一.產品介紹
2013年(nian),“涼山(shan)桑蠶(can)繭”評為四(si)川省20大區域公共品(pin)牌(pai),品(pin)牌(pai)價值(zhi)11.93億(yi)元(yuan)。種植(zhi)基地40.2萬畝,產(chan)量49.09萬擔,綜合產(chan)值(zhi)30.37億(yi)元(yuan),蠶(can)農(nong)收入9億(yi)元(yuan),是民族(zu)地區經濟發展和農(nong)民增(zeng)收的重要支柱(zhu)產(chan)業(ye)。2013年(nian)12月(yue)涼山(shan)州被中國絲綢協會(hui)評為“中國蠶(can)絲之都(dou)”。
二.自然(ran)生態(tai)環(huan)境和人文歷史因素
(1)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)地貌情況:涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州位于(yu)青藏高原東南(nan)(nan)緣(yuan),四川(chuan)省西南(nan)(nan)部(bu)橫斷(duan)山(shan)區(qu)東北部(bu),區(qu)域內地貌復雜多樣,以(yi)(yi)層(ceng)狀地貌發育(yu)。地貌以(yi)(yi)山(shan)地為(wei)主,約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)幅員(yuan)面積(ji)(ji)的80%,山(shan)原次之,丘(qiu)陵(ling)、沖積(ji)(ji)平原、寬谷(gu)和斷(duan)陷(xian)盆地約(yue)(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)10%。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型以(yi)(yi)紫色土(tu)、紅壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)、黃棕(zong)(zong)壤(rang)(rang)、棕(zong)(zong)壤(rang)(rang)為(wei)主,占(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總面積(ji)(ji)的80%,土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)結構好,土(tu)層(ceng)深厚且疏松,透氣性(xing)好,土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)微酸,pH值(zhi)在(zai)5.8-7.5之間,養(yang)分(fen)含量較高,有機質含量1~4%,堿解(jie)氮(dan)和速效鉀含量豐富,堿解(jie)氮(dan)60~135ppm,速效磷5~25ppm,速效鉀在(zai)50~170ppm以(yi)(yi)上,適宜生(sheng)長優質蠶桑。
(2)水文情況(kuang):涼(liang)山(shan)州境內雨量豐富,河(he)流(liu)縱(zong)橫,山(shan)地水系發達,除(chu)安(an)寧(ning)河(he)谷外,多(duo)數為山(shan)地河(he)流(liu)。流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)在100平(ping)方公(gong)里以上(shang)(shang)的大(da)(da)小(xiao)河(he)流(liu)共(gong)(gong)160多(duo)條(tiao),流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)1000平(ping)方公(gong)里以上(shang)(shang)的主要有雅(ya)龍江等13條(tiao)河(he)流(liu),其(qi)中安(an)寧(ning)河(he)是涼(liang)山(shan)州最(zui)大(da)(da)的河(he)流(liu),全長(chang)326公(gong)里,流(liu)經州境內222公(gong)里,貫穿冕(mian)寧(ning)、西昌和德昌3個縣市,共(gong)(gong)有大(da)(da)小(xiao)支(zhi)流(liu)18條(tiao),最(zui)大(da)(da)支(zhi)流(liu)有孫水河(he)、錦川河(he)、河(he)曲河(he)。
(3)氣(qi)候(hou)情況:涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)州適宜栽桑(sang)(sang)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)廣闊,有“無(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)不宜桑(sang)(sang),無(wu)(wu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不宜蠶(can)(can)”之(zhi)稱,其立體(ti)氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)(te)征明顯,光熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)資源(yuan)豐富,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)同季,晝夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)大(da),農(nong)業氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)件比較(jiao)(jiao)優越(yue)。年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量776mm~1176mm,年(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)1227~2603h,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)10.1~19℃,≥10℃的(de)年(nian)(nian)積溫(wen)4500~5760℃,無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)202.9~346天(tian)。涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)州獨特(te)(te)的(de)干旱(han)兩(liang)季分(fen)明、日照時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)長(chang)、冬(dong)暖(nuan)夏涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量集中等氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)(te)征是栽桑(sang)(sang)養蠶(can)(can)最佳適宜區(qu)。涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)州蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)區(qu)為典(dian)型的(de)亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)季風氣(qi)候(hou),具有氣(qi)溫(wen)年(nian)(nian)較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)小(12-14℃),低(di)于(yu)四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)1-4℃,氣(qi)溫(wen)日較(jiao)(jiao)差(cha)大(da)(年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)值10-14℃),比四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)大(da)3-6℃。蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)14-22℃,比四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)高(gao)(gao)3.8℃,比南(nan)充地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)高(gao)(gao)4.5℃。年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量960-1143mm之(zhi)間(jian),夜(ye)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量占年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量的(de)75%,白天(tian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量占25%,降(jiang)(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)多集中在5-9月,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)同季、夜(ye)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)晝晴。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)相對濕(shi)度(du)62%-65%。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)日照數(shu)2200小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-2500小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),比四川(chuan)盆地(di)(di)(di)多825小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-1200小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);比南(nan)充多900小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-1000小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。