芒果视频下载

簡介

漢(han)楚(chu)王墓(mu)群位于江蘇省(sheng)徐州(zhou)市和(he)銅山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)境(jing)內(nei)，徐州(zhou)附近(jin)的(de)楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)、小龜山(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)、獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)等(deng)處。共(gong)八處二(er)十余座。是西漢(han)十二(er)代楚(chu)王的(de)墓(mu)， 已發掘或清理的(de)有(you)(you)(you)小龜山(shan)(shan)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)、東洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)、南洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)和(he)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)等(deng)。東洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)一(yi)號(hao)墓(mu)較(jiao)大，有(you)(you)(you)七個(ge)墓(mu)室(shi)，面(mian)積約200平方(fang)米；二(er)號(hao)基規模較(jiao)小，1982年發現出土鎏金(jin)銅器有(you)(you)(you)巨型“趙姬沐盤”、明光宮鼎等(deng)。北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)墓(mu)室(shi)總面(mian)積達500平方(fang)米，七個(ge)彩俑(yong)(yong)室(shi)各有(you)(you)(you)儀仗、侍衛彩俑(yong)(yong)三十余個(ge)。1986年出土有(you)(you)(you)金(jin)帶鉤(gou)、透雕(diao)玉器，銅、鐵器及(ji)“楚(chu)御府印”等(deng)珍(zhen)貴文物(wu)。該墓(mu)構造(zao)復(fu)雜、葬法獨(du)特，對研究漢(han)文帝時(shi)起依山(shan)(shan)擇陵起源(yuan)，西漢(han)建(jian)筑、采礦(kuang)、化學保(bao)護技術有(you)(you)(you)重要價值。

發掘

1982年發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)小龜(gui)山2號墓(mu)(mu)，鑿山而筑(zhu)，東西(xi)長約83米(mi)、南北寬(kuan)33米(mi)，共(gong)有墓(mu)(mu)室12個(ge)(ge)，各(ge)墓(mu)(mu)室又分前(qian)中后三(san)(san)(san)室，為(wei)仿墓(mu)(mu)主人生(sheng)前(qian)居(ju)室營建，宏(hong)大壯觀，猶如(ru)地下宮(gong)殿。墓(mu)(mu)主為(wei)西(xi)漢(han)(han)第六(liu)代(dai)楚襄王(wang)劉(liu)注。1954年發(fa)現(xian)，1995-1996年發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)獅子山楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)是墓(mu)(mu)群中最大的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)，面積(ji)約850平(ping)方米(mi)，有三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)兵俑坑(keng)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)馬(ma)俑坑(keng)，其中一(yi)(yi)、二號坑(keng)內有兵馬(ma)俑2500個(ge)(ge)，成四個(ge)(ge)方陣布列。位于內墓(mu)(mu)道兩(liang)側的(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)耳室是迄今發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)諸漢(han)(han)楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)中唯一(yi)(yi)未被盜擾且保存(cun)完好的(de)(de)，出土有一(yi)(yi)批金銀銅鐵玉器(qi)及150方銀、銅官印等珍貴文(wen)物，據推測該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)主可能為(wei)第三(san)(san)(san)代(dai)楚王(wang)劉(liu)戊。1984年發(fa)掘(jue)了該(gai)墓(mu)(mu)三(san)(san)(san)座(zuo)(zuo)兵馬(ma)俑陪葬坑(keng)中的(de)(de)兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)，并(bing)在原址建立了徐州兵馬(ma)俑博物館。龜(gui)山、獅子山兩(liang)處楚王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)也分別建立了博物館。

漢墓特征

西漢初興，為鞏固統治，大(da)(da)封同姓王(wang)。同姓王(wang)們(men)各經營一方(fang)，筑(zhu)城(cheng)造宮，修陵(ling)(ling)建墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，時至今日宮城(cheng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)廢，年久無存；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)位地(di)下，保存較(jiao)易。解放以來，文(wen)物(wu)工作者調查和發掘諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)古墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，計(ji)有(you)河北滿城(cheng)的(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，北京大(da)(da)葆臺廣(guang)(guang)陽(yang)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)東曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)魯王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、臨(lin)淄的(de)(de)齊王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，河南省永城(cheng)芒山(shan)(shan)(shan)梁王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，湖(hu)南長(chang)沙王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，江蘇徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、揚(yang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)廣(guang)(guang)陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，廣(guang)(guang)東廣(guang)(guang)州(zhou)市南越王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，已(yi)發掘了數十座。這些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)雖多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)經盜掘，但(dan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)保存尚(shang)好，對研究(jiu)西漢建筑(zhu)藝術頗為重(zhong)要(yao)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)有(you)二：一曰豎穴墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，葬(zang)(zang)具(ju)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)以棺槨(guo)及黃(huang)腸題湊；二曰巖(yan)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，如徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)、永城(cheng)芒山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)梁王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)及曲(qu)阜的(de)(de)魯王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)等，這些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鑿(zao)石造墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)氣勢龐大(da)(da)，結(jie)構復雜，有(you)棺有(you)槨(guo)，道長(chang)室(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)，工程浩大(da)(da)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)之(zhi)異同，概(gai)因各地(di)風俗(su)(su)習慣、葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su)制(zhi)度和自然條(tiao)件而異。 徐(xu)州(zhou)的(de)(de)楚(chu)王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，頗具(ju)特色(se)(se)。目前已(yi)調查和發掘的(de)(de)8處，因其早(zao)晚關系和各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)特色(se)(se)不同，故(gu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)制(zhi)和葬(zang)(zang)俗(su)(su)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)也各有(you)別。鑒于這些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)絕大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)數早(zao)年被盜，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)結(jie)構和形(xing)制(zhi)部(bu)分保存完好，但(dan)文(wen)物(wu)及葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)受破壞，為這批墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)設(she)置了諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)困難。

