一、蓄電池充電器原理

現(xian)在市場上比(bi)較好的(de)12V充(chong)(chong)電機一般都采用(yong)(yong)的(de)是三(san)段式(shi)(shi)智能充(chong)(chong)電模式(shi)(shi)，電路設計(ji)原理多常(chang)用(yong)(yong)開關恒流恒壓電源的(de)設計(ji)。什么是三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)電?讓我們先來了解一些12V充(chong)(chong)電機的(de)概念。

1、浮充：充電(dian)后的蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由于電(dian)解液及(ji)極(ji)板(ban)中存在雜質，會在極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)形成(cheng)局部(bu)放電(dian)，因此為使電(dian)池(chi)(chi)在飽滿的狀(zhuang)態下處于備用(yong)狀(zhuang)態，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)與12V充電(dian)機并聯，接于直流母線上(shang)，12V充電(dian)機除擔負(fu)經(jing)常(chang)的直流負(fu)荷外，還給電(dian)池(chi)(chi)適當(dang)的充電(dian)電(dian)流，這(zhe)種方式叫做浮充電(dian)。

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2、均(jun)充(chong)(chong)：均(jun)充(chong)(chong)就(jiu)是(shi)均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂均(jun)衡充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是(shi)均(jun)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)特性的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是(shi)指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)過程中，因(yin)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)個體差異(yi)、溫(wen)度差異(yi)等原因(yin)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓不平(ping)(ping)衡，為了避免這種不平(ping)(ping)衡趨(qu)勢的(de)惡化，需要提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)進行活化充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。均(jun)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般為14.5V，均(jun)充(chong)(chong)時間不大于(yu)10小時。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電停電后(hou)電池釋放的能量(liang)超過總容(rong)量(liang)的15%。

2、蓄電(dian)池長期處于浮充(chong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(電(dian)網穩定，長期不停電(dian))。

3、電池(chi)組(zu)中，出(chu)現了落后電池(chi)，在浮充(chong)狀態下單體電壓低于2.2V，更換新電池(chi)后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第(di)一階(jie)段(duan)(duan)---恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)段(duan)(duan)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)較低時(shi)，為(wei)了避免充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)大(da)損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，應(ying)該限制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)能(neng)過(guo)大(da)，又為(wei)了縮短充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，應(ying)使(shi)用允(yun)許的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以(yi)采用了恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機始終以(yi)恒(heng)定的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(一般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量)自動調整輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)越充(chong)(chong)越高，直至升到2.45V每格。然后轉入(ru)下(xia)一階(jie)段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)為(wei)主充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已經充(chong)(chong)入(ru)約85--90%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)超過(guo)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.35V/格，這(zhe)也就是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池都會(hui)失(shi)水的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。只是因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池質(zhi)量和12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，失(shi)水的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)度(du)也會(hui)有較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)差異。

2、第二階(jie)段(duan)---恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)，當恒(heng)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束后(hou)，12V充電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就(jiu)不變了，保持這個(ge)恒(heng)定(ding)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會越來(lai)越高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流會越來(lai)越小，當充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下降(jiang)到0.5C時，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束，然后(hou)轉入下一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)就(jiu)是對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，結束時電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已(yi)基本充滿。

恒壓階段(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)高，會造成過(guo)度失(shi)水和過(guo)度充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)低會導致(zhi)欠(qian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫化(hua)。所以(yi)應嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這個階段(duan)(duan)，加大了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同時加入了負(fu)(fu)脈沖放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)，用以(yi)消(xiao)除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板表面的(de)濃差極化(hua)現(xian)象，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力和降(jiang)低溫(wen)升，減輕了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)過(guo)度失(shi)水，從而(er)進(jin)一步(bu)縮短充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)，這就(jiu)是負(fu)(fu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。

有(you)(you)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)平滑直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)脈沖(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)就叫脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，脈沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)利用具有(you)(you)間隔的(de)短時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特性，既(ji)改(gai)(gai)善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力，又有(you)(you)除硫(liu)的(de)效果。

