形態特征
小(xiao)(xiao)喬(qiao)木(mu),高達(da)12米(mi)(mi)(mi)。樹干及小(xiao)(xiao)枝白(bai)灰或(huo)(huo)淡黃灰色(se),略有光澤,當年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)枝綠色(se),其橫切面呈鈍(dun)三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),底邊(bian)近圓弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。幼苗期(qi)的葉(xie)(xie)(xie)為單(dan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),其后(hou)為單(dan)小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)及二小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie),成(cheng)長(chang)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)有小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)3-5、稀7片(pian);小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)深綠色(se),葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面有光澤,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)3-9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)1.5-4厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)(ding)部狹長(chang)漸(jian)尖(jian),稀短(duan)尖(jian),基部短(duan)尖(jian),兩側對稱或(huo)(huo)一側偏(pian)斜,邊(bian)全(quan)緣,波浪(lang)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)起(qi)伏,側脈每(mei)邊(bian)4-8條;小(xiao)(xiao)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)不足1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)序腋生(sheng)(sheng)及頂(ding)(ding)生(sheng)(sheng),通(tong)常有花(hua)10朵以內,稀多達(da)50余朵;萼片(pian)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)達(da)2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),邊(bian)緣有疏毛,宿存(cun);花(hua)瓣倒披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)狹長(chang)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)達(da)2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),盛(sheng)花(hua)時稍(shao)反折,散生(sheng)(sheng)淡黃色(se)半(ban)透明油點(dian);雄蕊10枚,長(chang)短(duan)相間,花(hua)絲白(bai)色(se),線狀(zhuang)(zhuang),比花(hua)柱(zhu)略短(duan),藥隔中央及頂(ding)(ding)端(duan)極(ji)少有油點(dian);花(hua)柱(zhu)綠色(se),細長(chang),連子(zi)房(fang)長(chang)達(da)12毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭(tou)甚(shen)大,比子(zi)房(fang)寬(kuan)(kuan)或(huo)(huo)等寬(kuan)(kuan),子(zi)房(fang)2室。果(guo)橙黃至(zhi)朱紅色(se),狹長(chang)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稀卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)(ding)部漸(jian)狹,長(chang)1-2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)5-14毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),有甚(shen)多干后(hou)凸(tu)起(qi)但中央窩(wo)點(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)下陷的油點(dian),種子(zi)1-2粒;種皮有棉質毛。花(hua)期(qi)4-9月(yue),也有秋、冬開花(hua),果(guo)期(qi)9-12月(yue)。
生長環境
喜溫(wen)暖濕潤(run)氣候,耐(nai)旱,不耐(nai)寒。最(zui)(zui)適(shi)年平(ping)均溫(wen)度15~18℃,最(zui)(zui)高月(yue)平(ping)均溫(wen)度27~29℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)月(yue)平(ping)均溫(wen)度1~2℃,能耐(nai)極端最(zui)(zui)低(di)溫(wen)度-7℃,年降雨量(liang)1000~1600mm為宜。以選陽光(guang)充足,土層深厚(hou)、疏松肥沃(wo)的微堿(jian)性土壤(rang)栽培為宜。
主要價值
根、葉用作草藥(yao)。味微辛(xin),苦而(er)麻辣。性溫(wen),一(yi)說有小毒(du),通經(jing)絡,行氣,活血(xue),散瘀(yu),止痛(tong),鎮驚,消(xiao)腫,解毒(du)。治感冒(mao)、頭痛(tong)、胃痛(tong)、牙痛(tong)、風(feng)濕骨痛(tong)、跌打腫痛(tong)。
根皮(pi)(pi)松軟,淡黃色,據報道,根的50%酒精(jing)浸(jin)劑(ji)可用(yong)(yong)作口腔粘(zhan)膜表皮(pi)(pi)麻醉劑(ji),用(yong)(yong)兩面針和(he)千里香的根50%的酒精(jing)浸(jin)劑(ji),可減輕局(ju)部(bu)刺激作用(yong)(yong)。