≥10℃的(de)年(nian)(nian)均(jun)積溫(wen)5000-7500℃;全年(nian)(nian)無(wu)(wu)霜期(qi)290天(tian)-360天(tian)。獨特(te)(te)的(de)光熱(re)(re)(re)資源(yuan)是生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)優質桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)繭的(de)有利條(tiao)件,涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)種(zhong)植桑(sang)(sang)樹生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)長(chang)達290多天(tian),產(chan)葉量高(gao)(gao),桑(sang)(sang)樹當(dang)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)枝條(tiao)可(ke)達4.5米(mi)以(yi)上,單株產(chan)葉量可(ke)達4公(gong)斤以(yi)上。寧南(nan)、會東、德(de)昌(chang)、甘洛等地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)桑(sang)(sang)葉36片即有0.5公(gong)斤,較(jiao)(jiao)四川(chuan)內(nei)(nei)地(di)(di)(di)產(chan)葉高(gao)(gao)一(yi)倍以(yi)上。蠶(can)(can)區(qu)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)可(ke)養4-5季蠶(can)(can)。涼(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)被國(guo)內(nei)(nei)蠶(can)(can)業專家譽(yu)為“發展蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)不可(ke)多得的(de)一(yi)塊(kuai)寶(bao)地(di)(di)(di)”。
(4)人文(wen)歷史(shi)情況:涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)境內居住著(zhu)彝(yi)、漢(han)、藏、回(hui)、苗(miao)、蒙古(gu)、傈僳等(deng)14個世(shi)(shi)居民族(zu),全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)總(zong)人口約448萬(wan)(wan)(wan)人,農(nong)民388萬(wan)(wan)(wan)人,其中彝(yi)族(zu)人口208萬(wan)(wan)(wan)多(duo)人,占總(zong)人口的(de)(de)(de)46.5%,是全(quan)國最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)彝(yi)族(zu)聚居區(qu)(qu)。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)歷史(shi)較早。公(gong)元四世(shi)(shi)紀(ji),“南(nan)方絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)”途徑涼(liang)(liang)山(shan),沿線人民受(shou)其影響(xiang),開始栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),所產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si),稱(cheng)為“山(shan)絲(si)(si)(si)”,匯入絲(si)(si)(si)綢(chou)之(zhi)路(lu)。、唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)較盛(sheng)(sheng)。四川(chuan)通(tong)志食貨(huo)志,物產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卷七十(shi)四載:“絲(si)(si)(si)布(bu)(唐志)崔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)貢絲(si)(si)(si)布(bu)花布(bu)(無和志)崔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)貢絲(si)(si)(si)布(bu)”。在公(gong)元806年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)唐憲宗元和年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間即以(yi)絲(si)(si)(si)布(bu)入貢。唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)以(yi)后,涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)冕(mian)寧縣的(de)(de)(de)瀘寧、甘(gan)洛的(de)(de)(de)田壩和西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)等(deng)地蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)初具規模,有(you)一定數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)(si)織品(pin)在市場交易。至明(ming)、清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai),西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧、會理(li)、越等(deng)縣區(qu)(qu)栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)較盛(sheng)(sheng)。《西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)縣志》所載:“蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)(si)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)較盛(sheng)(sheng)”。民國期間,雖有(you)進取(qu),但由于社(she)會及經濟技術(shu)等(deng)原因而無大(da)成(cheng)效,乃至衰退。據川(chuan)康(kang)邊(bian)(bian)政資(zi)料輯(ji)要記載:“民國二(er)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1940年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧、德(de)(de)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、會理(li)、鹽(yan)(yan)源、鹽(yan)(yan)邊(bian)(bian)、越西(xi)(xi)(xi)、普格等(deng)縣尚有(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)樹41.38萬(wan)(wan)(wan)株,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)20.69萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)城(cheng)內和禮州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有(you)10家(jia)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)絲(si)(si)(si)廠(chang)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)絲(si)(si)(si)500馱(約37 500公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)),經云南(nan)銷往(wang)緬甸等(deng)國。以(yi)后逐漸(jian)衰退,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)量(liang)下降在5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)左右。1947年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、德(de)(de)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧、瀘寧、鹽(yan)(yan)邊(bian)(bian)、普格和西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)農(nong)場、會理(li)農(nong)場共產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)26238公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)絲(si)(si)(si)41055公(gong)兩(liang)。至1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)量(liang)只(zhi)有(you)2.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)”。解(jie)放后,黨和國家(jia)重(zhong)視蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。1951年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)康(kang)省農(nong)林廳在石棉(mian)設(she)立蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業指(zhi)導(dao)所,1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)專(zhuan)區(qu)(qu)10個縣都(dou)開始栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)114.58萬(wan)(wan)(wan)株,發(fa)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種4588張,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)10.