調壓井(jing)(jing)。調壓井(jing)(jing)高94.02m,橫斷面為復式雙圓弧(hu)型。4條壓力管道(dao)從井(jing)(jing)后接出,壓力管道(dao)直徑為8.4m,每條長140m,壓力管道(dao)埋深(shen)一(yi)般為50-80m,采 用鋼板(ban)襯砌。
岸(an)邊(bian)地面廠(chang)(chang)房(fang)由主(zhu)廠(chang)(chang)房(fang)、副廠(chang)(chang)房(fang)、變電站(zhan)和開關站(zhan)組成。主(zhu)廠(chang)(chang)房(fang)尺寸為162.5 rnx29m只55.98m(長火 寬x高(gao))。安裝4臺137.5 MW的(de)水輪發電機組。發電機層與地面齊平。4臺主(zhu)變壓器布(bu)(bu)置在(zai)廠(chang)(chang)后平臺。開關站(zhan)布(bu)(bu)置在(zai)廠(chang)(chang)房(fang)左(zuo)側(ce),中控(kong)室布(bu)(bu)置在(zai)再廠(chang)(chang)左(zuo)側(ce)安裝間(jian)(jian)和開關站(zhan)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)。
施工技術
壩體填筑施工技(ji)術
壩體填筑(zhu)前采(cai)用15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)將砂礫(li)石(shi)基礎(chu)碾(nian)(nian)壓6遍(bian)。小(xiao)區(qu)料(liao)由(you)(you)(you)鍔(e)式(shi)(shi)破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一次破(po)碎(sui)后(hou),再(zai)摻入15%~20%的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)河(he)砂;冬季施(shi)工(gong)因碾(nian)(nian)壓時(shi)(shi)不能灑水,摻25%~30%的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)破(po)碎(sui)石(shi)粉,填筑(zhu)時(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)(you)人(ren)工(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪(pu)(pu),層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)0.15 m,15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)靜碾(nian)(nian)16遍(bian)。墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)由(you)(you)(you)鍔(e)式(shi)(shi)破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)破(po)碎(sui)石(shi)料(liao),破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)規格(ge)200×400、400×600、600×900共6臺,最大(da)生產能力每(mei)班為(wei)702 m3。為(wei)滿足(zu)細(xi)(xi)顆(ke)料(liao)含(han)量要(yao)求(qiu),常溫(wen)季節摻入15%~20%天(tian)然(ran)河(he)砂。超徑(jing)(jing)石(shi)不超過(guo)(guo)(guo)3%。含(han)泥(ni)量不超過(guo)(guo)(guo)3%。人(ren)工(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪(pu)(pu)鋪(pu)(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)0.4 m,并向上游(you)側超填不大(da)于15 cm,常溫(wen)下灑水20%,15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)壓10遍(bian)。采(cai)用反擊(ji)式(shi)(shi)碎(sui)石(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)生產最大(da)粒徑(jing)(jing)為(wei)2cm的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)石(shi)料(liao),含(han)水率1.7%~2.3%,含(han)泥(ni)量極少(不超過(guo)(guo)(guo)0.5%),受凍(dong)后(hou)不易(yi)結塊,是良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)(xi)料(liao)來(lai)源。摻配比例為(wei)粗碎(sui)石(shi)∶細(xi)(xi)碎(sui)石(shi)(含(han)石(shi)粉)∶水洗砂=4∶1∶1,滿足(zu)了設計要(yao)求(qiu),解(jie)決了大(da)壩墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)冬季填筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)難題。過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)有采(cai)石(shi)場(chang)爆破(po)開(kai)采(cai),剔除大(da)于30 cm的(de)(de)(de)超徑(jing)(jing)料(liao),用4 m3電(dian)(dian)鏟及(ji)3 m3裝載機(ji)(ji)(ji)裝、15 t~20 t自卸汽車進(jin)行運(yun)輸(shu)。填筑(zhu)采(cai)用后(hou)退法(fa)(fa)卸料(liao),用180 hp推土機(ji)(ji)(ji)攤(tan)(tan)平(ping),人(ren)工(gong)配合,鋪(pu)(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)0.4m。