一、楚王陵墓之特征

（一）墓地的選擇

楚王選(xuan)擇(ze)葬(zang)地(di)(di)(di)，一(yi)般是各具(ju)一(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頭都不(bu)太高大，自為一(yi)體。在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的前方，一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)開闊的空地(di)(di)(di)，遠山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)近(jin)水(shui)，一(yi)覽無(wu)余，獨占一(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，曰“占山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為王”。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)(yao)向空地(di)(di)(di)，其方向有(you)(you)面(mian)向南(nan)(nan)者(zhe)(zhe)：如(ru)獅(shi)子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。有(you)(you)面(mian)向西(xi)者(zhe)(zhe)：如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；亦有(you)(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門向東者(zhe)(zhe)，如(ru)楚王山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)劉交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。皆人工鑿巖(yan)成墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，精粗有(you)(you)別，一(yi)般早期較(jiao)考究，四壁平整規范(fan)，如(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；晚期較(jiao)粗獷(guang)，如(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（二）關于墓道甬道及封門

關于楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，比較復雜，早期(qi)有(you)斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道一(yi)般比較寬(kuan)大(da)，如楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)山(shan)(shan)劉交(jiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，斜坡達20度(du)，亦有(you)前(qian)后寬(kuan)度(du)不同，又分前(qian)（外）寬(kuan)后（內）窄；平底墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道，如北(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。中(zhong)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)一(yi)般為長方形小平底，如小龜山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)端(duan)稍寬(kuan)，亦有(you)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道后端(duan)有(you)一(yi)段為喇叭形，如南洞山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。晚期(qi)的臥牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)寬(kuan)后窄，底部有(you)斜坡，但斜度(du)較小，為15度(du)左右。

甬(yong)道(dao)：早(zao)期(qi)(qi)較寬(kuan)大(da)，一(yi)般剖面約為2×2米(mi)左右，較短(duan)，如北洞(dong)山(shan)墓、馱籃(lan)山(shan)二墓、獅子(zi)山(shan)墓。中期(qi)(qi)墓的甬(yong)道(dao)一(yi)般較長，剖面約1.1×1.9米(mi)，有的長達近50米(mi)，如小龜山(shan)墓、石橋墓、南(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)墓。晚期(qi)(qi)甬(yong)道(dao)又(you)變短(duan)，如臥牛(niu)山(shan)墓。

關于封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)設備：各(ge)種門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)封法(fa)也(ye)不(bu)一樣，甬道(dao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)主(zhu)要用(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)小(xiao)和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作光度依(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬規格不(bu)同而異，一般(ban)長(chang)(chang)2.0～2.5米，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)長(chang)(chang)者達4.5米，寬(kuan)厚(hou)在(zai)0.95～1米。早(zao)期甬道(dao)較(jiao)寬(kuan)，用(yong)4塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)兩(liang)(liang)并列上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓封堵(du)(du)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)榫（如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)量，依(yi)甬道(dao)長(chang)(chang)短而定，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)用(yong)3組(zu)，獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)用(yong)4組(zu)，馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)亦(yi)用(yong)3組(zu)。個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)也(ye)用(yong)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)（棺室(shi)）在(zai)過道(dao)上(shang)（短甬道(dao)）也(ye)用(yong)一組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)些塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)或(huo)外往(wang)往(wang)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)一道(dao)木(mu)(mu)質門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，一般(ban)為雙扇，留有(you)(you)(you)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樞窩和(he)封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)器槽；封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)器有(you)(you)(you)銅質（北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）或(huo)鐵質（獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)），形制(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)不(bu)同。早(zao)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)各(ge)室(shi)，視其(qi)情況，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)也(ye)備有(you)(you)(you)木(mu)(mu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，如(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)，兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)耳(er)室(shi)，也(ye)用(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)填(tian)實，如(ru)北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)后段，還(huan)用(yong)較(jiao)小(xiao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封堵(du)(du)，耳(er)室(shi)則用(yong)長(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)各(ge)約1米的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)封堵(du)(du)，這(zhe)些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)厚(hou)薄(bo)不(bu)均，一般(ban)下(xia)邊(bian)厚(hou)，上(shang)部(bu)薄(bo)，當為操作方便所致，如(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)內(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)的(de)(de)3間耳(er)室(shi)即(ji)用(yong)此封法(fa)，同時(shi)在(zai)封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)又用(yong)木(mu)(mu)質門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)封死(si)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龕，其(qi)封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)方法(fa)用(yong)特制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板(ban)豎(shu)立封死(si)。中(zhong)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)封法(fa)大(da)體(ti)同早(zao)期，唯甬道(dao)窄而且(qie)用(yong)兩(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)下(xia)疊(die)壓封死(si)，這(zhe)種墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)往(wang)往(wang)全甬道(dao)填(tian)滿塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如(ru)小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)用(yong)了13組(zu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)種塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)甬道(dao)底部(bu)鑿(zao)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽以(yi)增(zeng)加(jia)封門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)之牢固性（小(xiao)龜山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)編號，記塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尺幅(fu)和(he)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，如(ru)獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)甬道(dao)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)作工藝有(you)(you)(you)粗(cu)有(you)(you)(you)精，一般(ban)早(zao)期較(jiao)精，棱(leng)角規整，六面(mian)磨光。以(yi)馱籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最精，六面(mian)光潔(jie)，可以(yi)鑒人；北(bei)洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、獅(shi)(shi)子(zi)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)次之，中(zhong)晚(wan)期墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)粗(cu)約，打制(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)六面(mian)，鑿(zao)痕清晰，不(bu)加(jia)打磨，以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橋M2最典型。

