清(qing)(qing)徐曾是(shi)春(chun)秋古郡,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)最早的(de)建制縣(xian)之一,是(shi)《三國(guo)演義》作者古典文學大師羅貫中(zhong)故里,以(yi)“文化名城、醋都(dou)葡(pu)鄉”享(xiang)譽黃土高原(yuan)。擁有(you)老陳醋傳統釀(niang)造工藝、徐溝背鐵棍藝術、清(qing)(qing)徐磚雕(diao)、清(qing)(qing)徐彩門(men)樓等國(guo)家級非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)文化遺產,擁有(you)清(qing)(qing)源(yuan)文廟、狐突廟2處國(guo)保單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)和省保單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)4處、市保單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)6處,以(yi)及(ji)350處文物(wu)遺存,是(shi)晉(jin)商的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)發祥地之一。
清(qing)徐(xu)彩(cai)門樓(lou)是一門集民間(jian)古建筑技藝、民間(jian)美術(shu)、民間(jian)彩(cai)繪、民間(jian)手(shou)工技藝于一體(ti)的綜(zong)合藝術(shu)。“獅子龍燈跑旱船、彩(cai)樓(lou)當(dang)(dang)街撐(cheng)面(mian)面(mian)”是流傳(chuan)在清(qing)徐(xu)的民諺,形象地(di)(di)概(gai)述(shu)了清(qing)徐(xu)彩(cai)門樓(lou)在當(dang)(dang)地(di)(di)民俗(su)活動中的重(zhong)要地(di)(di)位(wei)。
當地(di)老人說,祖祖輩輩的(de)人們每逢過春節,家(jia)家(jia)都要去集市購買柏(bo)(bo)葉,將柏(bo)(bo)葉插在(zai)(zai)門(men)(men)拴上(shang)(shang)(shang),以示接福(fu)避(bi)邪(即可(ke)壓百邪)。在(zai)(zai)大年三十,人們將柏(bo)(bo)葉綁在(zai)(zai)一(yi)根竹竿(gan)或者木棍的(de)稍(shao)頭,再用紅(hong)紙纏(chan)上(shang)(shang)(shang),貼(tie)上(shang)(shang)(shang)“迎喜(xi)接福(fu)”的(de)對聯(lian),然后(hou)(hou)綁在(zai)(zai)房頂的(de)煙囪(cong)上(shang)(shang)(shang),還有的(de)將柏(bo)(bo)葉同供(gong)品(pin)擺在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起供(gong)神,祈求來(lai)年生意興旺;后(hou)(hou)來(lai)各家(jia)在(zai)(zai)門(men)(men)前用幾根門(men)(men)桿搭(da)架,上(shang)(shang)(shang)邊(bian)綁上(shang)(shang)(shang)柏(bo)(bo)葉枝,兩邊(bian)寫上(shang)(shang)(shang)對聯(lian),成為了柏(bo)(bo)葉門(men)(men)樓(lou),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶門(men)(men)樓(lou)造型不(bu)同。
隨(sui)(sui)著時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)(men)不斷用(yong)(yong)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料來(lai)反映他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審美傾向,顯示各家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富(fu)裕程度,于是出(chu)(chu)現了(le)(le)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、扭彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。商(shang)家(jia)(jia)更(geng)是在(zai)自家(jia)(jia)門前壘(lei)起(qi)了(le)(le)塔(ta)塔(ta)火,以此寓意(yi)生意(yi)興(xing)隆、紅紅火火,也(ye)為吸(xi)引更(geng)多人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注,后(hou)來(lai)發(fa)展到商(shang)家(jia)(jia)在(zai)商(shang)鋪(pu)門口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)街頭搭過(guo)(guo)街柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),又(you)高又(you)大(da),會吸(xi)引很遠地方人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注意(yi),同時(shi)也(ye)借此起(qi)到宣傳(chuan)自己商(shang)號,吸(xi)引顧客光(guang)顧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。當(dang)觀看的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)越(yue)聚(ju)越(yue)多時(shi),商(shang)家(jia)(jia)便(bian)用(yong)(yong)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)和廢食用(yong)(yong)油潑在(zai)塔(ta)塔(ta)火上(shang)(shang),象征來(lai)年(nian)生意(yi)紅火。由此,柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)開始發(fa)展為過(guo)(guo)街柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。隨(sui)(sui)著經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮,清徐(xu)城內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些較(jiao)富(fu)裕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)號開始設想(xiang)搭制(zhi)工藝(yi)更(geng)復雜、造型更(geng)美觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),于是,由較(jiao)大(da)商(shang)鋪(pu)出(chu)(chu)面牽頭,采取(qu)自愿(yuan)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則,向鄰近商(shang)行籌錢,籌起(qi)錢后(hou)請當(dang)時(shi)制(zhi)作(zuo)抬閣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)師傅制(zhi)作(zuo)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。在(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),產(chan)生了(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)五彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布(bu)裹木椽子并用(yong)(yong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布(bu)扭彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)編(bian)織亭(ting)閣門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)古(gu)建 型狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新式彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),其(qi)名(ming)稱也(ye)由原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柏(bo)(bo)(bo)葉(xie)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)正式取(qu)名(ming)為彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),后(hou)來(lai)又(you)在(zai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)掛上(shang)(shang)燈(deng)(deng)籠、繡(xiu)球等(deng),并給每(mei)個彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)起(qi)上(shang)(shang)了(le)(le)吉(ji)祥如(ru)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi),如(ru)“聚(ju)財門”、“五福門”、“興(xing)旺門”、“平安門”等(deng)等(deng),寄托著人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)(men)美好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)愿(yuan)。20世紀90年(nian)代(dai)以來(lai),在(zai)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來(lai)扭彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)編(bian)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)美術彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪部(bu)分,增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了(le)(le)五彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)燈(deng)(deng)光(guang),在(zai)造型上(shang)(shang)也(ye)更(geng)加(jia)(jia)多樣。
