芒果视频下载

簡介

漢楚王墓(mu)群位(wei)于江蘇省徐州市(shi)和(he)銅山(shan)(shan)(shan)縣境內，徐州附近的(de)(de)楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)、小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)等處。共八處二(er)(er)十余座(zuo)。是西(xi)漢十二(er)(er)代楚王的(de)(de)墓(mu)， 已發(fa)(fa)掘或清理的(de)(de)有小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)等。東洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)一號墓(mu)較(jiao)大，有七(qi)個(ge)墓(mu)室，面積約200平方米(mi)；二(er)(er)號基規模較(jiao)小(xiao)，1982年(nian)發(fa)(fa)現出(chu)土鎏金銅器有巨型“趙姬(ji)沐盤”、明(ming)光(guang)宮(gong)鼎等。北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)墓(mu)室總(zong)面積達500平方米(mi)，七(qi)個(ge)彩俑(yong)室各(ge)有儀仗、侍衛彩俑(yong)三十余個(ge)。1986年(nian)出(chu)土有金帶鉤、透(tou)雕玉器，銅、鐵器及“楚御(yu)府印”等珍貴文物。該墓(mu)構造(zao)復雜、葬法獨特，對(dui)研究漢文帝時起依山(shan)(shan)(shan)擇(ze)陵起源，西(xi)漢建(jian)筑、采礦(kuang)、化(hua)學保護(hu)技術有重要價值。

發掘

1982年(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)小龜山(shan)2號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，鑿山(shan)而筑(zhu)，東西長約(yue)83米(mi)、南(nan)北寬33米(mi)，共有墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)12個(ge)，各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)又分(fen)前中后(hou)三(san)(san)室(shi)(shi)，為(wei)仿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主人生前居室(shi)(shi)營建(jian)，宏大(da)壯觀(guan)，猶如地下(xia)宮(gong)殿。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)西漢第六代楚襄王(wang)劉注。1954年(nian)發(fa)(fa)現，1995-1996年(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)獅(shi)子山(shan)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)群中最大(da)的(de)一(yi)座，面(mian)積約(yue)850平方米(mi)，有三(san)(san)個(ge)兵俑(yong)(yong)(yong)坑，一(yi)個(ge)馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)坑，其中一(yi)、二(er)號坑內有兵馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)2500個(ge)，成四個(ge)方陣布(bu)列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)三(san)(san)個(ge)耳室(shi)(shi)是迄今(jin)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)諸漢楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中唯一(yi)未被盜擾且保存(cun)完好的(de)，出土有一(yi)批(pi)金銀銅鐵玉器及150方銀、銅官印(yin)等珍(zhen)貴文物，據推測(ce)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主可(ke)能為(wei)第三(san)(san)代楚王(wang)劉戊。1984年(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)了(le)(le)該墓(mu)(mu)(mu)三(san)(san)座兵馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)陪葬坑中的(de)兩(liang)座，并在原址建(jian)立了(le)(le)徐(xu)州(zhou)兵馬俑(yong)(yong)(yong)博物館。龜山(shan)、獅(shi)子山(shan)兩(liang)處(chu)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)也分(fen)別建(jian)立了(le)(le)博物館。

漢墓特征

西漢初興，為鞏(gong)固(gu)統治(zhi)，大(da)封同(tong)姓王(wang)(wang)。同(tong)姓王(wang)(wang)們各(ge)經營(ying)一(yi)方，筑(zhu)城(cheng)造宮，修陵(ling)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至今日(ri)宮城(cheng)多(duo)(duo)廢，年(nian)久(jiu)無存(cun)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)位(wei)地下，保(bao)存(cun)較易。解放以來(lai)，文物(wu)工(gong)作(zuo)者調(diao)查和發(fa)掘(jue)諸多(duo)(duo)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，計有(you)河(he)北滿城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中山靖王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，北京大(da)葆臺廣(guang)陽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，山東曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨(lin)淄的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)永城(cheng)芒山梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖南(nan)長沙(sha)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，江(jiang)蘇徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚(yang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣(guang)東廣(guang)州(zhou)市南(nan)越(yue)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)，已發(fa)掘(jue)了數(shu)十座。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)(duo)經盜掘(jue)，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)存(cun)尚好(hao)，對研究西漢建筑(zhu)藝術頗(po)為重(zhong)要(yao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)二：一(yi)曰(yue)豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)具多(duo)(duo)以棺槨及(ji)黃腸(chang)題湊；二曰(yue)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城(cheng)芒山的(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)及(ji)曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)依山鑿石造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)氣勢龐(pang)大(da)，結(jie)構復雜，有(you)棺有(you)槨，道長室多(duo)(duo)，工(gong)程浩大(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之異同(tong)，概因(yin)各(ge)地風(feng)俗(su)習慣、葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度和自然條件而異。 徐州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗(po)具特(te)色。目(mu)前已調(diao)查和發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)8處，因(yin)其早晚關(guan)系和各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)色不(bu)同(tong)，故墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也各(ge)有(you)別。鑒于這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)早年(nian)被盜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)構和形(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部分保(bao)存(cun)完好(hao)，但文物(wu)及(ji)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)受破壞(huai)，為這(zhe)批(pi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究設置(zhi)了諸多(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚王(wang)選(xuan)擇葬地，一(yi)(yi)般是各具一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭都不(bu)太高大，自為一(yi)(yi)體。在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)前方，一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)有(you)開闊的(de)空地，遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)近水(shui)，一(yi)(yi)覽無余，獨(du)占一(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰“占山(shan)(shan)(shan)為王(wang)”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門一(yi)(yi)定要(yao)向(xiang)空地，其方向(xiang)有(you)面(mian)向(xiang)南者(zhe)：如(ru)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。