（三）關于耳室的配制

耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)的(de)設置(zhi)系根據各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)具體情況而(er)(er)定(ding)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)多有(you)(you)(you)(you)少。有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側，如(ru)(ru)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側各有(you)(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，楚(chu)王山(shan)(shan)劉交(jiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上有(you)(you)(you)(you)4間(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)兩(liang)相(xiang)對，獅子山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在內(nei)(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側相(xiang)對3間(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，但各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)上不造(zao)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在甬道(dao)(dao)上鑿制耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)小龜山(shan)(shan)二墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)(nan)洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，如(ru)(ru)石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)M2、臥(wo)牛山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)的(de)功能亦不盡(jin)相(xiang)同，北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因被盜而(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)空空，功能難(nan)定(ding)。獅子山(shan)(shan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)(dao)3間(jian)(jian)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)，從出(chu)土文(wen)物論定(ding)，西側南(nan)(nan)端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（W1）為(wei)“御府”庫，放置(zhi)大量銅(tong)容器(qi)(qi)、銅(tong)鐵兵器(qi)(qi)、漆耳(er)(er)(er)杯(bei)、玉酒器(qi)(qi)等武器(qi)(qi)和(he)生活器(qi)(qi)皿等，各式器(qi)(qi)物達200余件；西側北端一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（W2）主要放置(zhi)銅(tong)、銀容器(qi)(qi)及(ji)魚、獸骨及(ji)谷物（炭化(hua)）等，似(si)為(wei)貯藏(zang)室(shi)(shi)；東側一(yi)室(shi)(shi)（E1）有(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)道(dao)(dao)門，從出(chu)土的(de)陶器(qi)(qi)、盆、鐵釜、銅(tong)勺、銅(tong)甑、銅(tong)釜等物，應為(wei)庖廚間(jian)(jian)。小龜山(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)耳(er)(er)(er)室(shi)(shi)似(si)為(wei)車(che)馬間(jian)(jian)，在男(nan)性(xing)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)清理出(chu)陶俑、陶馬和(he)車(che)等明(ming)器(qi)(qi)。

另在北洞山墓(mu)墓(mu)道中(zhong)段兩側有(you)7個石龕，龕內(nei)放置彩繪陶俑(yong)(yong)222件(jian)，這(zhe)(zhe)些俑(yong)(yong)皆為武士、武官形象，看(kan)來(lai)這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)為了衛(wei)戍該墓(mu)而特(te)設的(de)儀衛(wei)俑(yong)(yong)。

（四）關于墓室的配制

墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要部(bu)分(fen)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（棺(guan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)）、橫(heng)堂(tang)、側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、沐浴室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、廁(ce)間(jian)(jian)及(ji)(ji)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)等(deng)。主(zhu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)端(duan)，為(wei)長方形，因(yin)(yin)系(xi)放置(zhi)棺(guan)槨(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)很講究(jiu)，造型(xing)規范，四壁平整(zheng)(zheng)，如(ru)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱(tuo)藍(lan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。楚王(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還用特制(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)料(liao)四壁砌筑，頂用特制(zhi)(zhi)券石(shi)起券，異常宏偉(wei)。但是，獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)棺(guan)槨(guo)陳置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)橫(heng)堂(tang)東側(ce)(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)棺(guan)床上(shang)，這(zhe)可(ke)能是因(yin)(yin)為(wei)該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚(shang)(shang)未(wei)建(jian)成而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)突然(ran)故去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)急措施(shi)(shi)所致。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)顯得(de)比較(jiao)(jiao)復雜(za)，多系(xi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心部(bu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)間(jian)(jian)大(da)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)再建(jian)木結構瓦頂棺(guan)房，如(ru)河北(bei)(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)劉勝墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)橋(qiao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、南(nan)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比較(jiao)(jiao)簡(jian)約，把棺(guan)槨(guo)置(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)即(ji)可(ke)。關于(yu)(yu)(yu)其他(ta)(ta)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，因(yin)(yin)被盜諸(zhu)原因(yin)(yin)，不能論述準確(que)，僅就個別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，依(yi)據清(qing)(qing)理(li)情(qing)況和各室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)存設(she)施(shi)(shi)，簡(jian)述如(ru)下：獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)楚王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)E2，清(qing)(qing)理(li)時發(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)諸(zhu)多銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錢(qian)遺跡，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)盜洞又(you)出有(you)(you)(you)完整(zheng)(zheng)錢(qian)17．6萬余枚，故論定(ding)此為(wei)錢(qian)庫；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)E4，清(qing)(qing)出有(you)(you)(you)女(nv)性所用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)及(ji)(ji)女(nv)性牙齒等(deng)，該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)專門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)封門設(she)備，故為(wei)女(nv)性陪葬墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；而W3和W4分(fen)別集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏡、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)印、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏃、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤、鐵(tie)甲(jia)、鐵(tie)盔等(deng)，故認為(wei)為(wei)儲藏(zang)(zang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；該(gai)(gai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，出土整(zheng)(zheng)套石(shi)磬、琴鈕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)類樂器附(fu)件，似為(wei)樂舞(wu)廳(ting)。北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，因(yin)(yin)塞石(shi)封堵較(jiao)(jiao)嚴(yan)，未(wei)被盜擾，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)清(qing)(qing)理(li)出金帶(dai)鉤、金耳(er)飾、玉(yu)衣片、透雕玉(yu)飾及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)帶(dai)鉤等(deng)，亦應(ying)為(wei)儲藏(zang)(zang)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)出土文物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)“武(wu)庫”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)印章及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鏃等(deng)兵(bing)器，說明(ming)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當為(wei)“武(wu)庫”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)置(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)M1甬道上(shang)，有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)套間(jian)(jian)（XIV、XV）與(yu)該(gai)(gai)耳(er)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)（XⅢ）相(xiang)對應(ying)，從出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)俑、陶(tao)馬、陶(tao)盆及(ji)(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)弩機、鐵(tie)銜鑣等(deng)及(ji)(ji)井(jing)等(deng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)看，該(gai)(gai)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能應(ying)為(wei)車馬間(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還有(you)(you)(you)沐浴間(jian)(jian)（馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)二(er)(er)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)）和廁(ce)間(jian)(jian)（北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)2間(jian)(jian)、馱(tuo)籃山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)各有(you)(you)(you)1間(jian)(jian)）。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廁(ce)所不大(da)明(ming)確(que)，如(ru)小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第X室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)橋(qiao)M1主(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)東端(duan)北(bei)(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也應(ying)為(wei)廁(ce)所。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)楚王(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多有(you)(you)(you)水(shui)井(jing)設(she)置(zhi)，這(zhe)些水(shui)井(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)各有(you)(you)(you)不同(tong)，早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)包(bao)廚間(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)兩眼(yan)水(shui)井(jing)，其一(yi)(yi)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)男性墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)XIV室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬廄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，另一(yi)(yi)眼(yan)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)XI、XⅡ兩室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壁中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)；晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)臥牛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)井(jing)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)側(ce)(ce)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)壁下。關于(yu)(yu)(yu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)水(shui)設(she)施(shi)(shi)，不分(fen)早(zao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)皆(jie)有(you)(you)(you)，唯獅子(zi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)因(yin)(yin)尚(shang)(shang)未(wei)按(an)原計劃建(jian)成而沒有(you)(you)(you)外，其他(ta)(ta)各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)，排(pai)(pai)水(shui)方向，依(yi)各墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)況而異，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把水(shui)排(pai)(pai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)裂隙處，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)向墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道。

