簡介
雅(ya)魚(yu),雅(ya)安(an)名特產之(zhi)一,是中亞高(gao)原山區特有的(de)品種,又(you)稱“丙穴魚(yu)”。產于青衣江(雅(ya)安(an)段(duan))周公(gong)河,故稱雅(ya)魚(yu)。魚(yu)形(xing)似鯉而(er)鱗細如鱒,體形(xing)肥(fei)大,肉質細嫩,砂鍋雅(ya)魚(yu)為當地(di)名菜。相傳,清代上(shang)貢慈(ci)禧,太后贊美(mei)為“龍鳳之(zhi)肉”。
兩(liang)種魚的(de)鑒(jian)別依據:齊口裂腹魚下(xia)頜前(qian)部(bu)具有明(ming)顯的(de)角質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng),屬(shu)植食性,口角須與眼徑(jing)大致等長;重口裂腹魚下(xia)頜前(qian)部(bu)無角質(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng),屬(shu)肉食性,口角須大致為(wei)眼徑(jing)的(de)2.5倍。
外形特征
雅魚(yu)(yu),又名(ming)丙(bing)穴魚(yu)(yu)、嘉魚(yu)(yu)、丙(bing)穴嘉魚(yu)(yu),學(xue)名(ming)裂腹(fu)魚(yu)(yu),有(you)(you)齊(qi)口和重口之(zhi)分(fen)(fen),裂腹(fu)紅尾,形(xing)似鯉而鱗如鱒,源產于(yu)雅安周公河。雅魚(yu)(yu)體(ti)(ti)長(chang),稍側(ce)(ce)(ce)扁,頭(tou)呈錐(zhui)形(xing),口下(xia)位,呈馬蹄形(xing)。上下(xia)唇為(wei)肉質(zhi),肥厚(hou),下(xia)唇分(fen)(fen)3葉(xie)(xie);較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)個(ge)體(ti)(ti)的中(zhong)間(jian)葉(xie)(xie)明顯(xian),較(jiao)大個(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)間(jian)葉(xie)(xie)極小(xiao)(xiao),被左右下(xia)唇葉(xie)(xie)所遮蓋(gai);左右兩(liang)(liang)葉(xie)(xie)寬闊,成為(wei)后緣游離的唇褶。唇后溝(gou)連(lian)續;下(xia)頜內側(ce)(ce)(ce)輕微角(jiao)質(zhi)化,但(dan)不(bu)成為(wei)銳利(li)角(jiao)質(zhi)緣。須2對,約等長(chang)或頜須稍長(chang),吻(wen)須達到眼(yan)前緣或超過,頜須末端超過眼(yan)的后緣。鱗細(xi)小(xiao)(xiao),排列整齊(qi),胸部(bu)(bu)(bu)和腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)明顯(xian)的鱗片(pian),臀(tun)鰭和肛門兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)具(ju)有(you)(you)覆瓦狀(zhuang)的較(jiao)大鱗片(pian),鰓(sai)孔后面側(ce)(ce)(ce)線之(zhi)下(xia)也有(you)(you)數(shu)片(pian)大鱗,鰓(sai)孔后面側(ce)(ce)(ce)線之(zhi)下(xia)也有(you)(you)數(shu)片(pian)大鱗。背鰭刺弱,但(dan)后緣具(ju)有(you)(you)鋸齒(chi)。體(ti)(ti)上部(bu)(bu)(bu)青灰色(se),腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)銀(yin)白,在部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的個(ge)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)上部(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)現有(you)(you)黑(hei)色(se)細(xi)斑,尾鰭淡紅色(se)。在生殖(zhi)期間(jian),雄魚(yu)(yu)頭(tou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)出(chu)現有(you)(you)白色(se)的珠星。
分布范圍
分布(bu)于長(chang)江干支流(liu)(liu)中(zhong),尤以岷江水系的(de)峽(xia)谷河流(liu)(liu)中(zhong)見多(嘉陵江流(liu)(liu)域的(de)裂(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)(yu)種類為中(zhong)華裂(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)(yu))。
重(zhong)口(kou)裂(lie)(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)肉質肥美,富含脂肪。生長較快,個體(ti)也(ye)較大,一般(ban)可長至1-3公斤(jin),最大個體(ti)可達10公斤(jin)。產(chan)(chan)量(liang)豐富,在產(chan)(chan)區的(de)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)僅(jin)次于齊口(kou)裂(lie)(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)。在雅安一帶,與(yu)齊口(kou)裂(lie)(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)統稱(cheng)“雅魚(yu)”,與(yu)齊口(kou)裂(lie)(lie)腹(fu)(fu)魚(yu)同(tong)以“雅安砂鍋魚(yu)頭”而(er)聞(wen)名(ming)四方。除肉可食用外,其卵雖(sui)有毒,煮熟后(hou)也(ye)可食。系長江上游各支(zhi)流水(shui)系中重(zhong)要的(de)經濟魚(yu)類(lei),也(ye)是當地發展中小(xiao)型(xing)水(shui)體(ti)養(yang)殖業(ye)的(de)放養(yang)對象。
習性
棲息環境
雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)喜(xi)棲在水(shui)(shui)(shui)質清(qing)新,有水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu),水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)充(chong)足,具有沙礫地質的(de)冷水(shui)(shui)(shui)溪(xi)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)。最(zui)(zui)適(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)長水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫為(wei)(wei)18--22℃。低(di)(di)于(yu)8℃或高(gao)于(yu)24℃,食欲減退,生(sheng)(sheng)長減緩(huan)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫超過(guo)26℃,停止攝(she)食。長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)持續高(gao)溫,機體衰弱而死(si)亡(wang)。雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)為(wei)(wei)喜(xi)高(gao)氧魚(yu)(yu)類。養殖雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質要(yao)求(qiu):透明度大(da),溶(rong)氧高(gao),當水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)氧量(liang)低(di)(di)于(yu)4mg/L時(shi)(shi),雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)呼吸頻率(lv)加快(kuai),感覺不適(shi);水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)氧量(liang)低(di)(di)于(yu)2.8mg/L時(shi)(shi),魚(yu)(yu)浮頭,并出現死(si)亡(wang);水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)氧量(liang)低(di)(di)于(yu)2mg/L時(shi)(shi),大(da)批(pi)死(si)亡(wang),此值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)夏季雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)的(de)致死(si)點。水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)氧量(liang)5mg/L,雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)長正常(chang);水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)氧量(liang)為(wei)(wei)7mg/L,雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)長最(zui)(zui)快(kuai)。雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)可(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)存于(yu)PH值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)5.5--8.2的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong),最(zui)(zui)適(shi)PH值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)7--7.5。綜合以上(shang)雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)所要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活條件,雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)只能生(sheng)(sheng)活在雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)安市雨(yu)城區境(jing)內。所以,雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)一直都是雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)安的(de)特產,其他地方不產雅(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)魚(yu)(yu)。
食物
雅魚屬冷水性魚類,平時多生活于緩流的沱中,攝食季節在底質為沙和礫石、水流湍急的環境中活動,秋后向下游動,在河流的深坑或水下巖洞中越冬。生殖季節一般在8-9月,產卵于水流較急的礫石河床中。以動物性食料為主食,其口(kou)能(neng)自由伸縮,在(zai)礫石下攝食;食物中幾(ji)乎90%是水生昆蟲(chong)和昆蟲(chong)幼體,也吞食小型魚類(lei)、小蝦及極少量的著(zhu)生藻(zao)類(lei)。