冀魯官(guan)話(hua)(hua)是北(bei)方(fang)官(guan)話(hua)(hua)的一種,屬于(yu)漢語(yu)官(guan)話(hua)(hua)方(fang)言的一個分(fen)支,分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)河北(bei)省大部(bu)、天津市大部(bu)、山東省西北(bei)部(bu)以及北(bei)京(jing)市平谷區(qu)、山西省廣靈縣和內蒙古寧城縣,使用人(ren)口約9000余萬。
大致可(ke)分為三個片(pian)(pian):石(shi)濟片(pian)(pian)、保唐片(pian)(pian)、滄惠片(pian)(pian)。可(ke)再細(xi)分為十二個小片(pian)(pian)。
冀魯官(guan)話(hua)區主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)特點是大都有(you)陰平(ping)、陽平(ping)、上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、去聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四個聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)調(diao),古(gu)平(ping)上去三聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)濁音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)演變情況各地(di)基本(ben)相同。即(ji)古(gu)平(ping)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清(qing)音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陰平(ping),濁音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陽平(ping);古(gu)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清(qing)音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)次濁聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);古(gu)上聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)全濁聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)古(gu)去聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)去聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng);古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)次濁聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)去聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),全濁聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)今(jin)(jin)讀(du)陽平(ping)。冀魯官(guan)話(hua)和(he)(he)北(bei)京官(guan)話(hua)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)差別在于古(gu)入聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)清(qing)音(yin)聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)(mu)(mu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)今(jin)(jin)調(diao)類和(he)(he)今(jin)(jin)四聲(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)調(diao)值。
夏(xia)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),今華(hua)北(bei)平原(yuan)西(xi)部為華(hua)夏(xia)族(zu)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部為諸多(duo)華(hua)夏(xia)化很深的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)夷(yi)。商(shang)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),商(shang)完全(quan)華(hua)夏(xia)化,諸多(duo)東(dong)(dong)(dong)夷(yi)華(hua)夏(xia)化程度也加深。西(xi)周時(shi)(shi)期(qi),齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)和(he)魯國(guo)的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)(dong)夷(yi)被華(hua)夏(xia)化,分別操(cao)齊(qi)(qi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(周族(zu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)與東(dong)(dong)(dong)夷(yi)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)融合(he))華(hua)北(bei)平原(yuan)西(xi)部的(de)(de)華(hua)夏(xia)部落操(cao)趙(zhao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)一(yi)(yi)燕方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(黃(huang)帝(di)語(yu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