（五）關于封土

一般來講，西(xi)漢的(de)(de)帝陵(ling)、王(wang)陵(ling)皆有(you)封土，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)亦不(bu)例外。但是，有(you)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經過2000多(duo)年(nian)的(de)(de)風(feng)風(feng)雨雨，水土流(liu)失，有(you)的(de)(de)尚存，如(ru)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、北(bei)洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；有(you)的(de)(de)已(yi)不(bu)存在了，如(ru)小龜山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、馱籃山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石橋墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等。封土質地一般是從山(shan)下運上去的(de)(de)褐色土，以夯(hang)(hang)實，夯(hang)(hang)層(ceng)一般在20～35厘米，個別封土周圍還用特制(zhi)石條鑲(xiang)砌，加(jia)以保(bao)護(hu)，如(ru)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王(wang)山(shan)劉(liu)交墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。

（六）關于陵園及其他設施

西(xi)(xi)漢帝陵(ling)(ling)皆有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，且(qie)規模(mo)龐(pang)大(da)。按照制(zhi)度，王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)也應有(you)陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)，因(yin)徐州歷史上多次黃河泛濫，造成平地(di)有(you)3～5米淤(yu)積，加之地(di)貌變化，陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)已不復(fu)存(cun)。但(dan)在(zai)楚王(wang)陵(ling)(ling)周(zhou)圍，仍可(ke)見(jian)一些(xie)(xie)遺跡，如在(zai)獅子(zi)(zi)山西(xi)(xi)的磚瓦(wa)廠采土場內(nei)，可(ke)見(jian)到(dao)(dao)不少西(xi)(xi)漢瓦(wa)片，在(zai)我們(men)找墓時新挖的幾條(tiao)探(tan)溝(gou)中，也都見(jian)到(dao)(dao)瓦(wa)礫遺物。同時，在(zai)獅子(zi)(zi)山西(xi)(xi)坡上，發現二節陶質排水(shui)管(guan)，是為墓垣上的排水(shui)設施(shi)，從這些(xie)(xie)遺物和遺跡，說明獅子(zi)(zi)山墓當年有(you)相當規模(mo)的陵(ling)(ling)園(yuan)建(jian)筑。

墓(mu)是葬(zang)埋死(si)人的(de)設(she)施(shi)。個別墓(mu)不僅有(you)墓(mu)葬(zang)設(she)施(shi)，而且(qie)還(huan)附有(you)衙屬部分，如北洞山墓(mu)在墓(mu)道(dao)中段(duan)東(dong)側，建造有(you)一(yi)整套(tao)類似地面建筑的(de)衙屬，功能(neng)齊(qi)備，有(you)大小(xiao)達11間之多，計(ji)有(you)武庫、樂(le)舞廳、更衣室、倉(cang)房(fang)，地下貯(zhu)藏室（凌(ling)陰）、廚(chu)房(fang)、水井、柴(chai)房(fang)、廁所(suo)等。

個別墓葬(zang)還專門陪葬(zang)有(you)兵(bing)(bing)馬(ma)俑等衛戍部隊。如獅子山楚(chu)王墓，在其西、北(bei)部都發現有(you)兵(bing)(bing)馬(ma)俑坑，西側有(you)6條坑，包括步兵(bing)(bing)、騎兵(bing)(bing)、車兵(bing)(bing)和警衛俑等兵(bing)(bing)種，數量多達4000余件。同時，在陵(ling)園內也發現多處零(ling)星兵(bing)(bing)俑坑和一處車坑，車坑中葬(zang)有(you)3輛(liang)漆質(zhi)模型車和3個立式陶(tao)俑，當為御手或車士。