有(you)面(mian)向(xiang)西者(zhe)：如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門向(xiang)東(dong)者(zhe)，如(ru)楚王(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人工(gong)鑿(zao)巖成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗有(you)別，一(yi)(yi)般早期較考究(jiu)，四(si)壁平(ping)整規范(fan)，如(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚(wan)期較粗獷(guang)，如(ru)小龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚(chu)王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜，早期(qi)有(you)斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道一(yi)般比(bi)較(jiao)寬大，如(ru)楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，斜坡達20度(du)，亦有(you)前(qian)后寬度(du)不同，又分(fen)前(qian)（外）寬后（內）窄(zhai)；平(ping)底墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，如(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一(yi)般為長方形小(xiao)平(ping)底，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)端稍寬，亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道后端有(you)一(yi)段(duan)為喇叭形，如(ru)南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚期(qi)的臥牛(niu)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)寬后窄(zhai)，底部有(you)斜坡，但斜度(du)較(jiao)小(xiao)，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)道：早期較(jiao)寬大，一般(ban)剖(pou)面約為2×2米左右，較(jiao)短，如北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的甬(yong)道一般(ban)較(jiao)長(chang)，剖(pou)面約1.1×1.9米，有的長(chang)達近50米，如小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚期甬(yong)道又變短，如臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

關于封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)設備：各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)道(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)也不一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)門(men)(men)(men)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大小和(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)光(guang)度依(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規格不同(tong)而(er)異(yi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)長2.0～2.5米，個別(bie)長者達4.5米，寬厚在(zai)0.95～1米。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)較寬，用(yong)(yong)4塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)兩(liang)并(bing)列上下疊(die)壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，個別(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上下有(you)榫（如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量(liang)，依(yi)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)長短而(er)定(ding)，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)3組，獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)用(yong)(yong)4組，馱(tuo)(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)亦用(yong)(yong)3組。個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)也用(yong)(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)（棺室(shi)(shi)）在(zai)過道(dao)(dao)上（短甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)）也用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)組塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內或(huo)外往(wang)往(wang)還有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)木質門(men)(men)(men)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)為雙扇(shan)，留有(you)門(men)(men)(men)樞(shu)窩和(he)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)器(qi)(qi)槽；封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)器(qi)(qi)有(you)銅質（北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或(huo)鐵質（獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形(xing)制(zhi)也不同(tong)。早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)室(shi)(shi)，視(shi)其(qi)情況，有(you)的(de)(de)也備有(you)木門(men)(men)(men)，如獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)，兩(liang)側鑿有(you)耳室(shi)(shi)，也用(yong)(yong)較小的(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填實，如北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)后(hou)段，還用(yong)(yong)較小塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，耳室(shi)(shi)則用(yong)(yong)長寬各(ge)(ge)約(yue)1米的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板封(feng)(feng)(feng)堵(du)，這(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板厚薄不均(jun)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)下邊厚，上部薄，當為操作(zuo)方(fang)便所致，如獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)內墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)3間耳室(shi)(shi)即用(yong)(yong)此封(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)，同(tong)時在(zai)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)內又用(yong)(yong)木質門(men)(men)(men)封(feng)(feng)(feng)死，個別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側鑿有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕(kan)，其(qi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)方(fang)法(fa)用(yong)(yong)特制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板豎立封(feng)(feng)(feng)死。中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)封(feng)(feng)(feng)法(fa)大體(ti)同(tong)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)，唯甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)窄而(er)且(qie)用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)塊塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上下疊(die)壓封(feng)(feng)(feng)死，這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)填滿塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)(yong)了(le)13組塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)種(zhong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)底部鑿有(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以增(zeng)加(jia)封(feng)(feng)(feng)門(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)牢固性（小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上有(you)編(bian)號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅和(he)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)位置，如獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬(yong)(yong)道(dao)(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝有(you)粗(cu)有(you)精，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)早(zao)(zao)期(qi)(qi)較精，棱角規整，六面磨光(guang)。