3、第三階段(duan)--浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)段(duan)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)叫涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)實際上(shang)也(ye)是恒壓充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)較低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)較小(xiao)，屬保養性(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，允許較長(chang)時間安全充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)這個階段(duan)12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般控制(zhi)在(zai)13.6--13.8V左(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)較自(zi)(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)略大，一般為0.01--0.03C左(zuo)右。通過(guo)(guo)(guo)涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到接近(jin)100%.過(guo)(guo)(guo)小(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不足(zu)以彌(mi)補(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)(guo)(guo)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)會導致(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和失水。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)長(chang)時間的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消除負(fu)極板(ban)硫化的(de)作用。

汽車蓄電池怎么充電>>

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選(xuan)用和汽車蓄電池匹(pi)配的充電器。

現(xian)在的家(jia)用(yong)轎車使用(yong)的蓄電池(chi)一般都是免維護鉛酸蓄電池(chi)，額定電壓12V，購買汽車電(dian)(dian)瓶充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)時要了(le)解(jie)自(zi)己愛(ai)車的電(dian)(dian)池類(lei)型，以選(xuan)(xuan)用合適(shi)的蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。同時，最(zui)好選(xuan)(xuan)用10A以下的(de)充電器。充電電流小點，更有(you)利于(yu)保護蓄電池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家用轎車(che)(che)的蓄(xu)電池(chi)拆卸都很方便，車(che)(che)主完全(quan)可以自(zi)己動手操作(zuo)。關閉(bi)全(quan)車(che)(che)所有(you)電器(qi)后，鎖上(shang)所有(you)的車(che)(che)窗、車(che)(che)門。打(da)開引擎蓋，用小扳手松開蓄(xu)電池(chi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)的螺絲，就(jiu)可以從(cong)蓄(xu)電池(chi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)樁頭(tou)上(shang)取(qu)下負(fu)極(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。用同樣(yang)的方法取(qu)下蓄(xu)電池(chi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。注意先取(qu)下負(fu)極(ji)(ji)連線(xian)，再取(qu)下正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)連線(xian)。

將(jiang)蓄電池充好電，安裝時，要先連接好正(zheng)極，再(zai)連接負極。用(yong)小扳手擰緊(jin)蓄電池樁(zhuang)頭緊(jin)固(gu)螺(luo)絲時，要適當用(yong)力，不(bu)可用(yong)力過大(da)，否(fou)則(ze)可能會導致螺(luo)絲滑扣。

搬動(dong)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的時候要輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放，保持(chi)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)正負極樁頭(tou)朝上，不要將蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)倒置。

充(chong)電(dian)時要先將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出對(dui)應連接在蓄電(dian)池正負(fu)極樁頭(tou)，再將(jiang)充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)220V插頭插入市電插座(zuo)。

連接(jie)蓄電(dian)池時，一定要注(zhu)意(yi)正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)接(jie)線(xian)和電(dian)瓶樁(zhuang)頭(tou)的對(dui)應(ying)，正(zheng)極(ji)對(dui)正(zheng)極(ji)，負(fu)極(ji)對(dui)負(fu)極(ji)。對(dui)于沒有反接(jie)保護的充(chong)電(dian)器來(lai)說，接(jie)反的話會導致充(chong)電(dian)器和電(dian)瓶的損壞。

建議購買防反接的汽車(che)電(dian)瓶充電(dian)器，或(huo)者，無極型汽車(che)電(dian)瓶充電(dian)器。

3、條件(jian)允許的話(hua)，也可以(yi)在車上給蓄電池充電，充電時，一定要斷開負極連(lian)線！

4、強烈建議：給汽車蓄電池充電選擇白(bai)天進(jin)行(xing)，車主或者(zhe)車主委托專人，隔(ge)上30分鐘到一小時查看一次(ci)，觸(chu)摸(mo)蓄電池外(wai)殼、充電器是否過(guo)熱，充電過(guo)程有無異味。有任何異常(chang)，應立即停止充電。

5、操(cao)作過程，要嚴禁煙火。