（七）關于陪葬墓

近(jin)臣及親屬陪(pei)葬(zang)古(gu)已有(you)之(zhi)，西漢(han)亦(yi)不(bu)例外(wai)。西漢(han)開國(guo)皇帝(di)劉(liu)(liu)邦長陵(ling)就(jiu)有(you)蕭何、曹參(can)(can)、張耳、張良、周勃、戚(qi)夫人等(deng)陪(pei)葬(zang)；惠帝(di)安(an)陵(ling)有(you)魯元(yuan)公主(zhu)(zhu)、陳平、張蒼、愛盎(ang)、楊(yang)雄(xiong)等(deng)陪(pei)葬(zang)。帝(di)陵(ling)如(ru)此，王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵(ling)也多依規行(xing)之(zhi)。楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)目前(qian)可見有(you)4座陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，《水(shui)經(jing)注》記載(zai)“……經(jing)十余墳”。北(bei)洞山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)北(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)后柚山(shan)上，清理(li)了(le)(le)近(jin)10座陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)附近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)繡球(qiu)山(shan)上，1987年也清理(li)出(chu)2座陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)也發掘(jue)過陪(pei)葬(zang)，那是(shi)1972年發掘(jue)小(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)一(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，從出(chu)土(tu)器物(wu)銘文(wen)可知(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“翁主(zhu)(zhu)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。 值得一(yi)提(ti)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中的(de)(de)(de)3座陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，其(qi)一(yi)曰“食官(guan)監(jian)”墓(mu)(mu)(mu)，位于內(nei)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道相接(jie)處之(zhi)外(wai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道東(dong)壁下，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)男性，年齡在(zai)40歲左右，隨葬(zang)品頗豐厚，計有(you)5件銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)、4塊玉(yu)璧、兩件玉(yu)璜、4把鐵劍、兩件銅(tong)(tong)鏡、1套制作(zuo)精美的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)枕(zhen)、1方銅(tong)(tong)質“官(guan)監(jian)印(yin)(yin)”和1方無(wu)字玉(yu)印(yin)(yin)及大(da)量銅(tong)(tong)錢(qian)、陶器和陶俑(yong)等(deng)；其(qi)二(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)E4內(nei)，因(yin)被(bei)盜(dao)清理(li)出(chu)牙齒及玉(yu)舞(wu)人、玉(yu)鼻塞、玉(yu)珩(heng)等(deng)文(wen)物(wu)，經(jing)鑒定，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)30歲左右的(de)(de)(de)女(nv)性；其(qi)三(san)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)E5內(nei)，該室(shi)盜(dao)擾慘重(zhong)，但從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)和與(yu)(yu)E4封門(men)設(she)備(bei)相同來看(kan)，亦(yi)應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)女(nv)性陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。究其(qi)原因(yin)，可作(zuo)以下推論：獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代，發掘(jue)簡(jian)報認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)二(er)(er)或第(di)(di)三(san)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。第(di)(di)二(er)(er)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)劉(liu)(liu)郢客，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)劉(liu)(liu)交之(zhi)子(zi)，官(guan)居(ju)“宗正”，在(zai)位四年薨，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)陪(pei)葬(zang)二(er)(er)女(nv)一(yi)男似難理(li)解，若為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)三(san)代楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，該王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)參(can)(can)于“七國(guo)之(zhi)亂”，戰(zhan)敗自(zi)(zi)殺，死的(de)(de)(de)突然，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)未建(jian)成即行(xing)葬(zang)入在(zai)自(zi)(zi)殺前(qian)，把自(zi)(zi)己(ji)心愛的(de)(de)(de)妃子(zi)先行(xing)殺掉與(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)葬(zang)在(zai)一(yi)起，亦(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)可；楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)戰(zhan)敗自(zi)(zi)殺，二(er)(er)女(nv)子(zi)癡情殉葬(zang)自(zi)(zi)殺也有(you)可能；食官(guan)監(jian)是(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)親信，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)自(zi)(zi)殺，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)屬下，生時(shi)關(guan)系密切，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)死了(le)(le)，甘愿殉葬(zang)而自(zi)(zi)殺也是(shi)可能的(de)(de)(de)。

