地(di)面上(shang)的水(shui)(shui)吸熱變成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi),上(shang)升(sheng)到天(tian)空蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汽層(ceng)(ceng)上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng),由(you)于(yu)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汽層(ceng)(ceng)上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)溫(wen)(wen)度低(di),水(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)體積縮小比重增大(da),蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汽下(xia)(xia)降(jiang),由(you)于(yu)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汽層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)(xia)面溫(wen)(wen)度高,下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)過程中(zhong)吸熱,再度上(shang)升(sheng)遇冷,再下(xia)(xia)降(jiang),如此反復氣(qi)體分(fen)子逐(zhu)漸縮小,最后(hou)集中(zhong)在蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)汽層(ceng)(ceng)底(di)層(ceng)(ceng),在底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)形成(cheng)(cheng)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)區,水(shui)(shui)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)氣(qi)向低(di)溫(wen)(wen)區集中(zhong),這就形成(cheng)(cheng)云(yun)。云(yun)團(tuan)逐(zhu)漸變大(da),云(yun)內部上(shang)下(xia)(xia)對流(liu)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)激烈(lie),溫(wen)(wen)度越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)低(di)最后(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)雨點下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。
如果(guo)云內出現水(shui)(shui)滴(di)和冰晶共存的(de)情(qing)況(kuang),那(nei)么(me),這種凝結(jie)和凝華增(zeng)大(da)(da)過程(cheng)將大(da)(da)大(da)(da)加快。當云中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)云滴(di)增(zeng)大(da)(da)到(dao)一定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)時,由于大(da)(da)云滴(di)的(de)體積和重量不斷(duan)增(zeng)加,它們(men)在下降過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不僅能趕上那(nei)些速度(du)較慢的(de)小云滴(di),而(er)且還會(hui)“吞并(bing)”更(geng)多(duo)的(de)小云滴(di)而(er)使(shi)自己(ji)壯大(da)(da)起來。當大(da)(da)云滴(di)越(yue)(yue)長越(yue)(yue)大(da)(da),最后大(da)(da)到(dao)空氣(qi)再也(ye)托不住它時,便從云中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)直落(luo)到(dao)地面(mian),成為(wei)我們(men)常(chang)見的(de)雨水(shui)(shui)。
水成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)云內如果具備了云滴增大為(wei)(wei)(wei)雨(yu)滴的(de)條件,并使雨(yu)滴具有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)下降(jiang)速度(du),這時降(jiang)落下來的(de)就是雨(yu)或毛(mao)毛(mao)雨(yu)。由冰晶(jing)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)云體稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)冰成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)云,而(er)由水滴(主要是過冷(leng)卻水滴)和(he)冰晶(jing)共同組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)云稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)混合云。從冰成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)云或混合云中降(jiang)下的(de)冰晶(jing)或雪花,下落到(dao)(dao)0℃以上的(de)氣層內,融化以后也成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)雨(yu)滴下落到(dao)(dao)地(di)面,形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)降(jiang)雨(yu)。
地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)或水面(mian)(mian)在太陽照射下,水變(bian)成(cheng)蒸汽升入天(tian)空。高空溫度低,水汽凝結成(cheng)小水滴(di)這(zhe)就是云,小水滴(di)在云的(de)運動中互碰撞就會變(bian)成(cheng)大(da)水滴(di)。當水滴(di)大(da)到(dao)上(shang)升氣流無(wu)法托住時就會落到(dao)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian),這(zhe)就是雨。
其(qi)實(shi)下雨(yu)是一(yi)種自然景象,是地(di)球上的水(shui)受到(dao)(dao)太陽光的照(zhao)射后(hou),就變成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)被(bei)(bei)蒸發到(dao)(dao)空(kong)氣(qi)中去了。水(shui)汽在高空(kong)遇到(dao)(dao)冷空(kong)氣(qi)便凝(ning)聚成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)滴(di)(di)(di)。這(zhe)些(xie)小(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)滴(di)(di)(di)都很小(xiao)(xiao),直徑只(zhi)有0.01~0.02毫(hao)米,最大(da)也只(zhi)有0.2毫(hao)米。它(ta)們又(you)小(xiao)(xiao)又(you)輕,被(bei)(bei)空(kong)氣(qi)中的上升氣(qi)流托在空(kong)中。就是這(zhe)些(xie)小(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)滴(di)(di)(di)在空(kong)中聚成(cheng)(cheng)了云。這(zhe)些(xie)小(xiao)(xiao)水(shui)滴(di)(di)(di)要變成(cheng)(cheng)雨(yu)滴(di)(di)(di)降到(dao)(dao)地(di)面,它(ta)的體積大(da)約要增大(da)100多萬倍。
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