崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)為石蒜科水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)屬。 水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)花,歷來是(shi)深受(shou)人人們(men)喜愛的(de)花中(zhong)珍品(pin),在我(wo)國(guo)以福建(jian)漳州和上海崇明(ming)的(de)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)最為有(you)名。崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)和漳州水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)齊名,它們(men)同出一源,組成中(zhong)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)兩大(da)品(pin)系。崇明(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)的(de)特點是(shi)球(qiu)根自然(ran)分(fen)株較少,且(qie)芳香濃郁,經月不散(san),為他地水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)所(suo)不及。花瓣潤白似玉(yu)(yu),狀如圓盤(pan),心呈金黃,宛如酒盞,故有(you)“金盞銀(yin)臺”之(zhi)美(mei)稱。水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)在吐蕊綻放之(zhi)際,那青(qing)翠欲滴(di)的(de)葉(xie)片,亭亭玉(yu)(yu)立的(de)花梗(geng),襯(chen)托(tuo)著(zhu)春(chun)雪(xue)般晶瑩的(de)花朵,陣(zhen)陣(zhen)芳馨沁人心脾(pi),更給人以樸素、淡雅而又高潔、脫俗的(de)美(mei)感(gan)。
崇(chong)明水(shui)仙、福建漳州水(shui)仙與浙江(jiang)普(pu)陀水(shui)仙均為(wei)中國水(shui)仙的(de)主要栽(zai)培類型(xing)。 崇(chong)明水(shui)仙作為(wei)上(shang)海地方特(te)色花卉,是上(shang)海“唯一”具有(you)地理(li)標志性的(de)花卉品種(zhong)資源,在(zai)上(shang)海崇(chong)明縣(xian)已有(you) 400 多(duo)年的(de)栽(zai)培史。上(shang)世紀 30~50 年代,曾風(feng)靡一時,因其馥郁(yu)的(de)芳香、清雅的(de)外(wai)形而著稱于國內外(wai)的(de)花卉市(shi)場。但(dan)由于歷史、種(zhong)源、效益等多(duo)種(zhong)因素的(de)影響,使得(de)崇(chong)明水(shui)仙在(zai)花卉市(shi)場上(shang)消靡近20年。
崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙知道的(de)(de)人(ren)并不(bu)(bu)多,因(yin)為崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙是(shi)比(bi)較稀少,比(bi)較珍貴的(de)(de)。和漳州水(shui)(shui)仙的(de)(de)旱(han)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式不(bu)(bu)同(tong),崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙都是(shi)水(shui)(shui)田栽種(zhong)(zhong)。一般來說,100個(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)仙頭中只(zhi)有(you)20個(ge)(ge)可以作為商(shang)品來出售,如此低的(de)(de)商(shang)品率大(da)(da)大(da)(da)增加了農戶的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)成本。此外(wai),由于(yu)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明(ming)(ming)水(shui)(shui)仙是(shi)無性繁殖(zhi),沒有(you)開花授粉(fen),由此更是(shi)造就(jiu)了其的(de)(de)珍貴程(cheng)度。
此外(wai)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)最大的特(te)點就在于(yu)花形好,花期長(chang)。由(you)于(yu)比(bi)(bi)漳州(zhou)(zhou)平均氣溫高7°C,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花期長(chang)達40天(tian)左右(you),而漳州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)花期為(wei)25天(tian)至(zhi)30天(tian)。把崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)和漳州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)放一起種,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)結的花會(hui)比(bi)(bi)其少,但其個(ge)頭往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)遠遠高于(yu)漳州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)。另外(wai),崇(chong)(chong)(chong)明水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的香味(wei)總(zong)是(shi)濃(nong)于(yu)漳州(zhou)(zhou)水(shui)(shui)仙(xian)(xian)的。
地(di)栽崇(chong)明水仙一般在9月(yue)底,翌年3月(yue)上旬開(kai)花,花期長達40天左(zuo)右。
對洋(yang)水(shui)仙(xian)的(de)(de)(de)研究集中在(zai)起源與分類。崇(chong)明水(shui)仙(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)以花(hua)(hua)(hua)型(xing)而論,品種主要有(you)(you)“金盞銀(yin)臺”和(he)“玉玲瓏(long)”。前者(zhe)(zhe)單(dan)瓣,花(hua)(hua)(hua)呈(cheng)喇叭型(xing),上(shang)部六(liu)(liu)瓣,或(huo)平展,或(huo)反卷,副花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠成杯狀,形似金色盅置于(yu)銀(yin)臺只(zhi)上(shang);后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)為復瓣,其(qi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠折皺,也呈(cheng)六(liu)(liu)瓣。上(shang)海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)明水(shui)仙(xian)具有(you)(you)花(hua)(hua)(hua)香幽雅、花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)長等特(te)點(dian),是中國的(de)(de)(de)十大(da)名花(hua)(hua)(hua)之一,在(zai)崇(chong)明已(yi)有(you)(you)400多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)栽培史,早在(zai)二十世紀(ji)三十年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)已(yi)銷往(wang)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)、江蘇等地是上(shang)海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)傳統品牌,近年(nian)(nian)(nian)對生產技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)、改造(zao),使(shi)球(qiu)莖的(de)(de)(de)質量和(he)產量有(you)(you)了(le)大(da)幅提高(gao),在(zai)每年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)元旦至春(chun)節,水(shui)仙(xian)現蕾后(hou)(hou)投入市場,既提高(gao)了(le)觀賞價值,又減輕了(le)水(shui)仙(xian)花(hua)(hua)(hua)愛好者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)麻煩(fan)。