（八）關于殉葬器物 漢人行厚葬。

不(bu)僅有(you)(you)(you)建筑宏偉的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)，而(er)(er)且(qie)有(you)(you)(you)品類(lei)齊全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各式器(qi)(qi)物(wu)。這些(xie)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)就質地講(jiang)可(ke)以包(bao)覽金(jin)(jin)銀銅(tong)鐵(tie)鉛、陶石玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)骨漆(qi)(qi)。就功能(neng)來講(jiang)，反(fan)映(ying)了政治、經濟、軍(jun)事、文化、生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活和(he)(he)科(ke)學技術等(deng)(deng)，無(wu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)不(bu)包(bao)。但是，因這些(xie)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)被盜嚴重，為(wei)(wei)研(yan)究設(she)置了障礙。從(cong)這些(xie)殘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)清理出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)來看(kan)，有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葬(zang)服金(jin)(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣，有(you)(you)(you)裝裹(guo)華麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)漆(qi)(qi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺槨及(ji)(ji)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)枕等(deng)(deng)，楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)配帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)沖牙；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)娛樂器(qi)(qi)件(jian)石磬等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)生(sheng)前(qian)(qian)穿(chuan)戴(dai)和(he)(he)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)質盔甲和(he)(he)銅(tong)鐵(tie)劍戟鈹(pi)矛等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)活所(suo)(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)鼎、鍾、壺、匜(yi)、舫、鑒、鏡；有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)飲(yin)酒的(de)(de)(de)(de)酒器(qi)(qi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)卮、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)杯(bei)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)耳杯(bei)及(ji)(ji)玻璃杯(bei)等(deng)(deng)；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)做(zuo)飯所(suo)(suo)(suo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)灶(zao)具甑、釜(fu)；有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陪葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品魚、雞(ji)、牛排(pai)、狗、豬、羊等(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)為(wei)(wei)保衛(wei)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)而(er)(er)特設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊及(ji)(ji)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)存放的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)豹、銅(tong)豹、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獸等(deng)(deng)；還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)侍(shi)從(cong)男女陶俑等(deng)(deng)；更(geng)有(you)(you)(you)反(fan)映(ying)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)印章和(he)(he)封泥等(deng)(deng)。 綜上(shang)(shang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)述(shu)，西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建造方法可(ke)以概括為(wei)(wei)：1． 選(xuan)址(zhi)：皆選(xuan)用石灰(hui)巖山(shan)(shan)頭，因楚(chu)(chu)元(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)選(xuan)址(zhi)在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)北坡之(zhi)小(xiao)山(shan)(shan)包(bao)上(shang)(shang)，其子孫皆不(bu)得超之(zhi)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以后(hou)代(dai)多選(xuan)用獨立存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)山(shan)(shan)頭上(shang)(shang)。2. 定位：墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)南、向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)西和(he)(he)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東，獨無(wu)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)北者，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)定要有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)望無(wu)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)闊地帶(dai)，不(bu)得有(you)(you)(you)他物(wu)擋(dang)其視線；同時墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道一(yi)般開(kai)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)坡上(shang)(shang)或(huo)靠近底部，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道和(he)(he)甬道要與山(shan)(shan)體(ti)石頭紋理走向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)(you)夾角(jiao)，并不(bu)得小(xiao)于(yu)45度，這樣(yang)最安全(quan)。3. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道：在(zai)山(shan)(shan)下部或(huo)山(shan)(shan)腰(yao)，呈(cheng)長(chang)條形或(huo)呈(cheng)前(qian)(qian)寬(kuan)后(hou)窄箕形有(you)(you)(you)平底和(he)(he)斜坡底兩(liang)種。4. 甬道：沿墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道前(qian)(qian)端向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)里延伸(shen)，一(yi)般早期(qi)(qi)(qi)寬(kuan)而(er)(er)短(duan)(duan)，中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)窄而(er)(er)長(chang)，晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)窄且(qie)短(duan)(duan)。5. 墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)：一(yi)般在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道或(huo)甬道上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)或(huo)兩(liang)個(ge)耳室(shi)(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)中(zhong)后(hou)及(ji)(ji)側室(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)。一(yi)般來講(jiang)，早期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建造考(kao)究，主要布局在(zai)中(zhong)軸線上(shang)(shang)或(huo)兩(liang)側，廁所(suo)(suo)(suo)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯；中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比(bi)較(jiao)粗(cu)獷，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)結構比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜；且(qie)主要室(shi)(shi)內(nei)另設(she)木結構棺房。晚期(qi)(qi)(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)則比(bi)較(jiao)簡約(yue)，只有(you)(you)(you)前(qian)(qian)、后(hou)室(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)側室(shi)(shi)；個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)還(huan)附有(you)(you)(you)“衙屬”，結構復(fu)雜，門(men)類(lei)齊全(quan)，造型(xing)考(kao)究。6. 陵園及(ji)(ji)其他：一(yi)般墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)都有(you)(you)(you)陵園設(she)施，個(ge)別墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)陪葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)兵馬俑坑(keng)等(deng)(deng)。

二、相關問題研究

（一）西漢諸侯王墓的形制與楚王巖洞墓的建造

目前考古工作者(zhe)已調查和(he)(he)(he)(he)發掘了數(shu)十座(zuo)西漢(han)諸(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，由于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)幅員遼闊(kuo)，各地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然、風俗(su)和(he)(he)(he)(he)習慣存在較(jiao)大(da)差(cha)異，因此西漢(han)諸(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)制亦不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)致，總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說可(ke)分(fen)為豎穴木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩大(da)類(lei)，同時(shi)每個大(da)類(lei)中又有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制。其中，豎穴木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)多(duo)建(jian)造在平原地(di)(di)區(qu)或丘陵(ling)(ling)之(zhi)上，如(ru)北京的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、長江(jiang)(jiang)流域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖南長沙王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、安徽(hui)六(liu)安王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)泗水王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)。此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)又可(ke)分(fen)為普通槨(guo)室和(he)(he)(he)(he)“黃腸(chang)題湊”兩種形(xing)式(shi)，如(ru)北京大(da)葆臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陽(yang)頃王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)揚(yang)(yang)州(zhou)高(gao)郵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神居山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣陵(ling)(ling)王(wang)(wang)(wang)劉胥墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，均為“黃腸(chang)題湊”式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型(xing)木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是中國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)發展史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)支絢麗奇葩，其“因山(shan)(shan)(shan)為陵(ling)(ling)，鑿(zao)石(shi)成(cheng)室”，整座(zuo)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)直接(jie)開鑿(zao)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)體之(zhi)中，此類(lei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在西漢(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)中曾盛行一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)，主要分(fen)布在冀西、豫東、魯南和(he)(he)(he)(he)蘇(su)北的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘陵(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)區(qu)，著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北滿城中山(shan)(shan)(shan)靖王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、山(shan)(shan)(shan)東曲阜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群、河南永城的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群和(he)(he)(he)(he)江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)徐州(zhou)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群，即(ji)是巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)代(dai)(dai)表。此外還有處于(yu)兩類(lei)之(zhi)間者(zhe)，如(ru)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東長清濟北王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)即(ji)兼具(ju)巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。西漢(han)諸(zhu)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過程(cheng)中，還形(xing)成(cheng)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域特征和(he)(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)對獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)體系，從而極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富了我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術。