主、次堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)料(liao)分別(bie)來(lai)自溢洪道(dao)和采(cai)石(shi)場(chang)及(ji)洞挖料(liao),由(you)(you)(you)4 m3電(dian)(dian)鏟及(ji)4 m3~6m3裝載機(ji)(ji)(ji)裝、15 t~42 t自卸汽車進(jin)行運(yun)輸(shu),進(jin)占(zhan)法(fa)(fa)卸料(liao),推土機(ji)(ji)(ji)攤(tan)(tan)平(ping),鋪(pu)(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚(hou)主堆(dui)(dui)為(wei)60 cm、80cm、次堆(dui)(dui)為(wei)100cm、120cm,15.5t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)碾(nian)(nian)壓。在(zai)實際填筑(zhu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),最大(da)日填筑(zhu)強度(du):墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)達1240m3/d,過(guo)(guo)(guo)渡層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)達1500m3/d,堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)料(liao)達14000m3/d。
面板(ban)混凝土施工技術
無軌(gui)(gui)滑模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)設(she)計(ji)制作 自(zi)行設(she)計(ji)制作無軌(gui)(gui)滑模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施,據(ju)砼(tong)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬度考(kao)慮兩種(zhong)規格(ge).滑模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施主要由滑動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、各(ge)種(zhong)專用(yong)(yong)運輸(shu)臺車、混凝土拌合運輸(shu)機(ji)具(ju)和(he)提升(sheng)運輸(shu)機(ji)具(ju)等構成(cheng).滑動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)骨架(jia)(jia)采用(yong)(yong)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)式(shi),由63.5mm×5mm鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)焊(han)制,每榀(pin)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)高0.61m,長15m(用(yong)(yong)于(yu)14 m寬面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)),桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)中心距0.4m,共4榀(pin),各(ge)榀(pin)桁(heng)架(jia)(jia)間采用(yong)(yong)系桿連接。由于(yu)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施工面積較大,考(kao)慮其抗磨耐久性,滑模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采用(yong)(yong)10mm厚鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)。滑動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)尺(chi)寸(14 cm板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)寬)為(wei)1.6 m×15m.滑動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)重(zhong)量為(wei)4.032t,滑升(sheng)時(shi)根(gen)據(ju)上浮情(qing)況加鋼(gang)(gang)筋作配重(zhong)。側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)結構采用(yong)(yong)50×5角(jiao)鋼(gang)(gang)焊(han)制成(cheng)框(kuang)架(jia)(jia),人工安拆(chai)側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)每節長2m。每套(tao)側模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)可周轉使用(yong)(yong),由布設(she)在壩頂的2臺5t卷揚機(ji)牽引,卷揚機(ji)由埋(mai)入堆石內(nei)的簡易(yi)地錨固(gu)定。
面板砼澆筑
⑴混凝土配合比:
根據面板(ban)滑(hua)模砼(tong)(tong)的(de)施工(gong)要求,大壩(ba)水(shui)泥的(de)mgo含量偏(pian)高使(shi)砼(tong)(tong)具有(you)微(wei)膨脹性,可(ke)以抵(di)消砼(tong)(tong)的(de)大部分(fen)收縮(suo)變(bian)形, sk引氣減水(shui)劑對(dui)提高砼(tong)(tong)抗(kang)凍性能(neng)效果顯著,有(you)不透(tou)水(shui)性和抗(kang)裂性,增加砼(tong)(tong)與鋼筋的(de)握裹強度(du)的(de)特(te)性。
⑵周邊(bian)縫瀝青砂墊層施(shi)工
瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)砂(sha)(sha)墊層施工(gong)分(fen)兩(liang)種(zhong):一種(zhong)是預先(xian)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)塊(kuai)(kuai),每塊(kuai)(kuai)長(chang)約30 cm,運(yun)至現場作業面(mian)(mian)安(an)裝,各塊(kuai)(kuai)間(jian)隙(xi)用熱瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)灌注;變(bian)形模量(liang)80~100mpa,瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)砂(sha)(sha)在(zai)5~37.5℃的氣溫下進行澆注不堆坡,并(bing)形成(cheng)(cheng)1∶1.4邊(bian)坡,進行了試驗.試驗初,曾(ceng)采用粉煤(mei)灰、石棉和砂(sha)(sha)摻合(he)料,把摻合(he)料改為(wei)水泥和河砂(sha)(sha)。一期面(mian)(mian)板砼(tong)(tong)施工(gong)(即高程197.5 m以下,板塊(kuai)(kuai)最大斜長(chang)81.3m),完成(cheng)(cheng)砼(tong)(tong)量(liang)18348 m3,面(mian)(mian)板面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)42008 m2,最大滑(hua)升速度(du)為(wei)4.6 m/h;二期面(mian)(mian)板砼(tong)(tong)施工(gong)(即高程197.5m~208.0m),完成(cheng)(cheng)砼(tong)(tong)量(liang)2339m3,面(mian)(mian)板面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)11492m2,最大滑(hua)升速度(du)為(wei)5.19 m/h。為(wei)滿足(zu)施工(gong)進度(du)要求,共制(zhi)做(zuo)5套(tao)(tao)滑(hua)模模具,其中14m板寬的4套(tao)(tao),7m板寬的1套(tao)(tao)。
進水口(kou)攔(lan)污柵墩砼滑模施工技(ji)術
每個(ge)進水口由(you)5個(ge)攔(lan)污(wu)柵墩(dun)組成四孔,墩(dun)間凈(jing)距6 m,邊墩(dun)和中墩(dun)斷面(mian)均為(wei)2 m×10 m,次中墩(dun)斷面(mian)均為(wei)1.4 m×10 m。為(wei)滿足截(jie)流對進水口施工形象面(mian)貌要求,每個(ge)進水口5個(ge)攔(lan)污(wu)柵墩(dun)需采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)整體(ti)同步滑(hua)模(mo),制(zhi)作一套模(mo)具可滿足兩個(ge)進水口周轉(zhuan)使用(yong)要求。根據以往滑(hua)模(mo)施工經驗,取消攔(lan)污(wu)柵槽二期砼(tong),即柵槽埋件隨(sui)滑(hua)模(mo)施工逐節安裝(zhuang)。滑(hua)模(mo)起滑(hua)在(zai)底(di)板形成后進行,砼(tong)水平(ping)運輸采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪拌(ban)運輸車.砼(tong)垂直運輸前期主要采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)地面(mian)上的30/10園筒型高(gao)架門機吊罐(guan)入(ru)倉,后期利(li)用(yong)布置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)上部高(gao)程239m路(lu)和攔(lan)污(wu)柵下游高(gao)程218.5m撐墻上的門機吊罐(guan)入(ru)倉,塔吊吊小罐(guan)輔助(zhu)作業。
調(diao)壓井井筒(tong)砼(tong)初砌滑(hua)模施工(gong)技術
每(mei)(mei)(mei)個調(diao)壓井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)斷(duan)面輪廓由園弧(hu)、直線和(he)折線組成,砼(tong)襯(chen)砌后斷(duan)面短跨×長(chang)跨約為17 m×20m。自底板(ban)高(gao)程155.08m至頂部高(gao)程250m,井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)高(gao)95m。根據(ju)1996年底首機(ji)發電對(dui)2#調(diao)壓井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)工期要(yao)求,決定井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)襯(chen)砌采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)施(shi)(shi)工方案(an)。考慮1#調(diao)壓井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)亦用(yong)(yong)(yong)此(ci)方案(an)施(shi)(shi)工,需要(yao)設(she)計制(zhi)作(zuo)一套安(an)(an)拆方便的(de)液壓滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)具。滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施(shi)(shi)主要(yao)由操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)臺、提升(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)架、圍圈(quan)、模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)、砼(tong)和(he)材料(liao)工器(qi)具運(yun)輸系統、人員上(shang)下交通系統組成.操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)臺承重(zhong)(zhong)結構(gou)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)網狀(zhuang)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)桁架式結構(gou),以減輕(qing)平(ping)(ping)臺本(ben)身自重(zhong)(zhong)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)l75×5和(he)l100×10角鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)焊制(zhi),提升(sheng)(sheng)架安(an)(an)裝兩臺千(qian)(qian)斤頂。