以馱(tuo)(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精，六面光(guang)潔(jie)，可(ke)以鑒人；北(bei)(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次之(zhi)，中(zhong)晚期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較粗(cu)約(yue)，打(da)制(zhi)出(chu)六面，鑿痕清晰，不加(jia)打(da)磨，以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典(dian)型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室的(de)(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)根(gen)據(ju)各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)具體情(qing)況而定，有(you)(you)多有(you)(you)少。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)，如(ru)(ru)北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)各有(you)(you)1間耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，楚王山劉(liu)交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)4間耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，兩兩相(xiang)(xiang)對，獅子(zi)山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)相(xiang)(xiang)對3間耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，但各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道上(shang)(shang)不(bu)造耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室；有(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)甬道上(shang)(shang)鑿制耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，如(ru)(ru)小龜山二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒有(you)(you)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，如(ru)(ru)石(shi)橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥牛山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室的(de)(de)功(gong)能亦不(bu)盡相(xiang)(xiang)同，北(bei)洞山墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜(dao)而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室空空，功(gong)能難定。獅子(zi)山內(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道3間耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室，從出土文物論定，西側(ce)南端一(yi)室（W1）為“御府”庫，放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)(zhi)大量銅(tong)容(rong)器(qi)、銅(tong)鐵(tie)(tie)兵器(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)杯、玉酒器(qi)等(deng)武器(qi)和生活器(qi)皿(min)等(deng)，各式器(qi)物達200余件(jian)；西側(ce)北(bei)端一(yi)室（W2）主(zhu)要放(fang)(fang)置(zhi)(zhi)銅(tong)、銀容(rong)器(qi)及魚、獸骨(gu)及谷物（炭(tan)化）等(deng)，似為貯藏室；東側(ce)一(yi)室（E1）有(you)(you)兩道門，從出土的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)、盆、鐵(tie)(tie)釜(fu)、銅(tong)勺、銅(tong)甑(zeng)、銅(tong)釜(fu)等(deng)物，應為庖廚間。小龜山漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)耳(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)室似為車(che)馬(ma)間，在(zai)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)清理出陶(tao)(tao)俑、陶(tao)(tao)馬(ma)和車(che)等(deng)明器(qi)。

另在北洞(dong)山墓(mu)墓(mu)道中(zhong)段(duan)兩側有7個石龕，龕內(nei)放置(zhi)彩繪陶(tao)俑222件，這些俑皆為武士(shi)、武官形象，看(kan)來這是為了衛戍該墓(mu)而特(te)設的儀衛俑。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要部分(fen)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫堂、側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁間及(ji)(ji)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)設施(shi)等。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后端(duan)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)長方(fang)形(xing)，因(yin)系(xi)放置(zhi)棺(guan)槨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)都很講究，造型規(gui)范(fan)，四壁(bi)平整(zheng)，如(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還(huan)(huan)用(yong)特(te)制石(shi)料(liao)四壁(bi)砌筑，頂(ding)用(yong)特(te)制券(quan)石(shi)起券(quan)，異常(chang)宏偉。但是(shi)，獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)棺(guan)槨陳置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)橫堂東側之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棺(guan)床上，這可能(neng)(neng)是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚未建成而(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)突然(ran)故(gu)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)急措施(shi)所(suo)致。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得比(bi)較復(fu)雜，多(duo)系(xi)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)間大室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)再建木結構瓦頂(ding)棺(guan)房，如(ru)河(he)北中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。后期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比(bi)較簡約，把棺(guan)槨置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即可。關于(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)他室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，因(yin)被(bei)盜諸原(yuan)因(yin)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)論述準確，僅就個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依(yi)據清理情況和各(ge)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)存(cun)設施(shi)，簡述如(ru)下：獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)楚王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)E2，清理時發現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)諸多(duo)銅(tong)(tong)錢遺跡，該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜洞(dong)又出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)完整(zheng)錢17．