徐(xu)(xu)州地(di)(di)區是(shi)我國(guo)漢(han)(han)代巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)起(qi)源與(yu)(yu)(yu)集粹地(di)(di)，這種(zhong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形制曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王國(guo)中(zhong)廣泛盛行，是(shi)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)高級(ji)貴(gui)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)特有(you)葬(zang)制，其中(zhong)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王為(wei)橫穴(xue)式巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、楚(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)貴(gui)族(zu)為(wei)豎穴(xue)式巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。從時(shi)間(jian)上(shang)來(lai)看，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王劉(liu)交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)造上(shang)至少要(yao)早(zao)于文(wen)帝霸(ba)陵(ling)(ling)23年，且文(wen)帝尊崇楚(chu)(chu)(chu)元王，他之所以提(ti)倡巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)很有(you)可能就是(shi)受到(dao)(dao)其叔父劉(liu)交的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)之所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王國(guo)中(zhong)最先興起(qi)并(bing)大量(liang)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)，是(shi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)徐(xu)(xu)州地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然地(di)(di)理條(tiao)件、葬(zang)俗(su)習(xi)(xi)慣(guan)以及當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治制度、思(si)(si)想(xiang)文(wen)化、生產(chan)力和科技(ji)發展(zhan)等(deng)因素密(mi)不可分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。究其原因主要(yao)有(you)以下幾(ji)點：一是(shi)徐(xu)(xu)州地(di)(di)處山(shan)東丘陵(ling)(ling)向南延(yan)伸帶(dai)(dai)上(shang)，楚(chu)(chu)(chu)都彭城周(zhou)圍群(qun)山(shan)環抱，多山(shan)少土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)理條(tiao)件為(wei)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)造提(ti)供了(le)(le)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然條(tiao)件；二是(shi)徐(xu)(xu)州一帶(dai)(dai)很久以來(lai)即(ji)有(you)人在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)中(zhong)建(jian)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)(xi)俗(su)，據(ju)史料記(ji)載(zai)，早(zao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)春秋時(shi)期(qi)宋國(guo)大夫桓魋(tui)就曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)徐(xu)(xu)州開(kai)鑿(zao)石(shi)槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，從而為(wei)西漢(han)(han)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王大型巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終(zhong)形成奠定了(le)(le)基礎；三是(shi)漢(han)(han)初提(ti)倡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“黃老無為(wei)”、“與(yu)(yu)(yu)民休(xiu)息”等(deng)文(wen)化思(si)(si)想(xiang)觀念和政治因素。四是(shi)鐵(tie)質工(gong)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍使用(yong)和炒(chao)鋼技(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現，對西漢(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi)巖(yan)(yan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造和最終(zhong)形成，起(qi)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)決定性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，經金相(xiang)分析表明獅(shi)子(zi)山(shan)楚(chu)(chu)(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿(zao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鐵(tie)鑿(zao)即(ji)為(wei)炒(chao)鋼。

（二）西漢楚王陵墓的分期與時代特征

徐(xu)(xu)州楚王墓群上(shang)起(qi)漢初下迄新(xin)莽，是我國西漢諸侯王巖(yan)洞墓中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)最多、時間跨度最長、保存序列最為完整的(de)地(di)區之一，從中(zhong)可以(yi)清晰地(di)看(kan)出(chu)(chu)其在(zai)不同(tong)時期(qi)的(de)發展和(he)(he)演變軌跡。徐(xu)(xu)州地(di)區的(de)西漢楚王墓雖同(tong)屬巖(yan)洞墓，但(dan)每座墓的(de)形(xing)制(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)又(you)無(wu)一雷同(tong)而(er)各(ge)具特(te)色。這些楚王墓在(zai)各(ge)個時期(qi)的(de)建筑(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)和(he)(he)建造規模上(shang)，又(you)與王國的(de)興衰(shuai)命(ming)運和(he)(he)楚王在(zai)位年限的(de)長短等因素息(xi)息(xi)相關(guan)。并(bing)隨著時代的(de)發展，呈現(xian)(xian)出(chu)(chu)早(zao)、中(zhong)、晚(wan)三(san)期(qi)較為明顯的(de)發展演變規律。現(xian)(xian)就西漢楚王巖(yan)洞墓的(de)分期(qi)和(he)(he)時代特(te)征作以(yi)概述。