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin),1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后,大(da)躍進期間,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)受(shou)到破壞 “文(wen)化大(da)革命”開始,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)又(you)遭(zao)到嚴重(zhong)挫折。1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)僅有(you)2.92萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。接近解(jie)放前1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)水平(ping)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后雖逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)所恢(hui)復(fu),在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)仍只(zhi)6.91萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。黨的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)一屆三中全(quan)會后,涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)政府為恢(hui)復(fu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),落實獎(jiang)勵(li)政策,扶持各地發(fa)展栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。中共涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)委設(she)立蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)領(ling)導(dao)小組,各縣政府固(gu)定專(zhuan)人負責蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),在重(zhong)點蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)區(qu)(qu)設(she)立指(zhi)導(dao)站(zhan)(組)。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)上升到15.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)達(da)80.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)寧南(nan)縣籌建絲(si)(si)(si)廠(chang),1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)會東縣建成(cheng)聯(lian)辦(ban)絲(si)(si)(si)廠(chang),促進了蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)較快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有(you)12個縣栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),累計(ji)栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)12043萬(wan)(wan)(wan)株。產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)213.07萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(4.26萬(wan)(wan)(wan)擔)。
近十多(duo)年(nian)(nian)來,特(te)別是(shi)“十五(wu)”以來,涼(liang)(liang)山蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)進入(ru)(ru)了持續(xu)、快速(su)、健康(kang)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展軌道(dao)。年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以平(ping)均100萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(2萬(wan)擔)以上(shang)(shang)速(su)度遞增,到 2008年(nian)(nian),涼(liang)(liang)山州(zhou)(zhou)桑(sang)(sang)樹種植面積達(da)到35萬(wan)畝,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)到37.1萬(wan)擔,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)絲業(ye)綜合產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值12億元(yuan),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)農(nong)(nong)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)4.3億元(yuan)。寧南(nan)、會東、德(de)昌(chang)等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian) 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)規(gui)模不(bu)斷(duan)擴大,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈條不(bu)斷(duan)完(wan)善,產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)效益(yi)不(bu)斷(duan)提高,成(cheng)為我州(zhou)(zhou)發(fa)(fa)展農(nong)(nong)村經濟,促進農(nong)(nong)民增收(shou)的(de)一(yi)大支柱產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)。為確保涼(liang)(liang)山優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和(he)信譽,涼(liang)(liang)山州(zhou)(zhou)技術監督局于2005年(nian)(nian)組(zu)織專(zhuan)家制定并(bing)發(fa)(fa)布(bu)了《桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)飼育技術規(gui)程》等(deng)6個(ge)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)地方標準(zhun),內容涵蓋了育苗、栽桑(sang)(sang)、養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)分級、收(shou)烘、銷售等(deng)全(quan)過(guo)程。涼(liang)(liang)山蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)從此走上(shang)(shang)了標準(zhun)化(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)道(dao)路(lu)。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程規(gui)范(fan)化(hua)、標準(zhun)化(hua)。做(zuo)到了桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)品種優良化(hua)、桑(sang)(sang)園(yuan)栽培規(gui)范(fan)化(hua)、小蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)共(gong)育專(zhuan)業(ye)化(hua)、大蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)飼養標準(zhun)化(hua)、消毒(du)防(fang)病統(tong)一(yi)化(hua)。推行了鮮殼(ke)量(liang)計價辦法,實現了儀評收(shou)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),熱(re)風(feng)烘繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機烘炕,確保了涼(liang)(liang)山桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),形(xing)成(cheng)了獨具特(te)色的(de)“涼(liang)(liang)山蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)模式”蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)水平(ping)在全(quan)省(sheng)處(chu)于領先地位。