6萬余枚，故(gu)論定此為(wei)(wei)(wei)錢庫(ku)；該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)E4，清出(chu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)女(nv)性(xing)(xing)所(suo)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物及(ji)(ji)女(nv)性(xing)(xing)牙(ya)齒等，該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又有(you)(you)(you)(you)專門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封(feng)(feng)門(men)設備，故(gu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)女(nv)性(xing)(xing)陪葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而(er)W3和W4分(fen)別集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土銅(tong)(tong)鏡(jing)、銅(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)、銅(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤(gou)、鐵甲、鐵盔等，故(gu)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出(chu)土整(zheng)套石(shi)磬(qing)、琴(qin)鈕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類(lei)樂器(qi)附件(jian)，似為(wei)(wei)(wei)樂舞廳。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)塞石(shi)封(feng)(feng)堵較嚴(yan)，未被(bei)盜擾，在其(qi)(qi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)清理出(chu)金(jin)帶(dai)鉤(gou)、金(jin)耳飾、玉衣片、透雕玉飾及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤(gou)等，亦(yi)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)儲藏室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在出(chu)土文(wen)物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)“武庫(ku)”銅(tong)(tong)印章及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩機、銅(tong)(tong)鏃(zu)等兵器(qi)，說(shuo)明在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當為(wei)(wei)(wei)“武庫(ku)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設置(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道上，有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)套間（XIV、XV）與該(gai)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相對應(ying)(ying)，從出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬(ma)(ma)、陶(tao)盆及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)弩機、鐵銜(xian)鑣(biao)等及(ji)(ji)井(jing)(jing)等設施(shi)看，該(gai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車馬(ma)(ma)間。在早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)沐浴間（馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁間（北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)2間、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1間）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廁所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)大明確，如(ru)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)橋M1主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東端(duan)北邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也應(ying)(ying)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廁所(suo)。在楚王陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)設置(zhi)，這些(xie)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同，早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在包廚間中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)眼(yan)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)男性(xing)(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)廄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)眼(yan)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)XI、XⅡ兩(liang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁(bi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間；晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)(jing)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)后側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南壁(bi)下。關于(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)設施(shi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)早期(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)，唯獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)尚未按原(yuan)計劃建成而(er)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)外，其(qi)(qi)他各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)，排(pai)水(shui)(shui)方(fang)向，依(yi)各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體情況而(er)異，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把水(shui)(shui)排(pai)在裂隙(xi)處，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一般來(lai)講(jiang)，西(xi)漢的(de)(de)帝陵(ling)(ling)、王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)皆有(you)封(feng)土(tu)，楚王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)亦不(bu)(bu)例(li)外(wai)。但是，有(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)經過2000多年的(de)(de)風風雨雨，水土(tu)流失，有(you)的(de)(de)尚存，如(ru)楚王(wang)山(shan)墓(mu)、北洞山(shan)墓(mu)；有(you)的(de)(de)已不(bu)(bu)存在了，如(ru)小龜山(shan)墓(mu)、馱籃山(shan)墓(mu)、石(shi)橋墓(mu)等。封(feng)土(tu)質地一般是從山(shan)下運上去的(de)(de)褐(he)色土(tu)，以夯(hang)實，夯(hang)層(ceng)一般在20～35厘米，個(ge)別封(feng)土(tu)周圍還(huan)用特制石(shi)條鑲砌，加以保護，如(ru)楚王(wang)山(shan)劉交墓(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西(xi)漢帝陵(ling)(ling)皆有陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，且規模龐大。按照制度，王陵(ling)(ling)也應有陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，因徐(xu)州歷史上(shang)多次黃河泛濫(lan)，造成平地有3～5米淤(yu)積，加之(zhi)地貌(mao)變化(hua)，陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)已不復(fu)存。但在(zai)楚(chu)王陵(ling)(ling)周圍，仍可見一些(xie)遺跡，如在(zai)獅(shi)子山(shan)西(xi)的磚(zhuan)瓦廠采土場內，可見到(dao)不少西(xi)漢瓦片，在(zai)我們找墓時(shi)(shi)新挖的幾條探溝中，也都見到(dao)瓦礫遺物。同時(shi)(shi)，在(zai)獅(shi)子山(shan)西(xi)坡上(shang)，發現(xian)二節陶質排(pai)(pai)水管(guan)，是為墓垣上(shang)的排(pai)(pai)水設施(shi)，從(cong)這(zhe)些(xie)遺物和遺跡，說明(ming)獅(shi)子山(shan)墓當年有相當規模的陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)建筑。

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)是葬埋死人的設(she)施。個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)不僅有(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬設(she)施，而且(qie)還附(fu)有(you)(you)衙(ya)屬(shu)部分(fen)，如北洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道中段東側(ce)，建造(zao)有(you)(you)一整套(tao)類似地面建筑的衙(ya)屬(shu)，功能齊備，有(you)(you)大(da)小達11間之多，計有(you)(you)武庫、樂(le)舞(wu)廳、更衣(yi)室(shi)、倉房，地下貯藏室(shi)（凌陰(yin)）、廚房、水(shui)井(jing)、柴房、廁所等。