提升(sheng)(sheng)架共82個,千(qian)(qian)斤頂140個滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)。模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)體(ti)總重(zhong)(zhong)為43t。砼(tong)水平(ping)(ping)運(yun)輸采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪拌運(yun)輸車,砼(tong)垂直運(yun)輸,由于調(diao)壓井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)從底板(ban)上(shang)開(kai)始滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng),低(di)部位阻抗板(ban)以下采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)砼(tong)泵自底洞輸送砼(tong)入倉,溜管(guan)為φ219鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)管(guan),溜管(guan)每(mei)(mei)(mei)節長(chang)2.0m,節間由法蘭連(lian)接,每(mei)(mei)(mei)節均與鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲繩連(lian)接牢固(gu)(gu),每(mei)(mei)(mei)節溜管(guan)承受荷載均傳到鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲繩上(shang),鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)絲繩錨固(gu)(gu)在井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)頂部平(ping)(ping)臺的(de)地錨上(shang)。2#調(diao)壓井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)滑(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)每(mei)(mei)(mei)升(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)1m需安(an)(an)裝鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)10t,鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)裝量大且內(nei)層水平(ping)(ping)環向鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)綁扎困難(nan),而且在高(gao)程228.5m又進行了改模(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo),對(dui)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)進度(du)有(you)一定影(ying)響(xiang)。正常(chang)滑(hua)(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)速度(du)為
蓮花水(shui)電站引(yin)水(shui)隧洞砼襯砌施工技術
2.5 m/d。
引水隧洞砼襯砌施工技術
1)邊(bian)頂拱(gong)鋼模臺車
臺(tai)車模(mo)板(ban)(ban)由(you)7節模(mo)板(ban)(ban)拼(pin)裝組成,支立(li)總長(chang)10.5m,每節模(mo)板(ban)(ban)沿環向分(fen)為5段(duan)。頂拱段(duan)為一整體鋼(gang)模(mo),兩側邊拱段(duan)均由(you)大(da)、小兩塊鋼(gang)模(mo)組成。邊頂拱砼襯砌斷面(mian)的(de)(de)中心(xin)角(jiao)為288.54°。在邊拱鋼(gang)模(mo)上設(she)置砼下料操作窗(chuang)口若干個,模(mo)板(ban)(ban)收分(fen)采用機械收分(fen)系統,利用設(she)置在頂拱模(mo)板(ban)(ban)和兩側邊拱模(mo)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)液壓千斤頂和絲杠(gang)進行收分(fen)。臺(tai)車底腳(jiao)裝有(you)可沿彎曲(qu)軌道行走(zou)的(de)(de)輪子8個,每臺(tai)鋼(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車重160 t。
2)底拱鋼模(mo)臺車
臺車模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)由6節(jie)鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)拼裝(zhuang)組成(cheng),支(zhi)立總長(chang)10.5m,每節(jie)鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)為一整塊模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),底(di)拱(gong)(gong)鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)上設(she)置下(xia)料(liao)口,6節(jie)鋼模(mo)(mo)(mo)與(yu)3根縱梁聯(lian)接(jie)形成(cheng)整體(ti)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),縱橫梁之間用絲(si)杠(gang)連接(jie),通過操作絲(si)杠(gang)起(qi)落模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),橫梁與(yu)聯(lian)系梁連接(jie),聯(lian)梁底(di)部安裝(zhuang)4個可沿軌道行走的(de)輪子,底(di)拱(gong)(gong)臺車重(zhong)20t。
3)臺車軌道及牽(qian)引動力(li)設施(shi)
