發掘歷程
商(shang)代晚期至(zhi)春秋時期,南陵(ling)的先(xian)民們(men)在(zai)牯(gu)牛(niu)山興(xing)(xing)建(jian)了(le)一(yi)座(zuo)古(gu)城(cheng)(現(xian)籍山鎮先(xian)進村),他們(men)在(zai)此創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)當時輝煌,寫下一(yi)頁燦(can)爛(lan)的南陵(ling)古(gu)文明(ming)。“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”是人工歷經數十年(nian)乃(nai)至(zhi)數百年(nian)堆建(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)的高臺地,逐(zhu)而(er)(er)建(jian)成(cheng)一(yi)座(zuo)布局合理、規模(mo)宏大的古(gu)城(cheng)。它(ta)形(xing)似浮(fu)在(zai)水(shui)中的牯(gu)牛(niu),故而(er)(er)稱之“牯(gu)牛(niu)山”。先(xian)民們(men)充分利用了(le)本地水(shui)資源優勢(shi),“以(yi)水(shui)為路,以(yi)船代車,以(yi)橋相連(lian)”,興(xing)(xing)建(jian)了(le)古(gu)城(cheng),古(gu)城(cheng)亦叫“水(shui)城(cheng)”。它(ta)面積約七十萬平方米(mi)。如此規模(mo)及(ji)布局的古(gu)城(cheng)在(zai)當時可謂大城(cheng)市了(le)。
1984年全(quan)縣文(wen)物(wu)普查時發現(xian)了(le)牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)以后(hou),立即引起了(le)中外考(kao)古(gu)(gu)界專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)、學者的(de)關注,先(xian)后(hou)有北京大(da)學、上海博物(wu)館、南京博物(wu)院、中國(guo)(guo)科(ke)技(ji)大(da)學、東南大(da)學、華東師(shi)大(da)、安徽(hui)大(da)學等(deng)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)單位的(de)百余名知名專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)和德國(guo)(guo)、日本、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)、美國(guo)(guo)、等(deng)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)及臺灣(wan)的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)學者來陵參觀(guan)、考(kao)察古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)。中央電視臺以及省、市、縣電視臺曾對牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發掘情況進行多次報(bao)道,蕪湖市電視臺還制作(zuo)了(le)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)專(zhuan)(zhuan)題宣傳(chuan)片。省文(wen)物(wu)研究(jiu)部門(men)將牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)列入重點考(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)課題。安徽(hui)大(da)學、東南大(da)學將其作(zuo)為(wei)本科(ke)生考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發掘實習地。
1996年(nian)至1997年(nian)省(sheng)文物(wu)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研究所(suo)和上海華東(dong)師范(fan)大學遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)實驗室(shi)與省(sheng)地(di)(di)質遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)應用(yong)中(zhong)心(xin)聯合利用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)技術對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址進(jin)(jin)行(xing)全面的調查,發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)輪廓(kuo)清晰(xi)(xi)的古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址,并(bing)對航空遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)照片進(jin)(jin)行(xing)解譯,繪制出位置圖。這也(ye)是安(an)徽境內首(shou)次利用(yong)遙(yao)(yao)感(gan)技術開(kai)(kai)展考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)調查。1998年(nian)經(jing)國家文物(wu)局批準,省(sheng)文物(wu)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研究所(suo)與南陵縣文物(wu)管理所(suo)對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)首(shou)次發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)。通(tong)(tong)過考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue),出土(tu)了陶器(qi)、原始(shi)瓷器(qi)和石器(qi)、冶(ye)煉銅(tong)渣等百余件,標本(ben)數(shu)百件,器(qi)類主要有(you)鼎、鬲、豆、釜、甗、罐、盂、盆等,從器(qi)形(xing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析,它們(men)具有(you)鮮明的地(di)(di)域特征,可以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)獨(du)立的考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文化類型——“牯牛山文化”,同時它又與周(zhou)圍各種文化有(you)著千絲萬縷的聯系。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian),古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由四(si)(si)個(ge)高(gao)臺地(di)(di)組成(cheng)(cheng),四(si)(si)周(zhou)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布著四(si)(si)條水道(dao)(dao)(即護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)),西南有(you)進(jin)(jin)水口,東(dong)北有(you)出水口,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)規則的長(chang)方形(xing),長(chang)約900米(mi),寬約750米(mi)。最(zui)(zui)高(gao)最(zui)(zui)大的臺地(di)(di)為主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)(fen),其(qi)余為輔助城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。每個(ge)臺地(di)(di)之間(jian)有(you)水道(dao)(dao)隔開(kai)(kai),索橋相(xiang)(xiang)連,水道(dao)(dao)與外(wai)圍護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)相(xiang)(xiang)通(tong)(tong)。護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)寬約20-50米(mi),雖然(ran)歷經(jing)數(shu)千年(nian)的滄桑(sang),部分(fen)(fen)(fen)河(he)段已(yi)經(jing)淤(yu)塞,但大部護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)至今仍(reng)為河(he)道(dao)(dao)或水塘,至今護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)與古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原貌輪廓(kuo)仍(reng)然(ran)清晰(xi)(xi)可見(jian)。
