陵區建筑
清永陵(ling)是中(zhong)國現存規模較大,體(ti)系較完整的(de)封(feng)建(jian)帝(di)后陵(ling)寢建(jian)筑群。整體(ti)建(jian)筑由陵(ling)前(qian)參(can)(can)(can)拜(bai)(bai)道(dao)、下(xia)馬(ma)石碑、前(qian)院、方(fang)城(cheng)、寶城(cheng)、省(sheng)牲所等(deng)幾部分(fen)組成。陵(ling)前(qian)參(can)(can)(can)拜(bai)(bai)道(dao)南(nan)北長840米,以黃沙鋪墊(dian)。參(can)(can)(can)拜(bai)(bai)道(dao)南(nan)北兩端之左(zuo)右各立下(xia)馬(ma)石碑一(yi)(yi)甬。碑陽豎書(shu)陽刻漢(han)、滿、蒙、回(hui)、藏五體(ti)“諸王以下(xia)官(guan)員人(ren)等(deng)至此下(xia)馬(ma)”文(wen)字。 參(can)(can)(can)拜(bai)(bai)道(dao)中(zhong)央原有一(yi)(yi)座小橋(qiao)名玉帶橋(qiao)。
陵墓特色
柵欄(lan)門(men)(men):清帝陵(ling)(ling)寢的前宮門(men)(men)傳(chuan)統上是單檐仿木架結構歇(xie)山式琉璃瓦頂磚砌三(san)拱形洞(dong)門(men)(men)。門(men)(men)洞(dong)內二扇對開木板門(men)(men)。而永陵(ling)(ling)的門(men)(men)戶以六扇木柵欄(lan)門(men)(men)啟閉,既可謂(wei)一特(te)。
四(si)祖(zu)碑(bei)(bei)亭(ting):清帝陵寢皆有(you)神(shen)功(gong)圣德(de)碑(bei)(bei)以樹碑(bei)(bei)立(li)傳(chuan),但(dan)一般(ban)皆是一座(zuo)(康熙陵除(chu)外(wai)),唯永(yong)(yong)陵前院中(zhong)一字排開(kai),并(bing)列四(si)座(zuo)。且每(mei)座(zuo)碑(bei)(bei)亭(ting)前后辟門(men)(men),與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)四(si)面(mian)辟門(men)(men)也不相同。傳(chuan)統的(de)功(gong)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)亭(ting)檐(yan)下沒有(you)斗(dou)拱。而(er)永(yong)(yong)陵四(si)碑(bei)(bei)樓卻鋪(pu)作三翹七棲斗(dou)拱,可謂(wei)二(er)特。
石(shi)雕坐(zuo)龍:龍作為封建社會(hui)“天子”的(de)象征,在(zai)皇宮(gong)、在(zai)帝寢無(wu)處不有。但有坐(zuo)龍雕飾的(de)唯永陵所(suo)僅見,可(ke)謂三特(te)。
彩陶龍壁:清帝(di)諸陵(ling)無(wu)論在隆恩門(men)二側或正紅門(men)二翼皆有彩色琉(liu)璃龍壁。唯永陵(ling)龍壁不是(shi)琉(liu)璃材(cai)質而是(shi)陶制燒造外飾彩色,是(shi)為四特(te)。
磚砌燎爐:永陵(ling)方城內的(de)(de)燎爐即焚帛爐為(wei)青磚瓦砌筑,與福、昭陵(ling)的(de)(de)漢白玉燎爐及清東(dong)陵(ling)、清西陵(ling)的(de)(de)琉璃燎爐不(bu)同(tong),是(shi)為(wei)五特。
單墻(qiang)(qiang)方(fang)城(cheng):清帝諸陵(ling)中方(fang)城(cheng)皆為(wei)城(cheng)堡(bao)式。墻(qiang)(qiang)體寬厚,上(shang)置雉堞女(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang),官兵可在墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)往來行走,永陵(ling)方(fang)城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)僅是(shi)窄的單墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)覆脊(ji)瓦,此為(wei)永陵(ling)六特。
單檐(yan)城門:永陵(ling)方(fang)(fang)城之啟(qi)運門為(wei)單檐(yan)歇山式建筑,這與傳統方(fang)(fang)城重(zhong)檐(yan)式隆恩門不同,是為(wei)七特。
“日(ri)”、“月”龍吻(wen):清帝諸陵(ling)享(xiang)殿大(da)脊(ji)的(de)兩(liang)端均為(wei)鴟吻(wen),唯永陵(ling)享(xiang)殿大(da)脊(ji)的(de)兩(liang)端是龍吻(wen)。尤(you)為(wei)獨特(te)的(de)是,在龍吻(wen)側(ce)劍把上,分(fen)別透(tou)雕“日(ri)”、“月”二字(zi)。日(ri)字(zi)在左,月字(zi)在右,日(ri)字(zi)與(yu)月字(zi)合則為(wei)“明”字(zi)。將“明”字(zi)分(fen)開(kai)置于大(da)脊(ji)兩(liang)端則有(you)破明(朝(chao))之意。此為(wei)八特(te)。