)),但這些(xie)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)差(cha)異就如同福州(zhou)話(hua)(hua)一(yi)(yi)閩(min)南(nan)話(hua)(hua)、贛語(yu)一(yi)(yi)客語(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)差(cha)別一(yi)(yi)樣大戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi),諸侯混戰,齊(qi)(qi)、魯、趙(zhao)、燕方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)受(shou)了中原(yuan)官話(hua)(hua)河南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(雅言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))和(he)秦(qin)晉方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)影(ying)響逐(zhu)漸趨于(yu)統(tong)一(yi)(yi),秦(qin)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)齊(qi)(qi)魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)已完全(quan)融合(he)趨同。黃(huang)巾之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)、永(yong)嘉之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan),華(hua)北(bei)內部人口(kou)流動頻繁,齊(qi)(qi)魯方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、趙(zhao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、燕東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)也越來越混化。北(bei)宋定都(dou)開封,汴洛音(yin)獨(du)得天下之(zhi)(zhi)正。此時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)齊(qi)(qi)魯、趙(zhao)、燕東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)都(dou)正好處于(yu)京都(dou)邊緣(yuan)地區,共同的(de)(de)地理形勢和(he)經濟狀況(kuang)為華(hua)北(bei)平原(yuan)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)提(ti)供了融合(he)的(de)(de)機會,冀魯官話(hua)(hua)形成。
至于(yu)北(bei)京(jing)官(guan)話獨立(li)于(yu)冀(ji)魯官(guan)話,那完全是北(bei)京(jing)一(yi)帶一(yi)直是東胡漢(han)族(zu)雜居(ju),并受遼金兩(liang)代長期首都性統治(zhi)有關(guan)。元(yuan)明(ming)時期,冀(ji)魯人向(xiang)天津、北(bei)京(jing)市平谷縣、唐山、秦(qin)皇(huang)島移民,擴大了冀(ji)魯官(guan)話分布面積。
冀魯官話分為(wei)4個(ge)片(pian),13個(ge)小片(pian),共(gong)有162個(ge)方(fang)言點,各(ge)片(pian)的分布范圍如下(xia):
共66個(ge)縣市,分(fen)布在河北省(sheng)和山(shan)東省(sheng),總(zong)人口約(yue)3880.5萬人,總(zong)面積約(yue)61566.5平方公里(li)。下(xia)面再分(fen)為(wei)3個(ge)小片。
1.邢(xing)衡小片 14個縣市(shi)
河北省:邢(xing)臺市、邢(xing)臺縣(xian)、柏(bo)鄉縣(xian)、巨(ju)鹿縣(xian)、臨城縣(xian)、隆堯縣(xian)、南宮市、內(nei)丘縣(xian)、平(ping)鄉縣(xian)、任(ren)縣(xian)、新河縣(xian)
衡(heng)水(shui)市、冀州區(qu)、棗強縣
2.趙深小片(pian) 19個縣市
河北省(sheng):安平縣(xian)(xian)、藁城區、高邑縣(xian)(xian)、井陘縣(xian)(xian)、晉州市、欒城區、寧晉縣(xian)(xian)、饒陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)、深澤(ze)縣(xian)(xian)、深州市、石家莊(zhuang)市、無極縣(xian)(xian)、武(wu)強(qiang)縣(xian)(xian)、武(wu)邑縣(xian)(xian)、行唐縣(xian)(xian)、辛集市、新樂市、趙縣(xian)(xian)、正定縣(xian)(xian)
3.聊泰小片 33個縣(xian)市(shi)
河北省(sheng):廣平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)、廣宗(zong)縣(xian)(xian)、館陶縣(xian)(xian)、故城縣(xian)(xian)、臨西縣(xian)(xian)、清河縣(xian)(xian)、邱縣(xian)(xian)、曲(qu)周(zhou)縣(xian)(xian)、威縣(xian)(xian)、吳(wu)橋縣(xian)(xian)
山東省:主(zhu)指(zhi)桓(huan)臺和章丘(qiu)一帶方言(yan)
茌平(ping)區(qu)(qu)、德州市(shi)(shi)、東阿縣(xian)、肥城市(shi)(shi)、高唐縣(xian)、冠縣(xian)、濟(ji)南(nan)市(shi)(shi)、原(yuan)萊蕪市(shi)(shi)(萊城區(qu)(qu)、鋼城區(qu)(qu))、聊城市(shi)(shi)、陵(ling)縣(xian)、臨清市(shi)(shi)、蒙陰縣(xian)、平(ping)陰縣(xian)、齊河(he)縣(xian)、莘縣(xian)中北部(莘縣(xian)南(nan)部屬中原(yuan)官話區(qu)(qu)),泰(tai)安市(shi)(shi)、武城縣(xian)、夏津縣(xian)、新泰(tai)市(shi)(shi)、沂南(nan)縣(xian)、沂源(yuan)縣(xian)、禹(yu)城市(shi)(shi)、淄(zi)博(bo)(bo)市(shi)(shi)、博(bo)(bo)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)、淄(zi)川區(qu)(qu)、桓臺(tai)縣(xian)