個別墓葬(zang)還專門陪(pei)葬(zang)有(you)兵(bing)(bing)馬俑等衛(wei)戍(shu)部隊。如獅子山楚王墓，在(zai)其(qi)西、北部都發(fa)現有(you)兵(bing)(bing)馬俑坑，西側有(you)6條坑，包(bao)括步兵(bing)(bing)、騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)、車(che)(che)(che)兵(bing)(bing)和警衛(wei)俑等兵(bing)(bing)種，數(shu)量(liang)多(duo)達4000余件(jian)。同時，在(zai)陵園內也發(fa)現多(duo)處(chu)零星(xing)兵(bing)(bing)俑坑和一處(chu)車(che)(che)(che)坑，車(che)(che)(che)坑中葬(zang)有(you)3輛漆質模型車(che)(che)(che)和3個立式陶俑，當為御手或車(che)(che)(che)士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近(jin)臣及(ji)親(qin)屬陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)古已有之(zhi)(zhi)，西漢(han)亦不例外(wai)。西漢(han)開國皇(huang)帝劉(liu)邦長(chang)陵就有蕭何、曹參、張耳(er)、張良(liang)、周勃、戚夫(fu)人(ren)等陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)；惠帝安陵有魯(lu)元(yuan)公主、陳平(ping)、張蒼(cang)、愛盎、楊雄等陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。帝陵如此，王(wang)(wang)陵也(ye)多依(yi)規(gui)行之(zhi)(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)目(mu)前可(ke)(ke)見(jian)有4座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水經注》記載“……經十余(yu)墳”。北洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)北面的(de)(de)(de)后柚山(shan)(shan)(shan)上，清理(li)了(le)近(jin)10座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)繡(xiu)球山(shan)(shan)(shan)上，1987年(nian)也(ye)清理(li)出(chu)2座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也(ye)發掘(jue)過陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)，那是(shi)1972年(nian)發掘(jue)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從出(chu)土器物銘(ming)文可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“翁主”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得(de)一(yi)(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)(de)3座陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)曰“食官(guan)監”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，位(wei)于(yu)內外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)相接處之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)東壁下(xia)(xia)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主為(wei)(wei)男性，年(nian)齡在(zai)40歲(sui)左右(you)(you)，隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)頗豐厚，計有5件(jian)銅鼎、4塊玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)、兩(liang)件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、4把鐵劍、兩(liang)件(jian)銅鏡、1套(tao)制作(zuo)(zuo)精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)枕、1方銅質“官(guan)監印”和(he)1方無字玉(yu)(yu)(yu)印及(ji)大量銅錢(qian)、陶(tao)器和(he)陶(tao)俑等；其(qi)(qi)二為(wei)(wei)E4內，因被盜(dao)清理(li)出(chu)牙齒(chi)及(ji)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)舞(wu)人(ren)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鼻塞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)珩等文物，經鑒(jian)定，為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)30歲(sui)左右(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)女(nv)性；其(qi)(qi)三(san)為(wei)(wei)E5內，該(gai)室(shi)盜(dao)擾(rao)慘重，但從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)結構和(he)與E4封(feng)門(men)設備相同來(lai)看，亦應為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)女(nv)性陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其(qi)(qi)原因，可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)推論：獅子山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)，發掘(jue)簡報(bao)認為(wei)(wei)第(di)二或第(di)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)。第(di)二代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)劉(liu)郢客，為(wei)(wei)劉(liu)交之(zhi)(zhi)子，官(guan)居(ju)“宗正”，在(zai)位(wei)四年(nian)薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)二女(nv)一(yi)(yi)男似難(nan)理(li)解，若為(wei)(wei)第(di)三(san)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)，該(gai)王(wang)(wang)參于(yu)“七(qi)國之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)”，戰敗自(zi)殺，死的(de)(de)(de)突(tu)然，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)未建成即(ji)行葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)入(ru)在(zai)自(zi)殺前，把自(zi)己(ji)心愛的(de)(de)(de)妃(fei)子先行殺掉與自(zi)己(ji)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，亦為(wei)(wei)不可(ke)(ke)；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)戰敗自(zi)殺，二女(nv)子癡情(qing)殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)自(zi)殺也(ye)有可(ke)(ke)能(neng)；食官(guan)監是(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)親(qin)信，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)自(zi)殺，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)屬下(xia)(xia)，生時關(guan)系(xi)密切，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)死了(le)，甘愿殉葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)而自(zi)殺也(ye)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)建筑宏偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品類齊(qi)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器物(wu)。這些器物(wu)就質(zhi)(zhi)地講(jiang)可以(yi)包(bao)覽金銀銅鐵鉛、陶石(shi)(shi)玉(yu)(yu)骨漆。就功(gong)能(neng)來講(jiang)，反映了(le)政治、經濟、軍事、文化、生產、生活(huo)和(he)(he)科學技術等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，無所不包(bao)。但是，因這些墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)被盜嚴重，為研究設置了(le)障礙。