清徐(xu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)從搭(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)名稱上(shang)(shang)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(即(ji)搭(da)(da)(da)置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)街(jie)頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))和(he)(he)(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(即(ji)搭(da)(da)(da)置(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)各(ge)(ge)單(dan)位(wei)和(he)(he)(he)各(ge)(ge)家門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))兩(liang)(liang)種。根據搭(da)(da)(da)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)不同,可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)柏(bo)葉門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、柏(bo)葉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、扭(niu)(niu)(niu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、噴繪(hui)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)五(wu)(wu)種,它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨架制(zhi)作基(ji)本相同,所(suo)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)材料(liao)和(he)(he)(he)工藝。柏(bo)葉門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前身,有兩(liang)(liang)種形(xing)式(shi):一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)(ge)家門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前一(yi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)一(yi)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),兩(liang)(liang)旁(pang)扇形(xing)耳(er)壁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)層(ceng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)。另一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)橫(heng)跨大(da)街(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)四(si)柱三頂(ding)(ding)(ding),雙層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過街(jie)柏(bo)葉門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)柱、橫(heng)梁(liang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)、樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)、脊(ji)檁(lin)組合(he)而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)似古牌樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)式(shi)樣,門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)部制(zhi)作與柏(bo)葉樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)相同,兩(liang)(liang)邊(bian)(bian)小(xiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)要比中(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)低(di),小(xiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脊(ji)檁(lin)應在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)斜坡之下為(wei)宜,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)不宜過高。在(zai)柏(bo)葉門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)搭(da)(da)(da)建成了柏(bo)葉彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou),最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)明顯部位(wei)用(yong)五(wu)(wu)色(se)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布進(jin)行了裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。將門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)部前后兩(liang)(liang)處水斜坡和(he)(he)(he)挑(tiao)角用(yong)柏(bo)葉枝編織裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi),橫(heng)梁(liang)脊(ji)檁(lin)匾額部分(fen)用(yong)五(wu)(wu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布扭(niu)(niu)(niu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)子(zi)(zi)、綁好(hao)匾額,門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)柱即(ji)用(yong)紅布包裹或(huo)用(yong)五(wu)(wu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布扭(niu)(niu)(niu)成網(wang)狀(zhuang)纏上(shang)(shang)去,并貼上(shang)(shang)對聯、掛上(shang)(shang)燈籠。扭(niu)(niu)(niu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)分(fen)扭(niu)(niu)(niu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)與裝(zhuang)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)兩(liang)(liang)部分(fen),門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)部、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)與橫(heng)梁(liang)、門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)柱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)面(mian)為(wei)扭(niu)(niu)(niu)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)部分(fen),全(quan)部要用(yong)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)布包裝(zhuang),周邊(bian)(bian)用(yong)紅紙(zhi)金紙(zhi)條和(he)(he)(he)手工紙(zhi)貼出花邊(bian)(bian)圖案(an),圖案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)藝人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕技,當地(di)常扭(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)子(zi)(zi)有“結(jie)魚(yu)網(wang)”、“編席子(zi)(zi)”、“結(jie)空心疙瘩”、“尖(jian)(jian)對尖(jian)(jian)”、“編九針兒”、“打(da)燈籠景”、“拉瓦棱(leng)”等樣式(shi),各(ge)(ge)部位(wei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)子(zi)(zi)扭(niu)(niu)(niu)好(hao)后,要用(yong)淡紅色(se)、淡綠色(se)、淡黃色(se)綢布襯底(di),可(ke)以(yi)將圖案(an)襯得(de)更加(jia)突出。彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)不拘泥(ni)傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程式(shi)畫法(fa),圖案(an)活潑自由,門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)柱為(wei)紅底(di)金字(zi)或(huo)者是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紅底(di)加(jia)祥云圖案(an),中(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)橫(heng)梁(liang)一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)“包袱式(shi)”彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)和(he)(he)(he)“方(fang)心形(xing)”彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui),小(xiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)橫(heng)梁(liang)采(cai)用(yong)“方(fang)心式(shi)”和(he)(he)(he)“海(hai)漫式(shi)”彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)方(fang)法(fa)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui),小(xiao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)(lou)采(cai)用(yong)仿古建筑彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)繪(hui)工藝方(fang)法(fa)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)畫,圖樣左(zuo)右對稱,以(yi)青、綠色(se)調為(wei)主(zhu)。