2008年(nian)(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)養蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)44萬(wan)張(zhang),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)1855萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(37.1萬(wan)擔),占四川(chuan)省(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)20%,是(shi)四川(chuan)省(sheng)最大的(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)國家重要的(de)優質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)基地。蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)和(he)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)連續(xu)六年(nian)(nian)排名全(quan)省(sheng)第一(yi),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)在50萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(萬(wan)擔)以上(shang)(shang)的(de)有寧南(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、會東縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、德(de)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、西(xi)昌(chang)市、普格縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、冕寧縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、會理縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)8個(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市,其(qi)中寧南(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)775萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(15.5)萬(wan)擔,是(shi)四川(chuan)省(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)第一(yi)大縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),會東縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)390萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(7.8萬(wan)擔),德(de)昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)265萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)(5.3萬(wan)擔),為蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)綜合開發(fa)(fa)利用創造了基礎條件。
2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)、會(hui)東(dong)縣(xian)(xian)、德(de)(de)昌(chang)(chang)縣(xian)(xian)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)市(shi)、普格縣(xian)(xian)被(bei)列(lie)為(wei)“四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)第一批優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)基地(di)”建(jian)設(she)(she)項(xiang)目縣(xian)(xian);同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)、會(hui)東(dong)縣(xian)(xian)、德(de)(de)昌(chang)(chang)縣(xian)(xian)、普格縣(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)博覽會(hui)上(shang)被(bei)評為(wei)“名(ming)(ming)優(you)(you)(you)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)”;2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)南桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成功(gong)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)“南絲(si)(si)(si)路(lu)”牌(pai)商(shang)標(biao),“南絲(si)(si)(si)路(lu)”牌(pai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)榮獲了(le)(le)“四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)知名(ming)(ming)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)”、“中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)名(ming)(ming)優(you)(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌(pai)”、“四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)著名(ming)(ming)商(shang)標(biao)”、“無(wu)公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)”等榮譽稱號;2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)南、會(hui)東(dong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)第二屆中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)部(bu)博覽會(hui)上(shang)分別被(bei)評為(wei)“金獎”、“優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)獎”;寧(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)于(yu)2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)定為(wei)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)準化(hua)示(shi)范區”,2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)定為(wei)東(dong)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)移“蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)基地(di)建(jian)設(she)(she)單位”。涼(liang)山(shan)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以質(zhi)量好,品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優(you)(you)(you)而(er)聞名(ming)(ming)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內外(wai),其繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形大(da)而(er)勻整,繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)層厚實、繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)色潔白(bai)、繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)依蓬松、外(wai)觀無(wu)污(wu)物(wu);粒繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)絲(si)(si)(si)長(chang)(chang)≥1100米,解舒率(lv)(lv)(lv)≥70%,上(shang)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)率(lv)(lv)(lv)≥90%,干正繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)車率(lv)(lv)(lv)≥95%,干繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)層率(lv)(lv)(lv)≥50%,深(shen)受市(shi)場(chang)歡迎,每公(gong)斤干正繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銷售(shou)價格高(gao)于(yu)四川(chuan)(chuan)內地(di)6-8元(yuan)。,高(gao)于(yu)江浙(zhe)1-2元(yuan)。