一、蓄電池充電器原理

現(xian)在(zai)市場上比較好的(de)12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)一般(ban)都采用的(de)是三段(duan)式(shi)智能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模式(shi)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)設計(ji)原理多常(chang)用開關恒流恒壓電(dian)(dian)源的(de)設計(ji)。什(shen)么(me)是三段(duan)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)?讓我們先來了解一些12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)概念。

1、浮(fu)充(chong)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)的蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)及極板中存在(zai)雜質(zhi)，會在(zai)極板上(shang)形(xing)成局部放電(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)為使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)飽滿的狀態(tai)下(xia)處于(yu)備用狀態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)與12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機并聯，接于(yu)直流母線(xian)上(shang)，12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)機除(chu)擔負(fu)經常(chang)的直流負(fu)荷外，還給電(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，這種方式(shi)叫做浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

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2、均充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)：均充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就是均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂(wei)均衡(heng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是均衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池特性的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，是指在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)使用過程中，因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)個(ge)體差異(yi)、溫度差異(yi)等原(yuan)因(yin)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)，為(wei)了避免這種不(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)趨勢的(de)惡化，需要提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行活化充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。均充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一般為(wei)14.5V，均充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)時(shi)間不(bu)(bu)大于10小時(shi)。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電停電后電池釋放的能量(liang)超過總(zong)容量(liang)的15%。

2、蓄電(dian)池長(chang)期處于浮充(chong)狀態(電(dian)網穩(wen)定(ding)，長(chang)期不(bu)停電(dian))。

3、電(dian)池(chi)組中(zhong)，出現了(le)落(luo)后電(dian)池(chi)，在浮充狀態(tai)下(xia)單體電(dian)壓低于2.2V，更換新電(dian)池(chi)后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)---恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)(duan)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低(di)時(shi)，為(wei)了(le)(le)避免(mian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，應(ying)該限制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不能過(guo)(guo)(guo)大，又為(wei)了(le)(le)縮短充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，應(ying)使用(yong)允許的(de)(de)(de)最大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所(suo)以采用(yong)了(le)(le)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始(shi)終以恒(heng)(heng)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(一(yi)(yi)般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量(liang))自動調整輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)越充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越高，直至升到2.45V每格(ge)。然后轉入下一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)主(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已經(jing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入約85--90%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)超過(guo)(guo)(guo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V/格(ge)，這(zhe)也就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都會(hui)失水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)原因。只是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)質量(liang)和12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不同，失水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)程度也會(hui)有較大的(de)(de)(de)差異。

2、第二階段---恒(heng)壓(ya)段，當(dang)恒(heng)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)后，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就不變了，保持這個恒(heng)定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會越來(lai)越高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會越來(lai)越小，當(dang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降到0.5C時，恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)，然后轉入(ru)下(xia)一階段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段就是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，結(jie)束(shu)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已基本(ben)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)。

恒壓(ya)階段(duan)電(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)高(gao)，會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)過(guo)(guo)度(du)失水和過(guo)(guo)度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，電(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)低會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和電(dian)池(chi)硫化。所以(yi)應嚴格控制其(qi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流。有(you)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)在這(zhe)個階段(duan)，加(jia)大了(le)(le)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，同時加(jia)入了(le)(le)負脈沖(chong)放電(dian)功能，用以(yi)消除電(dian)池(chi)極板表面的(de)濃差極化現象，改善電(dian)池(chi)受電(dian)能力和降低溫升，減(jian)輕(qing)了(le)(le)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)過(guo)(guo)度(du)失水，從而進(jin)一步(bu)縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)，這(zhe)就是負脈沖(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式。

有(you)(you)的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的平(ping)滑(hua)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為脈(mo)沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器就叫脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，脈(mo)沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器利用具有(you)(you)間(jian)隔的短時間(jian)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，既改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力，又有(you)(you)除硫的效果。