君(jun)臣(chen)(chen)共陵(ling)(ling):自(zi)古以來帝王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)(ling)寢只能葬(zang)帝王(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)人及其(qi)后妃,絕無祖孫君(jun)臣(chen)(chen)共一(yi)(yi)陵(ling)(ling)的先例(li)。唯有永陵(ling)(ling)寶(bao)城(cheng)內是祖孫共城(cheng),君(jun)臣(chen)(chen)一(yi)(yi)陵(ling)(ling)。自(zi)猛特(te)木至塔(ta)克世為(wei)六世四輩人,是為(wei)祖孫同一(yi)(yi)寶(bao)城(cheng)。君(jun)臣(chen)(chen)共為(wei)一(yi)(yi)陵(ling)(ling)是為(wei)永陵(ling)(ling)九特(te)。
交通信息
永(yong)陵(ling)坐落在呼蘭(lan)哈(ha)達(滿(man)(man)(man)語,漢(han)譯煙筒山(shan))下,蘇克素滸畢拉(la)(滿(man)(man)(man)語,漢(han)譯魚(yu)鷹河(he),今(jin)稱蘇子河(he))北岸(an)。尼雅(ya)滿(man)(man)(man)山(shan)崗(今(jin)稱啟運山(shan))南麓(lu)。東(dong)距(ju)縣城22公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),距(ju)永(yong)陵(ling)鎮2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。東(dong)南距(ju)興(xing)京故(gu)城赫(he)圖阿(a)拉(la)約(yue)5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),西距(ju)夏元行宮約(yue)3公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。南新公(gong)(gong)(gong)路于陵(ling)前通(tong)過(guo),交通(tong)方便(bian)。
東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)公(gong)路在清永(yong)陵(ling)前(qian)840米處通(tong)(tong)(tong)過,沈(shen)通(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)速公(gong)路距(ju)清永(yong)陵(ling)南(nan)(nan)2公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),沈(shen)通(tong)(tong)(tong)公(gong)路距(ju)清永(yong)陵(ling)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)5公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。西距(ju)沈(shen)吉鐵路線(xian)南(nan)(nan)雜木站55公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。西距(ju)撫順市(shi)103公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),距(ju)沈(shen)陽市(shi)149公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),距(ju)沈(shen)陽桃仙機場154公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li);南(nan)(nan)距(ju)大連港512公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),距(ju)本溪市(shi)129公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li);東(dong)(dong)距(ju)新賓滿族自(zi)治縣(xian)城23公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),距(ju)吉林通(tong)(tong)(tong)化市(shi)126公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li);東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)距(ju)世界文化遺(yi)產桓(huan)仁五(wu)女山(shan)城95公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li),距(ju)丹東(dong)(dong)市(shi)312公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(li)。