從這些殘墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)清理出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器物(wu)來看(kan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)服(fu)金縷玉(yu)(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)裝(zhuang)裹華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漆玉(yu)(yu)棺(guan)槨及玉(yu)(yu)枕等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)配帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)娛(yu)樂器件石(shi)(shi)磬(qing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)生前(qian)(qian)穿戴(dai)和(he)(he)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵質(zhi)(zhi)盔(kui)甲和(he)(he)銅鐵劍戟鈹矛等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生活(huo)所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅鼎、鍾、壺、匜、舫、鑒、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)飲酒(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)器玉(yu)(yu)卮(zhi)、玉(yu)(yu)杯(bei)、玉(yu)(yu)耳(er)(er)杯(bei)及玻(bo)璃杯(bei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)做飯所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灶具甑、釜(fu)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陪葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食品魚、雞、牛排、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)為保衛楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)而特設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊及墓(mu)(mu)內存(cun)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)豹、銅豹、玉(yu)(yu)獸(shou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍從男(nan)女陶俑等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；更有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)反映楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印章(zhang)和(he)(he)封泥等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 綜(zong)上所述，西漢(han)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建造方法可以(yi)概(gai)括為：1． 選址：皆選用(yong)石(shi)(shi)灰巖山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭(tou)，因楚(chu)(chu)元王(wang)(wang)(wang)選址在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)北坡(po)之小山(shan)(shan)(shan)包(bao)上，其子孫皆不得超之，所以(yi)后(hou)代多選用(yong)獨立存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小山(shan)(shan)(shan)頭(tou)上。2. 定(ding)位：墓(mu)(mu)向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)南、向(xiang)(xiang)西和(he)(he)向(xiang)(xiang)東，獨無向(xiang)(xiang)北者，但墓(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)望(wang)無限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)闊地帶，不得有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)他物(wu)擋其視線；同時(shi)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般開(kai)(kai)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)坡(po)上或(huo)(huo)(huo)靠近底(di)(di)部(bu)，墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)要與山(shan)(shan)(shan)體石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)紋理走(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)夾角，并不得小于(yu)45度，這樣最安(an)全(quan)。3. 墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)：在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)下(xia)部(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)腰，呈長條形或(huo)(huo)(huo)呈前(qian)(qian)寬后(hou)窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)平底(di)(di)和(he)(he)斜(xie)坡(po)底(di)(di)兩(liang)種。4. 甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)：沿墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)前(qian)(qian)端(duan)向(xiang)(xiang)里延伸，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般早期(qi)(qi)寬而短(duan)，中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)窄而長，晚期(qi)(qi)窄且(qie)短(duan)。5. 墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)甬(yong)道(dao)(dao)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)兩(liang)個(ge)耳(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)及側室(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般來講(jiang)，早期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)建造考究，主(zhu)要布局在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線上或(huo)(huo)(huo)兩(liang)側，廁所比較明顯；中(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)比較粗獷，墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結構比較復雜；且(qie)主(zhu)要室(shi)(shi)內另設木結構棺(guan)房。晚期(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)則比較簡約，只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)側室(shi)(shi)；個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)還附有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)“衙屬(shu)”，結構復雜，門(men)類齊(qi)全(quan)，造型考究。6. 陵(ling)園(yuan)(yuan)及其他：一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般墓(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陵(ling)園(yuan)(yuan)設施(shi)，個(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)陪葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)兵(bing)馬俑坑(keng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目(mu)前考(kao)古(gu)工作者已調查和(he)(he)(he)發掘了(le)數十(shi)座西(xi)漢諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于我國幅員(yuan)遼闊，各地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然、風俗和(he)(he)(he)習慣存在(zai)(zai)較大(da)(da)(da)(da)差異(yi)，因此西(xi)漢諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)亦不一(yi)致，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說可分為(wei)豎穴木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩(liang)大(da)(da)(da)(da)類(lei)，同(tong)時每個大(da)(da)(da)(da)類(lei)中又(you)有一(yi)些不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)制(zhi)。其(qi)中，豎穴木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多建(jian)造在(zai)(zai)平原地區或丘(qiu)陵(ling)之(zhi)上，如(ru)北京(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長(chang)江流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南(nan)(nan)長(chang)沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽六安王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)江蘇揚(yang)州的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬又(you)可分為(wei)普通(tong)槨(guo)室(shi)和(he)(he)(he)“黃(huang)腸(chang)題(ti)湊(cou)”兩(liang)種形(xing)(xing)式(shi)，如(ru)北京(jing)大(da)(da)(da)(da)葆臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽頃(qing)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)揚(yang)州高郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均(jun)為(wei)“黃(huang)腸(chang)題(ti)湊(cou)”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中國古(gu)代陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑發展史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支(zhi)絢麗奇葩，其(qi)“因山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)陵(ling)，鑿石成(cheng)室(shi)”，整(zheng)座陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接開鑿在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)體(ti)之(zhi)中，此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)國中曾盛(sheng)行一(yi)時，主要分布在(zai)(zai)冀西(xi)、豫東(dong)、魯南(nan)(nan)和(he)(he)(he)蘇北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘(qiu)陵(ling)地區，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北滿城(cheng)中山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群、河南(nan)(nan)永城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群和(he)(he)(he)江蘇徐州地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群，即(ji)是巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型代表。