發展歷史
隋大業七年(nian)(公元(yuan)611年(nian)),東漢的(de)潼關,遷于(yu)南北連(lian)城關間的(de)坑(keng)獸檻谷(今港口(kou)鎮(zhen)禁溝(gou)口(kou)附近)。隋亡后,唐(tang)朝仍在此(ci)設防(fang)約八十(shi)年(nian)。 唐(tang)天授二年(nian)(公元(yuan)691年(nian)),再資助(zhu)遷關,移近黃河(即(ji)今港口(kou)鎮(zhen)的(de)舊城址(zhi)),建有關樓,城外開挖(wa)塹溝(gou)。
明代,潼關(guan)為軍事治所,設潼關(guan)衛,城(cheng)池(chi)空前擴(kuo)(kuo)大(da)(da)(da)。洪武九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(公元(yuan)1376年(nian))對前朝關(guan)城(cheng)向(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)西(xi)作了(le)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的擴(kuo)(kuo)建(jian)(jian)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)三面由板筑(zhu)(zhu)而成(cheng),城(cheng)高 約16米,南(nan)與東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)一隅(yu),是順山(shan)勢之高下,削(xue)成(cheng)垛口,高達30多米,城(cheng)池(chi)周長11.2公里。這就把麒麟(lin)山(shan)、鳳凰山(shan)、象山(shan)、印臺山(shan)、筆架山(shan)等囊括(kuo)于城(cheng)中。建(jian)(jian)有六處城(cheng)門(men)(men):東(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)名“金(jin)陡(dou)”;西(xi)門(men)(men)名“懷遠”;南(nan)有上南(nan)門(men)(men)、下南(nan)門(men)(men);北(bei)(bei)有大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)和小(xiao)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)和大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)有高大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)樓(lou)。建(jian)(jian)文二年(nian)(公元(yuan)1400年(nian))及宣德年(nian)間(公元(yuan)1512年(nian))給水(shui)關(guan)建(jian)(jian)了(le)樓(lou)。嘉靖十八年(nian)(公元(yuan)1539年(nian)),又修建(jian)(jian)了(le)兩個重門(men)(men)。萬九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(公元(yuan)1601年(nian))又作了(le)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模的重修,給這些建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物命(ming)了(le)名:東(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“迎恩”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)甕城(cheng)叫(jiao)(jiao)“占紫處”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)郭(guo)(guo)門(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“天險”;西(xi)門(men)(men)樓(lou)仍沿用“懷遠”,西(xi)甕城(cheng)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“大(da)(da)(da)觀(guan)亭(ting)”,西(xi)郭(guo)(guo)門(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“地維”;上南(nan)門(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“凌(ling)云”,下南(nan)門(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“迎熏”;大(da)(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“吸洪”,小(xiao)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“俯晉”,北(bei)(bei)水(shui)關(guan)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鎮(zhen)河”。取名古雅,寓意深長。
清朝二(er)百多(duo)(duo)年,仍在明代潼(tong)關城(cheng)(cheng)地設防,城(cheng)(cheng)池規模一依明朝,但進行了(le)多(duo)(duo)次復修,并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)所新建。乾隆五十(shi)三年(公元1788年),約下(xia)臨(lin)黃河的北(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻約2400多(duo)(duo)米砌(qi)了(le)磚,并(bing)興建了(le)南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)水關樓(lou),復修了(le)各大建筑物。依然有(you)(you)(you)六個城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的樓(lou)名(ming)仍沿其舊。東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)樓(lou)五間(jian),箭樓(lou)三間(jian),西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)(you)正(zheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)各七(qi)(qi)間(jian)。大北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)改名(ming)“鎮河”,小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)(men)改名(ming)“拱級”,下(xia)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)改名(ming)“鳳”,上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)改名(ming)“麟游”。南(nan)水關有(you)(you)(you)閘樓(lou)七(qi)(qi)間(jian),北(bei)(bei)水關有(you)(you)(you)閘樓(lou)九間(jian),規模宏(hong)大,映照山川,潼(tong)水穿而而過,中經(jing)橫(heng)跨東(dong)西(xi)的石(shi)橋,宛如長虹(hong),復波往來(lai),引人入勝(sheng)。后來(lai)又(you)給東(dong)、西(xi)兩面(mian)(mian)的土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻俱(ju)砌(qi)了(le)磚,雄偉(wei)可觀(guan)。
明清(qing)的潼關城(cheng)池,除城(cheng)墻上(shang)的宏(hong)大建筑而外,在關城(cheng)內外,山(shan)上(shang)山(shan)下,還建有(you)30多(duo)外庵堂寺為(wei)廟以及木石牌坊(fang)(fang),這(zhe)些(xie)古(gu)(gu)建筑物,雕梁畫(hua)棟,飛檐疊嶂,,古(gu)(gu)色古(gu)(gu)香,構筑精美。到了清(qing)代(dai),潼關城(cheng)內的街(jie)(jie)道主要有(you)育賢街(jie)(jie)、帥府街(jie)(jie)、四牌坊(fang)(fang)街(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)南(nan)街(jie)(jie)、牌樓(lou)北街(jie)(jie)、府部街(jie)(jie)、縣門通街(jie)(jie)、下南(nan)門街(jie)(jie)和(he)西關大街(jie)(jie)等,縱橫排列(lie),50多(duo)條(tiao)巷(xiang)道,起(qi)伏密布。在這(zhe)座不大的城(cheng)池內,有(you)如此這(zhe)多(duo)的街(jie)(jie)、巷(xiang)和(he)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)建筑,其繁華程度是可(ke)以想見的。