古城狀況
古城(cheng)四周有人工堆建的夯土(tu)城(cheng)垣,至今仍有殘垣保存。城(cheng)內有大量的紅燒土(tu)和(he)煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)、制陶遺跡以(yi)及生(sheng)活遺跡,文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)層(ceng)厚2-3米之間,其文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)內涵十分豐(feng)富(fu)。除此(ci)之外,還發現了(le)炭化(hua)了(le)的稻(dao)谷(gu)、稻(dao)草(cao)以(yi)及打漁使用的網墜(zhui)等(deng)(deng)。證明了(le)居住(zhu)在牯牛(niu)山(shan)古城(cheng)的先民們依靠種(zhong)植(zhi)水稻(dao)等(deng)(deng)農(nong)業和(he)捕(bu)魚業為生(sheng)計,同時還熟練掌(zhang)握高溫燒制耐用的印紋(wen)硬(ying)陶器(qi)技術(shu),也能冶(ye)煉(lian)冰銅(tong)(tong)和(he)鑄(zhu)造出精美(mei)的青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)部門已在本(ben)縣境(jing)內征集了(le)四十余件(jian)春秋以(yi)前(qian)的青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)物(wu)(wu),其數量和(he)質量是皖南(nan)(nan)其他市、縣所不具(ju)有的,其中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)陵文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)部門收藏的春秋青銅(tong)(tong)龍耳尊就是本(ben)地代表青銅(tong)(tong)器(qi),此(ci)尊為國家一(yi)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu),列(lie)入中(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)(wen)明文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)精品系列(lie)。
筆(bi)者參加牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)工(gong)(gong)作,接(jie)待過(guo)(guo)多(duo)位(wei)(wei)知(zhi)名專家,聽(ting)取他們(men)對(dui)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看(kan)法,又根據已出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、標本(ben)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及各方資料分析(xi),筆(bi)者以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建立與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)陵(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源有著(zhu)必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系。牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)是在(zai)商(shang)代(dai)(dai)晚期(qi)原(yuan)始聚(ju)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),逐(zhu)步(bu)發展成一處(chu)(chu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。由于南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)陵(ling)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興起,統治者為(wei)了(le)加強對(dui)其管(guan)理,牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)成為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)采冶(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政管(guan)理機(ji)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)所在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。春秋中(zhong)期(qi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)已成為(wei)長江(jiang)(jiang)下(xia)游南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)岸最重要(yao)戰(zhan)略(lve)要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)之一,是本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治、經濟、軍事中(zhong)心(xin),并發揮了(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射功能(neng)。從(cong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)平原(yuan)與(yu)丘陵(ling)過(guo)(guo)渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶,攻能(neng)進(jin),守能(neng)退,是控制(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)下(xia)往來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉之地(di)(di)(di)(di),位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)分優越(yue);從(cong)交通(tong)(tong)(tong)運輸途徑來(lai)(lai)看(kan),在(zai)遙感解譯圖上(shang)得知(zhi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)漳(zhang)河從(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)河穿過(guo)(guo),經繁(fan)昌流入長江(jiang)(jiang),而(er)(er)漳(zhang)河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)游支流峨嶺(ling)河從(cong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)西(xi)周至春秋大(da)(da)(da)(da)型冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)木(mu)沖(chong)遺(yi)址西(xi)側流過(guo)(guo),因此古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場(chang)之間依靠(kao)漳(zhang)河水系以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)船相通(tong)(tong)(tong),又可通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)長江(jiang)(jiang)水運通(tong)(tong)(tong)往沿(yan)江(jiang)(jiang)各地(di)(di)(di)(di),具(ju)有交通(tong)(tong)(tong)便利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點;從(cong)三大(da)(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址出土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)特(te)征(zheng)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),距(ju)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)1公里(li)處(chu)(chu)就(jiu)是全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)保護單位(wei)(wei)皖南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群(千峰(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)),距(ju)另一處(chu)(chu)全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)保護單位(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)江(jiang)(jiang)木(mu)沖(chong)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)遺(yi)址20公里(li),三地(di)(di)(di)(di)皆(jie)出土(tu)(tu)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)具(ju),通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)比照,同(tong)一類器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造型、紋飾、質(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、特(te)征(zheng)完全一致,表明三大(da)(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址為(wei)同(tong)一時期(qi)、同(tong)一行(xing)政區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)范圍(wei)。同(tong)時也印證了(le)千峰(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群埋葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)及周邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居民;從(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)發現了(le)大(da)(da)(da)(da)量冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)、鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)來(lai)(lai)看(kan),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)已設置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)作坊,對(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初制(zhi)(zhi)品——“冰銅(tong)(tong)錠”進(jin)行(xing)再精煉(lian)(lian)加工(gong)(gong),從(cong)而(er)(er)在(zai)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)制(zhi)(zhi)作出各種禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)和兵器(qi)(qi)(qi)。因此說,牯牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)全國(guo)(guo)重點文物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)保護單位(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)(da)工(gong)(gong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)遺(yi)址和千峰(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)墩墓(mu)(mu)群,構成周代(dai)(dai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)陵(ling)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采冶(ye)(ye)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、管(guan)理區(qu)(qu)(qu)、墓(mu)(mu)葬區(qu)(qu)(qu),顯現了(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)陵(ling)在(zai)先(xian)秦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)榮。當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)、越(yue)國(guo)(guo)就(jiu)是憑借著(zhu)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域(yu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)資源和處(chu)(chu)于世界領先(xian)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫化銅(tong)(tong)采煉(lian)(lian)技術(shu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科技人才(cai),如(ru)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)劍大(da)(da)(da)(da)師“干將”、“莫邪”、“歐冶(ye)(ye)”等,開(kai)始了(le)擴張勢力范圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)爭,吳(wu)、越(yue)國(guo)(guo)成為(wei)不(bu)可一世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)春秋五(wu)霸(ba)之一。
古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)存在時間約為(wei)一千(qian)余(yu)年,商代晚期(qi)(qi)為(wei)興起階段(duan),西周時期(qi)(qi)為(wei)發展成(cheng)熟階段(duan),春秋時期(qi)(qi)為(wei)鼎盛(sheng)階段(duan),到了戰(zhan)國早期(qi)(qi)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)突然(ran)廢棄(qi)至今就是兩(liang)千(qian)余(yu)年,消失的原因有待考古(gu)工作者進一步探索。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)地(di)處兩(liang)條(tiao)國道的交匯處,距縣城(cheng)(cheng)僅(jin)3公(gong)里(li),而(er)且古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)是皖南地(di)區保存最好(hao)的古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址,人為(wei)破壞較小,文(wen)化內涵十(shi)分豐(feng)富,具有極大(da)的開(kai)發利用前景。