此外還有處(chu)于兩(liang)類(lei)之(zhi)間(jian)者，如(ru)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)長(chang)清濟北王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)兼具(ju)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。西(xi)漢諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過程中，還形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)些不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地域特征和(he)(he)(he)相對獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬體(ti)系，從而極大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)富(fu)了(le)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑藝術。

徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)地區是我(wo)國(guo)漢(han)(han)代巖(yan)洞墓(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)起源與集(ji)粹地，這(zhe)種(zhong)墓(mu)葬(zang)形(xing)(xing)制曾在(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)國(guo)中廣泛盛行，是楚國(guo)高級(ji)貴族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)特有(you)葬(zang)制，其(qi)(qi)中楚王(wang)為橫穴(xue)式(shi)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)、楚國(guo)貴族為豎穴(xue)式(shi)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)。從(cong)時(shi)間上來看，楚元(yuan)王(wang)劉交(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)造上至少要(yao)早(zao)于文帝霸陵(ling)23年，且文帝尊崇楚元(yuan)王(wang)，他之所以提(ti)(ti)倡巖(yan)洞墓(mu)很有(you)可能就(jiu)(jiu)是受到其(qi)(qi)叔父(fu)劉交(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。巖(yan)洞墓(mu)之所以在(zai)(zai)西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)國(guo)中最先興起并大(da)(da)量存在(zai)(zai)，是與徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)地理(li)條件(jian)、葬(zang)俗(su)習(xi)慣以及(ji)當(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治制度、思想文化、生(sheng)產力和科技發展等(deng)因(yin)素密(mi)不(bu)可分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。究其(qi)(qi)原因(yin)主要(yao)有(you)以下幾點：一是徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)地處(chu)山東(dong)丘陵(ling)向南延伸(shen)帶上，楚都彭(peng)城周圍群山環抱(bao)，多山少土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理(li)條件(jian)為巖(yan)洞墓(mu)建(jian)造提(ti)(ti)供了必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)條件(jian)；二(er)是徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)一帶很久以來即有(you)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)山中建(jian)墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)，據史(shi)料(liao)記載(zai)，早(zao)在(zai)(zai)春秋(qiu)時(shi)期宋國(guo)大(da)(da)夫桓魋就(jiu)(jiu)曾在(zai)(zai)徐(xu)州(zhou)(zhou)開鑿(zao)石(shi)槨墓(mu)，從(cong)而為西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)大(da)(da)型巖(yan)洞墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終形(xing)(xing)成奠定了基(ji)礎；三是漢(han)(han)初提(ti)(ti)倡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃老無為”、“與民休息”等(deng)文化思想觀念和政治因(yin)素。四(si)是鐵質工具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍使用(yong)和炒鋼(gang)技的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現，對(dui)西(xi)漢(han)(han)時(shi)期巖(yan)洞墓(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造和最終形(xing)(xing)成，起到了決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，經金相(xiang)分(fen)析表明獅子(zi)山楚王(wang)墓(mu)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿(zao)墓(mu)鐵鑿(zao)即為炒鋼(gang)。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐州楚王墓(mu)群(qun)上(shang)(shang)起漢(han)(han)初下迄新莽，是我(wo)國(guo)西(xi)漢(han)(han)諸侯王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)發現最多、時間(jian)跨(kua)度最長、保存序列最為完整的地(di)區之一，從中(zhong)(zhong)可以清晰地(di)看出其在(zai)不同時期(qi)的發展和演變(bian)(bian)軌(gui)跡。徐州地(di)區的西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王墓(mu)雖(sui)同屬巖(yan)洞墓(mu)，但每座墓(mu)的形制(zhi)結(jie)構又無一雷同而(er)各具特色。這些楚王墓(mu)在(zai)各個時期(qi)的建筑結(jie)構和建造規模(mo)上(shang)(shang)，又與王國(guo)的興衰命運和楚王在(zai)位(wei)年(nian)限的長短等因素(su)息息相關(guan)。并隨著時代(dai)的發展，呈現出早、中(zhong)(zhong)、晚三期(qi)較為明顯的發展演變(bian)(bian)規律。現就西(xi)漢(han)(han)楚王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)的分期(qi)和時代(dai)特征作以概述。

早期(qi)為(wei)漢(han)初(chu)至文(wen)、景帝(di)時(shi)期(qi)，其總體(ti)(ti)特征表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)：“同(tong)(tong)塋異冢”即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)與(yu)王(wang)后(hou)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分葬(zang)(zang)于(yu)同(tong)(tong)一陵(ling)(ling)園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)座(zuo)山(shan)體(ti)(ti)之中(zhong)(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結構(gou)(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑宏偉，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬敞，甬(yong)道(dao)寬而(er)(er)較(jiao)短，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑具(ju)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步內(nei)(nei)收跡象。這一時(shi)期(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分為(wei)三個(ge)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階段(duan)(duan)：第(di)一階段(duan)(duan)為(wei)文(wen)帝(di)之前(qian)，以楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)山(shan)為(wei)代表(biao)(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處于(yu)萌芽(ya)階段(duan)(duan)，保留(liu)有(you)大(da)(da)量(liang)豎(shu)穴(xue)土(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特點，其主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)在(zai)豎(shu)穴(xue)巖(yan)(yan)坑內(nei)(nei)用石(shi)條壘筑成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂夯筑高(gao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形封土(tu)堆。