共有(you)52個縣市(shi)區,分(fen)布(bu)在北(bei)京市(shi)、天津(jin)市(shi)、河(he)北(bei)省和(he)山西省。總人口約2632萬人,總面積約64537平方公(gong)里(li)。下(xia)面再(zai)分(fen)為6個小(xiao)片:
1.淶阜小(xiao)片 5個(ge)縣(xian)
山西省:廣靈縣
河(he)北省:阜平縣淶源縣曲陽(yang)縣、蔚縣
2.定(ding)霸小片 24個縣區市
河北省:安(an)國(guo)市(shi)、保定(ding)(ding)市(shi)(蓮池區、競秀(xiu)區、滿城(cheng)區、清(qing)苑(yuan)區、徐水(shui)區)、霸州(zhou)市(shi)、博野(ye)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、大(da)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、定(ding)(ding)興(xing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、定(ding)(ding)州(zhou)市(shi)、高(gao)碑店市(shi)、高(gao)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、淶水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、蠡縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、雄縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、安(an)新(xin)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、容城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、順(shun)平縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、唐(tang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、望都縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、文安(an)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、易縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、永清(qing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)
天津市:靜海區
3.天津小片
天(tian)津市區(qu)內部方言(yan)很不一致。天(tian)津小片指的是以舊城區(qu)為(wei)中心(xin)的老天(tian)津話。分布的大(da)致范圍是:西邊(bian)從(cong)曹(cao)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)起,沿津浦線(xian)到東(dong)邊(bian)的徐莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)、趙莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi).再向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)經(jing)貴莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、蘆(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)、南(nan)(nan)馬集到南(nan)(nan)端(duan)的大(da)韓莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),再向(xiang)西北(bei)經(jing)大(da)蘆(lu)北(bei)口、卞莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、邢莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)回(hui)到曹(cao)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)子(zi)(zi)。
4.薊遵(zun)小片 18個縣(xian)市(shi)區
北京市:平谷區
天津市:寶坻區、薊(ji)州區、寧(ning)河(he)區、漢(han)沽區
河北省(sheng):興隆縣、寬城西(xi)(xi)南(nan)、唐(tang)山市(shi)(豐(feng)潤區(qu)(qu)、豐(feng)南(nan)區(qu)(qu)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)、古冶區(qu)(qu)大部(bu)、路(lu)南(nan)區(qu)(qu)、路(lu)北區(qu)(qu)、開平區(qu)(qu))、玉田縣、遵化市(shi)、遷安市(shi)灤河以(yi)西(xi)(xi)、遷西(xi)(xi)縣、灤州市(shi)九百戶鎮以(yi)西(xi)(xi)。
5.灤昌小片(pian) 8個(ge)縣區
河北省:昌黎縣(xian)、樂亭縣(xian)、灤(luan)州市大(da)部、灤(luan)南(nan)縣(xian)、豐(feng)南(nan)區中東部、曹妃甸(dian)區、盧龍縣(xian)南(nan)部、古冶一小(xiao)部
6.撫(fu)龍小片 9個縣(xian)市
河(he)北(bei)省:秦皇島(dao)市(shi)(海(hai)港區、山(shan)海(hai)關區、北(bei)戴(dai)河(he)區、撫寧區)、盧龍(long)北(bei)半縣、青龍(long)滿族自治縣、寬城東部、遷安(an)市(shi)灤(luan)河(he)以東不含(han)遷安(an)鎮(zhen)、灤(luan)州(zhou)市(shi)油榨鎮(zhen)。
共44個(ge)縣市區,分布(bu)在河北省和山東省。總(zong)人口約2430萬人,總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積約53580平方公(gong)里。下面(mian)(mian)再(zai)分為4個(ge)小片。
