發展歷史
隋大(da)業(ye)七年(nian)(公元611年(nian)),東漢的(de)潼關(guan),遷(qian)于南北(bei)連城關(guan)間的(de)坑獸檻谷(今港口鎮禁溝口附近)。隋亡后,唐(tang)朝仍(reng)在此設防約(yue)八十年(nian)。 唐(tang)天(tian)授二年(nian)(公元691年(nian)),再(zai)資助遷(qian)關(guan),移近黃河(即今港口鎮的(de)舊城址),建有關(guan)樓,城外開挖塹溝。
明代,潼(tong)(tong)關為軍(jun)事治(zhi)所,設潼(tong)(tong)關衛,城(cheng)(cheng)池空前擴(kuo)大。洪(hong)武九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1376年(nian)(nian))對前朝(chao)關城(cheng)(cheng)向南(nan)、向西(xi)作(zuo)了(le)大規模的(de)擴(kuo)建(jian)(jian)。東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、北三面由板筑(zhu)而成,城(cheng)(cheng)高(gao)(gao) 約16米,南(nan)與(yu)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)一隅(yu),是順山(shan)勢之高(gao)(gao)下(xia),削(xue)成垛(duo)口,高(gao)(gao)達30多米,城(cheng)(cheng)池周(zhou)長11.2公(gong)(gong)(gong)里。這(zhe)就(jiu)把麒(qi)麟山(shan)、鳳凰山(shan)、象(xiang)山(shan)、印臺山(shan)、筆架山(shan)等囊括于城(cheng)(cheng)中。建(jian)(jian)有(you)六處城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men):東(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)名(ming)(ming)“金(jin)陡”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)名(ming)(ming)“懷遠(yuan)(yuan)”;南(nan)有(you)上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、下(xia)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);北有(you)大北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和小北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和大北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)建(jian)(jian)有(you)高(gao)(gao)大城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)。建(jian)(jian)文二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1400年(nian)(nian))及宣德年(nian)(nian)間(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1512年(nian)(nian))給水關建(jian)(jian)了(le)樓(lou)。嘉靖(jing)十八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1539年(nian)(nian)),又修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)兩個重(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。萬九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1601年(nian)(nian))又作(zuo)了(le)大規模的(de)重(zhong)修(xiu),給這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)命了(le)名(ming)(ming):東(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“迎恩”,東(dong)(dong)甕城(cheng)(cheng)叫(jiao)(jiao)“占紫處”,東(dong)(dong)郭(guo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“天險”;西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)仍沿用“懷遠(yuan)(yuan)”,西(xi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“大觀(guan)亭”,西(xi)郭(guo)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“地維”;上南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“凌云(yun)”,下(xia)南(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“迎熏”;大北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“吸(xi)洪(hong)”,小北門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)(jiao)“俯晉(jin)”,北水關樓(lou)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鎮河”。取名(ming)(ming)古雅,寓(yu)意(yi)深(shen)長。
清朝二百多年,仍在明代潼(tong)關城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地設防(fang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池規(gui)模(mo)一依(yi)明朝,但進行(xing)了(le)多次復修,并有(you)所(suo)新建。乾隆五(wu)十三年(公元1788年),約下臨黃河的(de)北(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)約2400多米砌了(le)磚,并興(xing)建了(le)南(nan)、北(bei)(bei)水(shui)關樓(lou)(lou),復修了(le)各大(da)(da)建筑物。依(yi)然(ran)有(you)六個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)。東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)的(de)樓(lou)(lou)名(ming)仍沿(yan)其舊。東(dong)門(men)(men)有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)五(wu)間,箭樓(lou)(lou)三間,西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)有(you)正(zheng)(zheng)樓(lou)(lou)、箭樓(lou)(lou)各七(qi)間。大(da)(da)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鎮河”,小北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“拱級”,下南(nan)門(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“鳳”,上南(nan)門(men)(men)改(gai)名(ming)“麟(lin)游”。南(nan)水(shui)關有(you)閘樓(lou)(lou)七(qi)間,北(bei)(bei)水(shui)關有(you)閘樓(lou)(lou)九間,規(gui)模(mo)宏大(da)(da),映(ying)照山川,潼(tong)水(shui)穿而而過,中經橫跨東(dong)西(xi)(xi)的(de)石(shi)橋,宛如長虹,復波往來,引人入(ru)勝(sheng)。后(hou)來又給東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)兩面(mian)(mian)的(de)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)俱砌了(le)磚,雄偉可(ke)觀(guan)。
明清的(de)潼關城池(chi),除城墻上的(de)宏大(da)建筑(zhu)而外,在關城內(nei)外,山(shan)上山(shan)下(xia),還建有30多(duo)外庵堂寺為(wei)廟以及木石牌(pai)坊(fang),這些古(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)物(wu),雕梁畫棟,飛檐疊(die)嶂(zhang),,古(gu)(gu)色古(gu)(gu)香,構筑(zhu)精美。到了清代,潼關城內(nei)的(de)街(jie)道主要有育賢街(jie)、帥(shuai)府街(jie)、四牌(pai)坊(fang)街(jie)、牌(pai)樓南街(jie)、牌(pai)樓北街(jie)、府部街(jie)、縣門通街(jie)、下(xia)南門街(jie)和西關大(da)街(jie)等,縱橫排列,50多(duo)條巷(xiang)道,起伏(fu)密布(bu)。在這座(zuo)不大(da)的(de)城池(chi)內(nei),有如此(ci)這多(duo)的(de)街(jie)、巷(xiang)和古(gu)(gu)代建筑(zhu),其繁華(hua)程度是可以想見的(de)。