3、第三階(jie)(jie)段--浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)段，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也叫(jiao)涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)(jie)段實(shi)際上也是恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低(di)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)小，屬保養(yang)性充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允許較(jiao)長(chang)時(shi)間安全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這個(ge)階(jie)(jie)段12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般控(kong)制在13.6--13.8V左(zuo)(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較(jiao)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)略(lve)大，一般為(wei)0.01--0.03C左(zuo)(zuo)右。通(tong)過涓(juan)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不足以彌補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會導致過充(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)失水。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長(chang)時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消(xiao)除負極(ji)板硫化的(de)(de)(de)作用。

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選(xuan)用和汽車蓄電池匹配(pei)的(de)充電器。

現在的家(jia)用轎車使用的蓄(xu)(xu)電池一(yi)般都是免維護鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電池，額定電壓12V，購買汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)瓶充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器時要了解自己愛車(che)的電(dian)池類型，以選用合適(shi)的蓄電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器。同(tong)時，最好選用10A以(yi)下的充電器。充電電流小點，更有(you)利于保護蓄電池(chi)。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用轎車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池拆卸都很(hen)方(fang)便，車(che)(che)(che)(che)主完全可(ke)以自己(ji)動手(shou)操作。關閉全車(che)(che)(che)(che)所(suo)有電(dian)器后，鎖上所(suo)有的(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)窗、車(che)(che)(che)(che)門。打開引擎(qing)蓋，用小扳手(shou)松開蓄(xu)電(dian)池負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)螺絲，就(jiu)可(ke)以從蓄(xu)電(dian)池負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)樁頭上取(qu)(qu)下(xia)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。用同樣的(de)方(fang)法取(qu)(qu)下(xia)蓄(xu)電(dian)池正極(ji)(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。注(zhu)意(yi)先(xian)取(qu)(qu)下(xia)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)連線(xian)，再取(qu)(qu)下(xia)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。

將蓄(xu)電池充好電，安裝(zhuang)時，要先連(lian)接好正極(ji)，再連(lian)接負極(ji)。用(yong)(yong)小扳手擰緊蓄(xu)電池樁(zhuang)頭緊固螺(luo)絲(si)時，要適當用(yong)(yong)力(li)，不可用(yong)(yong)力(li)過大(da)，否則可能會(hui)導致螺(luo)絲(si)滑扣。

搬動(dong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的時候要輕拿輕放，保持蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)正負極(ji)樁頭朝上(shang)，不(bu)要將蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)倒(dao)置。

充電(dian)時要先將充電(dian)器(qi)的輸出(chu)對應連(lian)接在蓄(xu)電(dian)池正負極(ji)樁頭(tou)，再將充電(dian)器(qi)220V插頭插入市電插座。

連(lian)接蓄電(dian)池時，一定要注意正負極(ji)接線和(he)電(dian)瓶樁頭的對應，正極(ji)對正極(ji)，負極(ji)對負極(ji)。對于沒(mei)有反接保護(hu)的充電(dian)器來說(shuo)，接反的話(hua)會導致(zhi)充電(dian)器和(he)電(dian)瓶的損壞。

建議購買(mai)防反接的汽車電瓶(ping)充電器，或者，無極(ji)型(xing)汽車電瓶(ping)充電器。

3、條件允許的(de)話，也(ye)可以(yi)在車上給(gei)蓄(xu)電池充電，充電時，一定(ding)要斷開(kai)負(fu)極連(lian)線！

4、強烈建議：給汽車(che)(che)蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)選擇白(bai)天進行，車(che)(che)主或者(zhe)車(che)(che)主委托專人，隔上(shang)30分鐘(zhong)到一小(xiao)時(shi)查(cha)看一次，觸摸蓄電池外殼、充電器是否過熱，充電過程有(you)無異(yi)味。有(you)任(ren)何異(yi)常(chang)，應立即(ji)停止(zhi)充電。

5、操(cao)作過程(cheng)，要嚴(yan)禁(jin)煙(yan)火。