1.黃樂小片(pian) 24個縣區市
河北(bei)省:泊頭(tou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、滄(cang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、滄(cang)州市(shi)(shi)(shi)、東(dong)光縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、阜(fu)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、海(hai)興縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、河間市(shi)(shi)(shi)、黃驊(hua)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、景(jing)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、孟村回(hui)族自治(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、南皮(pi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、青縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、任(ren)丘(qiu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)、肅寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、獻縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、鹽山縣(xian)(xian)(xian)
山東(dong)省:樂陵市(shi)、臨邑縣(xian)(xian)、寧津(jin)縣(xian)(xian)、平原(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)、慶云縣(xian)(xian)、商河(he)縣(xian)(xian)、無棣縣(xian)(xian)、濱州沾化區
2.陽壽小片(pian) 13個縣區市
山(shan)東省(sheng):濱(bin)州市、博興縣(xian)、昌樂縣(xian)、東營市、河口區、廣饒(rao)縣(xian)、惠民縣(xian)、墾利縣(xian)、壽光市、陽信縣(xian)
3.莒照小片
4.章桓小片
保唐片:清入(ru)多歸陰平上聲(sheng)(sheng);只有(you)唐縣(xian)、順(shun)平、曲陽三(san)地清入(ru)多歸上聲(sheng)(sheng)。調值(zhi)接近北京,尤其是上聲(sheng)(sheng),一(yi)般都是降(jiang)升調。一(yi)般不分尖團(tuan)。影疑母(mu)開(kai)口呼(hu)洪音一(yi)般有(you)聲(sheng)(sheng)母(mu)[n],少數為[?]。
石濟片:清入多(duo)歸陰平;一般上聲讀(du)高(平)調,去聲低降(jiang),陽平高降(jiang);知(zhi)系字(zi)合一不分;影疑母開口(kou)呼洪音有鼻音,一般為[?]。
滄惠片(pian):清入多歸陰平;一般陰平讀低降(jiang)升,陽平高降(jiang),上聲高平,去聲低降(jiang);影疑母(mu)開口(kou)呼洪音有聲母(mu)[?]。
章利(li)片:清(qing)入基本(ben)獨立成調。地(di)域較小,不(bu)再細分(fen)。除利(li)津(jin)外,其他地(di)點陽平與(yu)上(shang)聲同調。山東(dong)(7):章丘、桓臺(tai)、鄒平、利(li)津(jin)、高青、淄博(張店區、周村區)
《中(zhong)國語(yu)(yu)言地圖(tu)集》中(zhong)滄(cang)惠(hui)片亦含莒照小片(含莒縣(xian)、莒南、日照三縣(xian)市),《漢語(yu)(yu)官話(hua)方言研究》改歸膠遼官話(hua)。章利片在《地圖(tu)集》中(zhong)是屬(shu)滄(cang)惠(hui)片的(de)章桓小片,《研究》中(zhong)則另立成(cheng)片。
各分支調值的差異
大片(pian) 小片(pian) 代表(biao)點 陰平 陽平 上聲 去聲 陰入
保唐片(pian) 淶(lai)(lai)阜小片(pian) 淶(lai)(lai)源話 55 24 213 51 -
定霸(ba)小(xiao)片 保定話 34 22 214 51 -
薊遵小(xiao)片 唐山(shan)話 34 322 213 51 -
灤(luan)昌(chang)小片(pian) 昌(chang)黎話 32 13 213 55 -
撫(fu)龍小片 撫(fu)寧話 33 35 214 51 -
石(shi)濟片 趙深小(xiao)片 石(shi)家莊話 23 53 55 31 -
邢(xing)衡小片 邢(xing)臺話 213 53 55 31 -
聊泰小片 濟南話(hua) 213 42 55 21 -
滄惠片 黃樂小(xiao)片 滄州話 213 55 31 -
陽壽小片 壽光話 213 53 55 21 -
章利片(pian) 利津(jin)話 213 53 55 21 44
屬于冀魯官話的方言
(只列舉部分)
保唐片
淶阜小片
-淶(lai)源(yuan)方言(保定(ding)市淶(lai)源(yuan)縣)
定霸小片
-保定話(保定市)
薊遵小片
-唐山話(唐山市)
灤昌小片
-昌黎話(秦皇島市昌黎縣(xian))
撫龍小片
-撫(fu)寧方言(yan)(秦皇島市撫(fu)寧區)
石濟片
趙深小片
-石(shi)家莊方言(石(shi)家莊市)
-晉(jin)州話(石(shi)家莊市晉(jin)州市)
邢衡小片
-邢臺話(邢臺市)
-衡水話(衡水市)
聊泰小片
-濟南話(濟南市)
-平陰(yin)方言(濟南市平陰(yin)縣)
-聊城話(聊城市)
-泰安話(泰安市)
-肥(fei)城(cheng)話(泰安市(shi)肥(fei)城(cheng)市(shi))
-新泰(tai)話(泰(tai)安市(shi)新泰(tai)市(shi))
-德(de)州話(hua)(德(de)州市(shi)德(de)城區)
-萊蕪方言(yan)(濟南市(shi)萊蕪區)
滄惠片
黃樂小片
-樂(le)陵(ling)方言(德州市樂(le)陵(ling)市)
陽壽小片
-陽(yang)信(xin)方言(濱州市陽(yang)信(xin)縣)
-壽光話(濰坊(fang)市(shi)壽光市(shi))
章利片
-高(gao)青方言(淄博(bo)市高(gao)青縣)
-淄(zi)博話(淄(zi)博市(shi)張店(dian)區、周村區)