邊(bian)(bian)(bian)頂拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車(che)(che)的軌(gui)道,是在開挖底板上(shang)墊碎渣或小骨料,其(qi)上(shang)鋪枕木,軌(gui)道采(cai)(cai)用qu80型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)軌(gui).底拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車(che)(che)的軌(gui)道,采(cai)(cai)用在已澆邊(bian)(bian)(bian)拱砼上(shang)預埋鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板,其(qi)上(shang)固定120工字(zi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)作(zuo)為軌(gui)道。邊(bian)(bian)(bian)頂拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車(che)(che)采(cai)(cai)用180hp推(tui)土(tu)機牽(qian)引(yin)行(xing)走。底拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)模(mo)臺(tai)車(che)(che)采(cai)(cai)用180hp推(tui)土(tu)機或1臺(tai)5t,卷(juan)揚機牽(qian)引(yin)行(xing)走。
4)砼襯砌施工
由于(yu)進入(ru)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)的(de)施工(gong)通道只有進口一(yi)條,故砼(tong)(tong)(tong)整體澆筑(zhu)施工(gong)應自內(nei)向(xiang)外(wai)進行(xing),每(mei)個澆筑(zhu)段長(chang)度為10.5m。采用(yong)先邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)拱、后底拱的(de)施工(gong)順序,每(mei)條洞(dong)(dong)(dong)邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)拱砼(tong)(tong)(tong)襯砌分(fen)幾個襯砌單元(yuan)進行(xing),自里(li)向(xiang)外(wai)逐(zhu)單元(yuan)進行(xing);每(mei)個單元(yuan)長(chang)度為10個澆筑(zhu)段左(zuo)右,各布(bu)置(zhi)兩臺(tai)邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)拱鋼模臺(tai)車,分(fen)別布(bu)置(zhi)在(zai)端部,一(yi)臺(tai)鋼筋臺(tai)車布(bu)置(zhi)在(zai)兩臺(tai)邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)鋼模臺(tai)車之間。砼(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)采用(yong)6m3砼(tong)(tong)(tong)攪拌運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)車運(yun)(yun)入(ru)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)至(zhi)90m3/h砼(tong)(tong)(tong)泵車,由砼(tong)(tong)(tong)泵車壓(ya)送砼(tong)(tong)(tong)入(ru)倉。用(yong)回彈(dan)儀在(zai)環縫砼(tong)(tong)(tong)上進行(xing)測試,控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度達(da)45kg/cm2以上進行(xing)脫(tuo)模。一(yi)般需要18~24h達(da)到脫(tuo)模強(qiang)度.采用(yong)上述施工(gong)工(gong)藝,隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)襯砌月進尺達(da)105m,保(bao)證了隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)施工(gong)形象面貌的(de)按(an)期實現。
安全監測
介紹
蓮花水電站大壩安全(quan)監測(ce)系統由東北勘測(ce)設計研(yan)究院設計。大、二壩內部(bu)觀測(ce)儀器埋設和外部(bu)觀測(ce)測(ce)點澆筑隨壩體施(shi)工(gong)同步(bu)進行(xing)(xing),從1993年開始,到1997年結束。大壩安全(quan)監測(ce)以變形、滲(shen)流為主,應力(li)應變為輔;施(shi)工(gong)期和運行(xing)(xing)期監測(ce)兼(jian)顧。
項目
⑴變形監測:包括大、二壩(ba)壩(ba)體表面水平、垂(chui)直位(wei)移;大壩(ba)壩(ba)體內部水平、垂(chui)直位(wei)移;砼面板板間(jian)縫、周邊(bian)縫開合度及面板撓曲變形監測。
⑵滲(shen)流(liu)監測:包括大壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)體滲(shen)透壓力;大、二壩(ba)(ba)滲(shen)流(liu)量和繞(rao)壩(ba)(ba)滲(shen)流(liu)監測。
⑶應力應變監(jian)測:包括大壩(ba)砼(tong)面板應力應變和溫度監(jian)測。
系統布置
1、基點網
蓮花電(dian)站水(shui)平(ping)位移(yi)監(jian)測基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—邊角網(wang)(wang),由壩區內的13個點(dian)(dian)組成,采(cai)用(yong)T2002+DI2002全站儀按國家(jia)一等三角精(jing)(jing)度(du)施測;垂直(zhi)(zhi)位移(yi)監(jian)測基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—精(jing)(jing)密水(shui)準(zhun)網(wang)(wang),由壩下游區的26個點(dian)(dian)組成,采(cai)用(yong)NI002A精(jing)(jing)密水(shui)準(zhun)儀和銦瓦(wa)水(shui)準(zhun)尺按國家(jia)一等水(shui)準(zhun)精(jing)(jing)度(du)施測。電(dian)站大(da)壩、二壩、溢洪道等建筑物的水(shui)平(ping)、垂直(zhi)(zhi)位移(yi)觀測均以上述網(wang)(wang)作為基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。
2、大(da)、二壩監(jian)測系(xi)統布(bu)置(zhi)
⑴大、二壩壩體表面變形監測(ce)
蓮花(hua)大壩(ba)(ba)(混凝土(tu)面(mian)板(ban)堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)面(mian)板(ban)、防浪墻頂(ding)(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)公路(lu)下游(you)側(ce)、馬道(dao)(dao)及進(jin)(jin)廠公路(lu)上(shang)游(you)側(ce)平行(xing)(xing)于壩(ba)(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)五排總計52個水(shui)平位(wei)移(yi)永久(jiu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian);在(zai)壩(ba)(ba)下游(you)坡(po)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室旁(pang)還有(you)6個測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)。二壩(ba)(ba)(粘土(tu)心墻砂礫石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)上(shang)游(you)坡(po)、防浪墻頂(ding)(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)公路(lu)下游(you)側(ce)及馬道(dao)(dao)處平行(xing)(xing)于壩(ba)(ba)軸(zhou)線(xian)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)四排總計13個水(shui)平位(wei)移(yi)永久(jiu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面(mian)水(shui)平位(wei)移(yi)利用邊(bian)角(jiao)網做為工(gong)(gong)作基(ji)點(dian),采(cai)用邊(bian)角(jiao)交會或邊(bian)長(chang)交會法(fa),應(ying)用T2002+DI2002按二等三角(jiao)精度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面(mian)垂直位(wei)移(yi)永久(jiu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)與水(shui)平位(wei)移(yi)永久(jiu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)在(zai)同一測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)墩上(shang)。壩(ba)(ba)體表(biao)面(mian)垂直位(wei)移(yi)利用精密水(shui)準(zhun)網做為工(gong)(gong)作基(ji)點(dian),組(zu)成閉(bi)合或附合水(shui)準(zhun)路(lu)線(xian),應(ying)用NI002A精密水(shui)準(zhun)儀(yi)和銦瓦水(shui)準(zhun)尺(chi)按二等水(shui)準(zhun)精度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。
⑵大(da)壩壩體內部變形監測(ce)
取大(da)壩兩個(ge)典型斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)0+170樁(zhuang)(zhuang)號(hao)(hao)(最大(da)壩高(gao)(gao)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian))和0+496樁(zhuang)(zhuang)號(hao)(hao)(地質(zhi)條件(jian)復雜斷面(mian)(mian)(mian))做為(wei)大(da)壩壩體(ti)內部(bu)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)、垂(chui)直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)的(de)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)。在每個(ge)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)壩下游坡▽180m、▽192m和▽205m三個(ge)高(gao)(gao)程處布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)6個(ge)內部(bu)變(bian)形觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi),室(shi)內布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)和垂(chui)直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)總計(ji)各24個(ge)。水(shui)平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)和垂(chui)直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)同(tong)組布(bu)(bu)置(zhi),同(tong)一層測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)主(zhu)堆石體(ti)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)為(wei)主(zhu),每層都在過渡料與墊層料之(zhi)間布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)一個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian),以(yi)此點(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)代表面(mian)(mian)(mian)板位(wei)(wei)移(yi),兼測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)(mian)(mian)板撓度。