發展歷史
隋大業七年(nian)(公元611年(nian)),東漢的(de)潼(tong)關(guan),遷于南北連城(cheng)關(guan)間的(de)坑獸檻谷(今港口鎮(zhen)禁(jin)溝口附近)。隋亡后,唐朝仍在此設防約(yue)八十年(nian)。 唐天授二年(nian)(公元691年(nian)),再(zai)資助遷關(guan),移(yi)近黃河(即今港口鎮(zhen)的(de)舊城(cheng)址),建(jian)有關(guan)樓,城(cheng)外開挖塹溝。
明代,潼(tong)關為軍事治(zhi)所,設潼(tong)關衛,城(cheng)(cheng)池空前(qian)擴大(da)。洪(hong)武九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1376年(nian)(nian))對前(qian)朝關城(cheng)(cheng)向南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、向西(xi)(xi)作了大(da)規模(mo)的擴建(jian)(jian)(jian)。東、西(xi)(xi)、北三面由板筑(zhu)而成,城(cheng)(cheng)高 約16米,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)與東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)一隅,是(shi)順山(shan)(shan)勢之(zhi)高下,削成垛(duo)口(kou),高達30多米,城(cheng)(cheng)池周長(chang)11.2公(gong)里。這就(jiu)把麒麟(lin)山(shan)(shan)、鳳凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)、象山(shan)(shan)、印臺山(shan)(shan)、筆架山(shan)(shan)等囊括于城(cheng)(cheng)中。建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)六處(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men):東門(men)(men)(men)名“金(jin)陡”;西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)名“懷(huai)遠”;南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)上南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)、下南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men);北有(you)大(da)北門(men)(men)(men)和小(xiao)北門(men)(men)(men)。東、西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)和大(da)北門(men)(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)高大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)文二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1400年(nian)(nian))及(ji)宣(xuan)德年(nian)(nian)間(公(gong)元(yuan)1512年(nian)(nian))給水(shui)關建(jian)(jian)(jian)了樓(lou)(lou)。嘉(jia)靖十八年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1539年(nian)(nian)),又(you)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)了兩(liang)個重門(men)(men)(men)。萬九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1601年(nian)(nian))又(you)作了大(da)規模(mo)的重修,給這些建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物命(ming)了名:東門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“迎恩”,東甕城(cheng)(cheng)叫(jiao)“占紫處(chu)”,東郭門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“天(tian)險”;西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)仍沿用“懷(huai)遠”,西(xi)(xi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“大(da)觀亭”,西(xi)(xi)郭門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“地維”;上南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“凌云”,下南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“迎熏”;大(da)北門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“吸洪(hong)”,小(xiao)北門(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)“俯晉(jin)”,北水(shui)關樓(lou)(lou)叫(jiao)“鎮河”。取名古(gu)雅,寓意深(shen)長(chang)。
清朝二百多年(nian),仍在明代潼關城(cheng)地(di)設防,城(cheng)池規模(mo)一依明朝,但進行(xing)了(le)(le)多次復(fu)修(xiu),并有(you)所新建。乾隆五十(shi)三年(nian)(公元(yuan)1788年(nian)),約(yue)下臨黃河的北(bei)面土城(cheng)墻約(yue)2400多米砌(qi)了(le)(le)磚(zhuan),并興建了(le)(le)南(nan)(nan)、北(bei)水關樓(lou)(lou),復(fu)修(xiu)了(le)(le)各(ge)大(da)建筑物。依然有(you)六(liu)個城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)的樓(lou)(lou)名(ming)仍沿(yan)其舊。東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)有(you)正樓(lou)(lou)五間,箭樓(lou)(lou)三間,西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)有(you)正樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)各(ge)七間。大(da)北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鎮(zhen)河”,小(xiao)北(bei)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“拱級”,下南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鳳”,上南(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“麟游”。南(nan)(nan)水關有(you)閘樓(lou)(lou)七間,北(bei)水關有(you)閘樓(lou)(lou)九(jiu)間,規模(mo)宏(hong)大(da),映照山(shan)川,潼水穿而(er)而(er)過,中經橫(heng)跨(kua)東(dong)西(xi)的石橋(qiao),宛如長虹(hong),復(fu)波往來,引(yin)人入勝。后來又給東(dong)、西(xi)兩面的土城(cheng)墻俱砌(qi)了(le)(le)磚(zhuan),雄偉可觀。
明清的(de)(de)(de)潼關城(cheng)池,除城(cheng)墻上的(de)(de)(de)宏大建(jian)筑(zhu)而(er)外,在關城(cheng)內(nei)外,山(shan)上山(shan)下,還(huan)建(jian)有30多外庵(an)堂(tang)寺為廟以及(ji)木石牌坊,這些古建(jian)筑(zhu)物,雕梁畫棟,飛檐疊嶂,,古色古香,構筑(zhu)精美。到了(le)清代,潼關城(cheng)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)道(dao)主要有育賢(xian)街(jie)(jie)、帥(shuai)府街(jie)(jie)、四牌坊街(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)南(nan)(nan)街(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)北街(jie)(jie)、府部街(jie)(jie)、縣門通街(jie)(jie)、下南(nan)(nan)門街(jie)(jie)和(he)西關大街(jie)(jie)等,縱橫排列,50多條(tiao)巷道(dao),起伏密布(bu)。在這座不(bu)大的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)池內(nei),有如(ru)此這多的(de)(de)(de)街(jie)(jie)、巷和(he)古代建(jian)筑(zhu),其繁華程度是可以想見的(de)(de)(de)。