上(shang)世(shi)紀80-90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)遠銷日本、歐美(mei),后隨(sui)著國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)(si)制品(pin)(pin)(pin)技術(shu)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活水品(pin)(pin)(pin)提(ti)(ti)高(gao),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)價格相同(tong),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)停止了(le)(le)出(chu)口(kou),67%桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銷往四川(chuan)(chuan)、上(shang)海(hai)、江蘇、浙(zhe)江等省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)市(shi)。涼(liang)山(shan)不(bu)僅是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)基地(di),還是四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)及供(gong)應(ying)調節基地(di)。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)兩個蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)93.26萬張(zhang),占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)總(zong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)37%,成為(wei)全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規模最大(da),質(zhi)量最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)供(gong)應(ying)基地(di)。涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)商(shang)行政管理總(zong)局(ju)成功(gong)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)了(le)(le)“桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)花(hua)”牌(pai)商(shang)標(biao),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)市(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)從2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)開始出(chu)口(kou)遠銷塔吉克(ke)斯(si)坦,已累計(ji)出(chu)口(kou)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)21.9萬張(zhang),塔吉克(ke)斯(si)坦還派蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)人員在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)市(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)學習(xi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技術(shu),贏得了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信任,建(jian)立了(le)(le)長(chang)(chang)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)合作關系。涼(liang)山(shan)新建(jian)了(le)(le)設(she)(she)備全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)一流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)庫(ku),州(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)檢(jian)站在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)同(tong)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中首先(xian)通(tong)過省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)級蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)檢(jian)資質(zhi)和(he)計(ji)量認證,為(wei)全(quan)州(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)更(geng)加(jia)方便、更(geng)加(jia)快捷、更(geng)加(jia)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)。隨(sui)著蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展,涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)已擁(yong)有繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)5戶(hu),自(zi)動繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線(xian)30組12000緒,年(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)絲(si)(si)(si)1000噸(dun)。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)、絲(si)(si)(si)系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)開發(fa)取得了(le)(le)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突破。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)華(hua)茂(mao)絲(si)(si)(si)綢有限公(gong)司(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)1000噸(dun)繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)廠完成選址和(he)項(xiang)目設(she)(she)計(ji),德(de)(de)昌(chang)(chang)元(yuan)坤綠色食品(pin)(pin)(pin)有限公(gong)司(si)(si)6000噸(dun)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)椹加(jia)工(gong)項(xiang)目建(jian)成投產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)蛹深(shen)加(jia)工(gong)提(ti)(ti)取活性化(hua)合物(wu)項(xiang)目落戶(hu)寧(ning)南。為(wei)涼(liang)山(shan)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)發(fa)展提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)保障。
三.地域范圍
涼山(shan)州位于四川(chuan)省西(xi)南部(bu)橫斷山(shan)區東(dong)北(bei)(bei)部(bu),青藏高(gao)原東(dong)南緣(yuan),界于四川(chuan)盆地與云(yun)南省中部(bu)高(gao)原之間。地理(li)(li)位置北(bei)(bei)緯26°03′—29°18′,東(dong)經100°15′—103°52′之間。南北(bei)(bei)長370公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,東(dong)西(xi)寬360公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,全(quan)州幅員面積6.04萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,占四川(chuan)省的(de)12.5%。涼山(shan)桑(sang)蠶(can)繭農產(chan)(chan)品地理(li)(li)標(biao)志地域(yu)保護范圍為涼山(shan)州境內的(de)寧(ning)南縣(xian)、會(hui)東(dong)縣(xian)、德昌縣(xian)、西(xi)昌市(含西(xi)昌農場)、冕寧(ning)縣(xian)、普格縣(xian)、會(hui)理(li)(li)縣(xian)、金陽縣(xian)、甘洛縣(xian)、雷波縣(xian)、喜(xi)德縣(xian)、鹽源縣(xian)、布拖縣(xian)等 13個(ge)縣(xian)市的(de)211個(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮895個(ge)行(xing)政村,保護面積3.33萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃,年(nian)產(chan)(chan)桑(sang)蠶(can)繭3000萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(60萬(wan)擔)。
四.產品品質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外(wai)觀(guan)感(gan)官特征(zheng): 涼山桑蠶繭(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)形大且勻整,繭(jian)(jian)層厚(hou)實、繭(jian)(jian)色潔白、繭(jian)(jian)依蓬松、外(wai)觀(guan)無污物,以質量好,品質優而聞名國內外(wai)。
(2)內在品(pin)質指標:涼山桑蠶繭粒(li)繭絲(si)長≥1100米(mi),解(jie)舒率≥70%,清潔≥98分,潔凈≥94分,毛繭出絲(si)率≥38%,解(jie)舒絲(si)長≥780.7米(mi),萬米(mi)吊糙(cao)≤3.5次。涼山桑蠶繭是繅5A級以(yi)上高品(pin)位生絲(si)的首選原料。