第(di)二階段(duan)(duan)為(wei)文(wen)、景帝(di)時(shi)期(qi)，此(ci)時(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已擺(bai)脫了(le)豎(shu)穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，形成(cheng)了(le)西漢(han)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫穴(xue)式(shi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形制。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結構(gou)(gou)基本呈中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)布局(ju)，但并不(bu)完善；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)部(bu)建(jian)筑龐大(da)(da)而(er)(er)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)建(jian)附(fu)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)，前(qian)端外(wai)部(bu)結構(gou)(gou)仍(reng)有(you)用石(shi)條壘筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象，此(ci)后(hou)即全部(bu)改成(cheng)在(zai)山(shan)巖(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)直(zhi)接開(kai)鑿；長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬敞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)分為(wei)前(qian)后(hou)3段(duan)(duan)，其外(wai)寬內(nei)(nei)窄(zhai)，逐段(duan)(duan)向內(nei)(nei)收縮；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)2米見(jian)方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)內(nei)(nei)由4組(zu)呈“田”字形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石(shi)封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)為(wei)簡單，基本為(wei)前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)后(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)結構(gou)(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)至前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬(yong)道(dao)內(nei)(nei)，側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少或(huo)不(bu)完善，這一階段(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)有(you)北洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和獅(shi)子山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)。第(di)三階段(duan)(duan)為(wei)景帝(di)至武帝(di)前(qian)期(qi)，以馱籃(lan)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)代表(biao)(biao)，此(ci)時(shi)王(wang)與(yu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)開(kai)始(shi)靠攏(long)，分建(jian)在(zai)同(tong)(tong)一座(zuo)山(shan)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)對(dui)(dui)稱布局(ju)十分強列(lie)，陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部(bu)結構(gou)(gou)開(kai)始(shi)簡化(hua)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)變成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)而(er)(er)寬敞單重斜坡式(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外(wai)已不(bu)見(jian)耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)等附(fu)屬建(jian)筑，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)建(jian)筑結構(gou)(gou)卻變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大(da)(da)而(er)(er)復(fu)(fu)雜(za)，表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)甬(yong)道(dao)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)增加，前(qian)堂(tang)(tang)周圍出現(xian)許多(duo)生活化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬房(fang)間。

中(zhong)期(qi)為(wei)武帝至西漢晚期(qi)。由于(yu)(yu)武帝時(shi)(shi)漢朝中(zhong)央集權的(de)不(bu)斷加強(qiang)，這一時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)楚王(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)葬在(zai)布局和形制結構(gou)上均發生了重(zhong)大(da)演變。首先表現(xian)為(wei)“同冢異穴”，即楚王(wang)與王(wang)后(hou)的(de)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)建(jian)在(zai)同一座山(shan)(shan)體下，而(er)分(fen)(fen)鑿(zao)出兩個靠(kao)近(jin)(jin)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)室，兩墓(mu)(mu)之間一般有◎門相通。其次是陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)建(jian)筑規模(mo)(mo)逐漸變小(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)葬為(wei)非(fei)軸線(xian)式(shi)布局，其外(wai)部結構(gou)較為(wei)簡(jian)單，墓(mu)(mu)道單重(zhong)，短而(er)窄(zhai)，末端(duan)呈喇叭口(kou)式(shi)內收，墓(mu)(mu)門寬1米比前期(qi)縮小(xiao)了近(jin)(jin)一半(ban)，甬道變得十(shi)分(fen)(fen)狹長(chang)，而(er)墓(mu)(mu)內空(kong)間增(zeng)大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)室一般以大(da)廳為(wei)中(zhong)心呈不(bu)對稱的(de)錯落式(shi)分(fen)(fen)布，寬敞(chang)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)室中(zhong)部出現(xian)了特有的(de)擎天石(shi)柱筑結構(gou)。武帝時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)尚有一定的(de)規模(mo)(mo)，但隨(sui)著王(wang)國權勢(shi)和國力的(de)逐步(bu)減弱，至西漢晚期(qi)建(jian)造規模(mo)(mo)日益縮小(xiao)，特別是王(wang)后(hou)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)已十(shi)分(fen)(fen)微小(xiao)，完全(quan)處于(yu)(yu)一種從屬地位。此期(qi)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)有小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)和南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)。

晚期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)為(wei)西(xi)漢末期(qi)，以臥牛山漢墓(mu)為(wei)代(dai)表。隨(sui)著西(xi)漢晚期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)國(guo)政治(zhi)地位和綜(zong)合(he)國(guo)力的(de)進一(yi)(yi)步萎(wei)縮，此(ci)時(shi)的(de)楚(chu)王(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)已走向衰落，其(qi)墓(mu)葬形(xing)制(zhi)基本沿襲了(le)中期(qi)楚(chu)王(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)的(de)一(yi)(yi)些特征，但與之相比規模更(geng)小，墓(mu)道外(wai)部入口處僅寬2米，整條墓(mu)道完全為(wei)外(wai)寬內窄(zhai)的(de)嗽(sou)叭口狀(zhuang)，墓(mu)室的(de)數(shu)量、功能(neng)與結構也更(geng)為(wei)簡單，僅有一(yi)(yi)主、一(yi)(yi)側兩(liang)間墓(mu)室和一(yi)(yi)耳室。此(ci)時(shi)僅見(jian)楚(chu)王(wang)而不見(jian)王(wang)后墓(mu)，說明至西(xi)漢末期(qi)時(shi)王(wang)后可能(neng)已合(he)葬為(wei)一(yi)(yi)座陵墓(mu)。