水(shui)平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采用引張線式水(shui)平(ping)(ping)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)計(ji),垂(chui)直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)采用水(shui)管式沉降儀。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)外(wai)設內外(wai)部(bu)聯系測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)6個(ge),觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)自身位(wei)(wei)移(yi),以(yi)便換算出(chu)壩體(ti)內部(bu)各測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)絕對位(wei)(wei)移(yi)。
⑶大壩面(mian)板(ban)板(ban)間縫、周邊縫變形(xing)監(jian)測
在靠(kao)近兩岸壩肩部位的(de)(de)(de)張性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區域,各布置2支測縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測面(mian)(mian)板張性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)開度大小;在河床部位的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區域,布置1支測縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測面(mian)(mian)板壓(ya)性(xing)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)閉(bi)合度大小。為觀(guan)測周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)三向位移,在河床及(ji)兩岸的(de)(de)(de)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)共布置9組三向測縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測垂(chui)直于(yu)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)開合、平行(xing)于(yu)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)(de)滑(hua)移及(ji)垂(chui)直于(yu)面(mian)(mian)板的(de)(de)(de)沉(chen)降。
⑷大、二壩滲流監測(ce)
在大(da)壩最大(da)壩高斷面(0+170樁號)建基(ji)面靠近(jin)上游趾板帷幕后布置4支滲(shen)壓計,用(yong)來觀測壩基(ji)滲(shen)透壓力。在二(er)壩0+072剖面,布置12支鋼弦式滲(shen)壓計,用(yong)以觀測壩體浸(jin)潤線(xian)。
在(zai)(zai)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)游離壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線145m,利用原有下(xia)游圍堰,采用高噴灌(guan)漿(jiang)形成一道(dao)阻水(shui)(shui)幕。在(zai)(zai)下(xia)游圍堰0+265樁號設(she)(she)一座(zuo)三(san)角形量(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰,觀測大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的總滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)。利用二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)游壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)腳(jiao)處的濾水(shui)(shui)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)址(zhi)做排(pai)水(shui)(shui)溝,在(zai)(zai)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)游樁號1+052處設(she)(she)一座(zuo)三(san)角形量(liang)水(shui)(shui)堰,觀測二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的地表滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)。通過(guo)在(zai)(zai)河(he)床中埋設(she)(she)測壓管來測定二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)基(ji)的滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)右岸(an)山(shan)(shan)體(ti)布(bu)設(she)(she)7孔(kong)(kong),大(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)之(zhi)間山(shan)(shan)體(ti)布(bu)設(she)(she)2孔(kong)(kong),二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)左岸(an)山(shan)(shan)體(ti)布(bu)設(she)(she)9孔(kong)(kong)。對大(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)兩岸(an)山(shan)(shan)體(ti)繞壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)滲(shen)(shen)流量(liang)進行(xing)監測,以(yi)此判斷山(shan)(shan)體(ti)的穩(wen)定性(xing),為壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)安全運行(xing)提供依據。
