臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)(nan)孔廟在(zai)臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)(nan)人(ren)的用心經(jing)營下,不只(zhi)是臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)(nan)的地標,更是臺(tai)(tai)南(nan)(nan)人(ren)的文化(hua)精神(shen)所在(zai)。孔廟建(jian)筑莊嚴宏(hong)偉,氣(qi)氛肅穆,格局完(wan)整,列屬(shu)國家一級古(gu)(gu)跡。廟旁蒼(cang)郁的古(gu)(gu)樹,越發引人(ren)思古(gu)(gu)之幽情(qing)。
臺南孔廟(miao)又(you)稱文廟(miao),建(jian)于(yu)明永歷年間,是(shi)全臺最早的文廟(miao),也是(shi)清末之(zhi)(zhi)前最高的官辦學(xue)(xue)府,故有“全臺首學(xue)(xue)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱,今已列(lie)屬一級古跡,孔廟(miao)廟(miao)堂文物眾多、殿宇恢宏,不愧為文廟(miao)之(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong)。
這座孔(kong)(kong)廟是由鄭(zheng)成(cheng)(cheng)功部將陳永華倡議修(xiu)建,歷經數(shu)次修(xiu)葺(qi),廟門以(yi)一(yi)“全(quan)臺首學”金字(zi)橫(heng)匾作為登堂之階,雄渾醒目的(de)(de)筆力,益增莊嚴肅穆(mu)。建筑以(yi)主(zhu)祀(si)至圣先(xian)(xian)師孔(kong)(kong)子的(de)(de)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿為主(zhu)體,大成(cheng)(cheng)殿無柱(zhu)子及回廊,而(er)以(yi)伸出厚墻的(de)(de)挑梁插栱支撐,殿梁懸有多(duo)方前清諸(zhu)帝的(de)(de)欽賜御(yu)匾,備極尊榮;兩旁東西廡則奉(feng)祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子72位(wei)弟子及歷代先(xian)(xian)儒(ru)先(xian)(xian)賢(xian)神位(wei),兩側(ce)毗(pi)連禮器(qi)庫(ku)、樂(le)器(qi)庫(ku),古(gu)代形制禮樂(le)器(qi)皆妥為保(bao)存(cun),以(yi)供祭(ji)孔(kong)(kong)之用;正殿之后為崇圣祠,祀(si)孔(kong)(kong)子五代祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)牌位(wei)及孔(kong)(kong)鯉等(deng)先(xian)(xian)達賢(xian)儒(ru),建筑形式較(jiao)為古(gu)樸(pu)。
大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)前(qian)方是欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men),欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)東為(wei)(wei)節(jie)孝祠(ci)(ci)、孝子祠(ci)(ci),西為(wei)(wei)名宦祠(ci)(ci)及鄉賢祠(ci)(ci)。另一(yi)古樸典雅、花(hua)木扶疏的殿(dian)堂(tang)即(ji)明倫(lun)堂(tang),堂(tang)內正墻(qiang)嵌有(you)(you)趙孟頫體書法“大(da)學”全(quan)文,十分珍貴;文昌閣(ge)位于明倫(lun)堂(tang)后方,樓高三層塔形(xing)(xing)布局(ju),為(wei)(wei)孔廟(miao)最高建物,奉祀文昌帝(di)君,并作為(wei)(wei)藏書之所。欞(ling)(ling)星(xing)門(men)外有(you)(you)圍(wei)墻(qiang)隔開廟(miao)(大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian))、學(明倫(lun)堂(tang)),圍(wei)墻(qiang)東西辟有(you)(you)禮(li)(li)門(men)、義路(lu),意為(wei)(wei)遵禮(li)(li)崇(chong)義的夫(fu)子之路(lu),即(ji)修德進業之道(dao),而(er)(er)今圍(wei)墻(qiang)傾頹(tui),現(xian)僅剩(sheng)兩道(dao)門(men)扇(shan)佇立前(qian)庭;大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)前(qian)有(you)(you)一(yi)方半月形(xing)(xing)的泮(pan)池,乃依古體形(xing)(xing)制辟建,往(wang)昔士(shi)子若中(zhong)秀才,到孔廟(miao)祭拜(bai)后,可在泮(pan)池采摘水(shui)芹插(cha)于帽(mao)緣,以示文才,而(er)(er)今科考已廢,泮(pan)池涌泉噴流不(bu)絕,與庭前(qian)綠蔭連成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)片,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)游客、民眾(zhong)徘徊流連之所。
此(ci)外,東大成門(men)旁有一塊“下馬碑”,為康熙年(nian)間(jian)奉(feng)旨設立(li),漢滿文對照,-“文武-軍民人等至此(ci)下馬”,以示對萬世師表之(zhi)尊崇;門(men)外尚(shang)有一泮宮石坊,為乾隆年(nian)間(jian)重修孔廟所筑(zhu),以壯(zhuang)大規(gui)制,表彰孔子之(zhi)學,石坊因南門(men)路之(zhi)辟筑(zhu),與(yu)主(zhu)體建筑(zhu)分置兩處,蒼勁牌坊矗立(li)一旁,見(jian)證時(shi)代的變(bian)遷與(yu)物換星移。
可(ke)選(xuan)擇在臺南(nan)(nan)火車站前搭乘1、3、17、18路公交車,至建興國中(zhong)站下車,由南(nan)(nan)門路北行即可(ke)到達;或選(xuan)擇在臺南(nan)(nan)火車站前搭乘88路(安(an)平線(xian))觀光公交車可(ke)直達。