早期為(wei)(wei)漢初至(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、景(jing)(jing)帝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，其(qi)總(zong)體特(te)(te)征(zheng)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)：“同塋異冢”即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)(fen)葬于同一陵園的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩座山(shan)(shan)體之中(zhong)(zhong)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)堂、后室(shi)結構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外部建(jian)(jian)筑宏偉，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)(chang)，甬道寬(kuan)(kuan)而(er)較(jiao)短，其(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外部建(jian)(jian)筑具有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)收(shou)跡象(xiang)(xiang)。這(zhe)一時(shi)(shi)(shi)期楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)三(san)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階(jie)段(duan)：第(di)一階(jie)段(duan)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)帝之前(qian)(qian)，以(yi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)山(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)代表(biao)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)尚處(chu)于萌芽階(jie)段(duan)，保留有(you)大(da)(da)量豎穴(xue)土坑(keng)(keng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)(te)點，其(qi)主體墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)為(wei)(wei)在豎穴(xue)巖坑(keng)(keng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)用石條壘筑成室(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)頂(ding)夯筑高(gao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆斗形(xing)封土堆。第(di)二階(jie)段(duan)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)、景(jing)(jing)帝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已(yi)擺脫了(le)豎穴(xue)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，形(xing)成了(le)西漢楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)特(te)(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)穴(xue)式(shi)巖洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬結構(gou)基本呈中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線布(bu)局，但并不(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外部建(jian)(jian)筑龐大(da)(da)而(er)復雜(za)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道兩側(ce)(ce)建(jian)(jian)附(fu)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)或耳(er)室(shi)，前(qian)(qian)端外部結構(gou)仍有(you)用石條壘筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)(xiang)，此后即全部改(gai)成在山(shan)(shan)巖中(zhong)(zhong)直接開(kai)鑿；長而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)后3段(duan)，其(qi)外寬(kuan)(kuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)窄，逐段(duan)向內(nei)(nei)(nei)收(shou)縮(suo)；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)2米見方，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)由4組呈“田(tian)”字形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塞石封堵；墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)主體建(jian)(jian)筑相(xiang)對較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)簡單(dan)(dan)，基本為(wei)(wei)前(qian)(qian)堂后室(shi)結構(gou)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)至(zhi)前(qian)(qian)堂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)，側(ce)(ce)室(shi)較(jiao)少或不(bu)(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，這(zhe)一階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬有(you)北洞(dong)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)獅子山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)陵。第(di)三(san)階(jie)段(duan)為(wei)(wei)景(jing)(jing)帝至(zhi)武(wu)帝前(qian)(qian)期，以(yi)馱(tuo)籃(lan)山(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)代表(biao)，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬開(kai)始靠攏，分(fen)(fen)建(jian)(jian)在同一座山(shan)(shan)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩峰，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線對稱布(bu)局十(shi)分(fen)(fen)強列，陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外部結構(gou)開(kai)始簡化，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道變成長而(er)寬(kuan)(kuan)敞(chang)(chang)(chang)單(dan)(dan)重(zhong)斜坡式(shi)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門(men)外已(yi)不(bu)(bu)見耳(er)室(shi)等附(fu)屬(shu)建(jian)(jian)筑，但墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)建(jian)(jian)筑結構(gou)卻變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龐大(da)(da)而(er)復雜(za)，表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)甬道內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)(ce)室(shi)增加，前(qian)(qian)堂周圍出現許多生活(huo)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)屬(shu)房間。

中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)武帝至西(xi)(xi)漢晚期(qi)(qi)。由于武帝時漢朝中(zhong)央集(ji)權(quan)的(de)(de)不斷(duan)加強，這一(yi)(yi)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)巖洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在布局和(he)形(xing)制結構上均(jun)發生了重大(da)演(yan)變。首(shou)先表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)“同冢(zhong)異穴(xue)”，即楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)與王(wang)后的(de)(de)陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)建(jian)在同一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)體下，而分(fen)(fen)鑿出(chu)兩個(ge)靠近的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室，兩墓(mu)(mu)(mu)之間一(yi)(yi)般(ban)有◎門相通。其次是陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑規模(mo)逐漸變小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)非軸線式(shi)布局，其外部結構較為(wei)(wei)(wei)簡單，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)單重，短而窄，末端呈(cheng)喇叭口式(shi)內收，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門寬1米比前期(qi)(qi)縮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)了近一(yi)(yi)半，甬道(dao)變得十(shi)分(fen)(fen)狹長(chang)，而墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內空間增大(da)，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室一(yi)(yi)般(ban)以(yi)大(da)廳為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心呈(cheng)不對稱的(de)(de)錯落式(shi)分(fen)(fen)布，寬敞的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室中(zhong)部出(chu)現了特(te)有的(de)(de)擎天石柱(zhu)筑結構。武帝時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)尚有一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)規模(mo)，但隨著王(wang)國權(quan)勢和(he)國力的(de)(de)逐步減(jian)弱，至西(xi)(xi)漢晚期(qi)(qi)建(jian)造規模(mo)日益縮小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，特(te)別(bie)是王(wang)后陵墓(mu)(mu)(mu)已十(shi)分(fen)(fen)微(wei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，完全處于一(yi)(yi)種從屬地位。此期(qi)(qi)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)有小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)龜(gui)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、東(dong)洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)南洞山(shan)(shan)(shan)楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。

晚(wan)期(qi)楚(chu)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)西漢(han)末期(qi)，以臥(wo)牛山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)代表。隨著西漢(han)晚(wan)期(qi)楚(chu)王國政治(zhi)地位(wei)和綜合國力的(de)(de)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步萎縮，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)楚(chu)王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)已(yi)走向衰落，其墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬形(xing)制(zhi)基本沿襲(xi)了中期(qi)楚(chu)王巖(yan)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)特征(zheng)，但與(yu)之(zhi)相比規模(mo)更小，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道外部入口(kou)處僅(jin)寬2米(mi)，整條墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道完全為(wei)外寬內窄的(de)(de)嗽叭(ba)口(kou)狀，墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室的(de)(de)數(shu)量、功能與(yu)結構也更為(wei)簡(jian)單，僅(jin)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)主、一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側兩間墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室和一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)耳室。此(ci)(ci)時(shi)僅(jin)見楚(chu)王而不見王后墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，說明至西漢(han)末期(qi)時(shi)王后可能已(yi)合葬為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座陵(ling)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。