⑸大壩面板(ban)應力(li)應變監測(ce)
在(zai)面(mian)板上選擇有代(dai)表性的部(bu)位布置應變(bian)計(ji)、鋼筋計(ji)和無應力計(ji);在(zai)靠(kao)近周邊縫的部(bu)位布置三向應變(bian)計(ji)組,用于觀測面(mian)板的平面(mian)應力狀態。
自動化狀況
蓮花水(shui)電站(zhan)大壩安全監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)統自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化分兩部(bu)分:一是內(nei)(nei)部(bu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化,包括除位移監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)之外的所有監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)項目(mu);二是外部(bu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化,指大、二壩表面變形(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化系(xi)統。內(nei)(nei)部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化系(xi)統由東北(bei)勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設計(ji)研究院設計(ji)并施工(gong),目(mu)前(qian)此項目(mu)還未(wei)完(wan)工(gong),僅能進行數據自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化采(cai)集。外部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化系(xi)統采(cai)用(yong)徠卡測(ce)(ce)(ce)量機器人(ren)進行自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),該項目(mu)正在(zai)建設中,預計(ji)將(jiang)于今年6月(yue)投(tou)入使(shi)用(yong)。
1、內部(bu)監測自動(dong)化
大壩(ba)面(mian)板板間縫(feng)、周(zhou)邊縫(feng)變形監測(ce);面(mian)板應力應變監測(ce);大、二壩(ba)滲流監測(ce)均在自動化監測(ce)系統中(zhong)。在原測(ce)點(dian)處布置測(ce)量控制單元(yuan)(MCU),通過通訊電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)引至副廠房工(gong)作(zuo)室,接(jie)收(shou)上位機指令,選(xuan)擇(ze)測(ce)點(dian),采集(ji)(ji)傳感器(qi)信(xin)號。按設計將形成一個具備數(shu)(shu)據分析(xi)處理和遠程監控的自動化系統,目前(qian)剛(gang)開(kai)發到數(shu)(shu)據采集(ji)(ji)階段。數(shu)(shu)據采集(ji)(ji)系統初步運行已近兩(liang)年(nian),其間被雷電(dian)(dian)擊壞兩(liang)次,說明采集(ji)(ji)設備防(fang)雷措施需加強。另(ling)外(wai),由(you)于(yu)壩(ba)址地(di)處高寒地(di)區,冬季低(di)溫對(dui)系統正常運行也有(you)一定影響(xiang)。
2、外部監測自動化
利(li)用(yong)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)下游L4和(he)L6兩基點做自動(dong)化(hua)監(jian)測(ce)測(ce)站(zhan),分別放置一臺徠(lai)卡TCA2003全站(zhan)儀(yi)(被廠家(jia)稱為測(ce)量機器人),在大、二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)后原(yuan)測(ce)點固定棱鏡,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)邊長或邊角交會法觀(guan)測(ce),從而求得(de)測(ce)點坐標。觀(guan)測(ce)過程(cheng)中利(li)用(yong)大、二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頭基點L8、L9和(he)L10作(zuo)為參考點,進行(xing)溫度和(he)氣(qi)壓(ya)改(gai)正。除(chu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)前(qian)15個測(ce)點外(wai),其余(yu)56個測(ce)點均與(yu)自動(dong)化(hua)測(ce)站(zhan)通視,這(zhe)足以反映(ying)出壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)的(de)整體(ti)位移(yi)。另外(wai),也可(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)人工觀(guan)測(ce)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)前(qian)測(ce)點與(yu)自動(dong)化(hua)觀(guan)測(ce)其余(yu)測(ce)點相(xiang)結合的(de)半自動(dong)化(hua)方案。TCA2003機載(zai)軟件可(ke)完成水平角、垂直角和(he)斜(xie)距(ju)的(de)野外(wai)觀(guan)測(ce)記(ji)錄工作(zuo),觀(guan)測(ce)中能自動(dong)檢查各(ge)種限差。TCA2003可(ke)與(yu)計算機相(xiang)聯(lian),實現采(cai)(cai)集(ji)控制和(he)數據傳輸、整理自動(dong)化(hua);遠期目(mu)標在牡丹江(jiang)進行(xing)遠程(cheng)控制。