一、蓄電池充電器原理
現在市場上(shang)比較好的(de)12V充(chong)電(dian)機一般都(dou)采用的(de)是(shi)(shi)三(san)段(duan)式(shi)智能充(chong)電(dian)模式(shi),電(dian)路設(she)計原理多常用開關恒流(liu)恒壓(ya)電(dian)源的(de)設(she)計。什么是(shi)(shi)三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)?讓(rang)我們先來(lai)了解(jie)一些12V充(chong)電(dian)機的(de)概念。
1、浮充(chong):充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液及極板中存在(zai)雜質(zhi),會在(zai)極板上(shang)形成局部放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),因此(ci)為使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)飽滿的(de)(de)狀態下(xia)處于備用狀態,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池與12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)并聯,接(jie)于直(zhi)流(liu)母線(xian)上(shang),12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)除擔(dan)負(fu)經常的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)負(fu)荷外,還(huan)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池適當的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),這種方式叫(jiao)做浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
2、均充(chong)(chong):均充(chong)(chong)就(jiu)是均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。所(suo)謂均衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian),就(jiu)是均衡電(dian)池(chi)特性的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian),是指在電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用過程中(zhong),因(yin)為電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)個體差異、溫度差異等原因(yin)造成電(dian)池(chi)端(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)不平(ping)衡,為了避免這種不平(ping)衡趨(qu)勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)惡化,需要提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya),對電(dian)池(chi)進行活(huo)化充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。均充(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)一般為14.5V,均充(chong)(chong)時(shi)(shi)間不大于10小時(shi)(shi)。
一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。
1、電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)后電(dian)池釋放的能量超(chao)過總容(rong)量的15%。
2、蓄電(dian)池長期處于浮(fu)充狀態(電(dian)網穩(wen)定(ding),長期不(bu)停電(dian))。
3、電(dian)池組中,出現了(le)落(luo)后電(dian)池,在(zai)浮(fu)充狀態下單體電(dian)壓低于2.2V,更換新電(dian)池后。
先充電的三個階段:
1、第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)---恒流(liu)段(duan)(duan),當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低時(shi),為了(le)避免充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),應該限制(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能過大,又為了(le)縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian),應使用(yong)(yong)允許的最大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),所以(yi)采用(yong)(yong)了(le)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中,12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始終(zhong)以(yi)恒定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為0.18---3C,C為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang))自(zi)動調整(zheng)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會越充(chong)(chong)越高,直至升到2.45V每格。然(ran)后轉入下一(yi)(yi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)為主充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已經充(chong)(chong)入約85--90%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang),恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會超(chao)過析(xi)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V/格,這也就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)都會失水的原因。只是因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)質量(liang)和12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質量(liang)的不(bu)同,失水的程度也會有較大的差(cha)異。
2、第二階(jie)段(duan)---恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)段(duan),當恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu)后(hou),12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就(jiu)不變了,保持這個恒定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),在恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)會越來(lai)越高,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會越來(lai)越小,當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降到0.5C時,恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束(shu),然后(hou)轉入下一階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)就(jiu)是對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池補充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),結束(shu)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已基(ji)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。
恒壓(ya)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)高,會造(zao)成(cheng)過(guo)(guo)度失水和過(guo)(guo)度充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)低會導致(zhi)欠(qian)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)硫(liu)化。所以(yi)應嚴格控制(zhi)其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這個階(jie)段(duan)(duan),加大(da)了(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,同時(shi)(shi)加入(ru)了(le)負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)能,用以(yi)消除電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)極板(ban)表面的(de)(de)濃差(cha)極化現(xian)象,改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力和降(jiang)低溫升,減輕了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)度失水,從而(er)進一步(bu)縮短(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian),這就是(shi)負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。
有的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi),將充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的平滑直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為(wei)脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)就叫脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi),脈沖充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)利用具有間隔的短時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性(xing),既(ji)改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力,又有除硫的效果。
3、第三(san)階段(duan)--浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)段(duan),浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也叫涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)實(shi)際上也是恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),只是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)小,屬保(bao)養性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),允許較(jiao)長時間安全(quan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這個階段(duan)12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)一般(ban)控(kong)制(zhi)在13.6--13.8V左右(you),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)略大(da),一般(ban)為0.01--0.03C左右(you)。通過(guo)涓(juan)(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),可以將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)(chong)到接(jie)近100%.過(guo)小的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不足(zu)以彌補(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),過(guo)大(da)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會導致過(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)和失水(shui)。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時間的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),具有(you)消除(chu)負極板硫化的(de)作用(yong)。
二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用
1、選用和汽(qi)車蓄電池(chi)匹配的充電器。
現在的家用轎(jiao)車使用的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般都是免(mian)維護鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),額定電(dian)(dian)壓12V,購買(mai)汽車(che)電瓶(ping)充電器(qi)時要了解自(zi)己愛車(che)的(de)(de)電池類型,以選用合適的(de)(de)蓄電池充電器(qi)。同時,最好選用10A以(yi)下的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流小點,更有利于(yu)保護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池。
2、建議取下蓄電池,在通風良好的房間進行充電。
家(jia)用轎車(che)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)拆卸都很(hen)方便,車(che)主(zhu)完全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)自己(ji)動手操作(zuo)。關閉全(quan)車(che)所(suo)有(you)電(dian)器后,鎖上所(suo)有(you)的(de)車(che)窗、車(che)門。打開引擎蓋(gai),用小扳手松開蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)負(fu)(fu)極的(de)螺絲,就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)從蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)負(fu)(fu)極樁頭(tou)上取(qu)下負(fu)(fu)極連線。用同樣的(de)方法取(qu)下蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)正極連線。注意先取(qu)下負(fu)(fu)極連線,再取(qu)下正極連線。
將蓄電(dian)池充好(hao)電(dian),安裝時(shi),要先連接好(hao)正極,再連接負(fu)極。用(yong)小扳手(shou)擰緊蓄電(dian)池樁頭緊固(gu)螺絲時(shi),要適當(dang)用(yong)力,不可用(yong)力過(guo)大,否則可能會導致(zhi)螺絲滑扣(kou)。
搬(ban)動(dong)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的時候要輕(qing)(qing)拿輕(qing)(qing)放(fang),保持蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)負極樁頭朝上(shang),不要將蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)倒置。
充電(dian)時(shi)要先將充電(dian)器(qi)的輸(shu)出對應連接在蓄(xu)電(dian)池正負(fu)極樁頭,再將充電(dian)器(qi)220V插(cha)頭(tou)插(cha)入市電插(cha)座。
連(lian)接(jie)(jie)蓄電池時(shi),一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)注意正(zheng)負極(ji)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)和電瓶(ping)(ping)樁頭(tou)的對應,正(zheng)極(ji)對正(zheng)極(ji),負極(ji)對負極(ji)。對于沒有反接(jie)(jie)保護(hu)的充電器來說,接(jie)(jie)反的話會導致充電器和電瓶(ping)(ping)的損(sun)壞。
建(jian)議購買防反接的(de)汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)瓶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器,或者,無(wu)極型汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)瓶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器。
3、條件允許的話,也可以(yi)在車上給蓄電池充(chong)電,充(chong)電時,一定要(yao)斷開負極連線!
4、強(qiang)烈建議:給汽車蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)選擇(ze)白(bai)天進行(xing),車主或者車主委托專(zhuan)人(ren),隔上30分鐘到一小(xiao)時(shi)查看一次,觸摸(mo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池外殼、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器是否過熱,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)有無異(yi)味。有任何異(yi)常,應立即停止充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
5、操作過程,要嚴(yan)禁煙火(huo)。