1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出功率(lv)越大，充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間越短，不過目(mu)前充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)分為了交流充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)和(he)直流充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，我們可以分開來進行解釋。

從交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)樁(zhuang)來講，國內大(da)部分(fen)(fen)慢速(su)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)盒均采用(yong)(yong)220v交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)(fen)別為16A或(huo)(huo)32A，理論功率(lv)分(fen)(fen)別可達到3.3kw或(huo)(huo)6.6kw，考慮到10%的(de)功率(lv)損耗，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)還是很慢的(de)，例如(ru)對(dui)于一(yi)般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車，采用(yong)(yong)目前主流(liu)3.3kw交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式就(jiu)需(xu)要(yao)6-8個小(xiao)時(shi)才能夠充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)于特斯(si)拉220v的(de)HPWC(高功率(lv)壁(bi)掛適配器)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可達50A，輸出功率(lv)11kw，我們還是不用(yong)(yong)想了，這是專門為MODEL S設計(ji)的(de)，并且(qie)特斯(si)拉與國標接口也(ye)不通用(yong)(yong)，不符合國情(qing)，看看就(jiu)好(hao)。

對(dui)于直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)來(lai)講(jiang)，不同于交(jiao)流充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)220v電(dian)壓(ya)接入，直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)接入的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)為380v，功率一般達到(dao)10kw以上(shang)，例如(ru)市面上(shang)針對(dui)于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)乘(cheng)用車，國(guo)網建的(de)直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)大部(bu)分是37.5kw，普天建的(de)也在10kw、15kw以上(shang)。對(dui)于一般電(dian)池電(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車來(lai)講(jiang)，用10kw直(zhi)流樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充電(dian)2-3小時既可(ke)以滿電(dian)。

由此可見，僅僅從(cong)輸出功率上來判斷，交流(liu)和直流(liu)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電快慢便(bian)見分曉，據說(shuo)一些(xie)早期(qi)的電動汽車(che)車(che)型只配備了交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電口，那(nei)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電速度自然也快不起來了，所以在行業內就有交流(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)、直流(liu)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)的說(shuo)法(fa)。

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所以(yi)，對(dui)于剛(gang)使(shi)用電動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)車主，這里可以(yi)給大(da)家提(ti)供(gong)一個簡單估算愛車充電時(shi)(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)方法，在愛車充電過程(cheng)中，等充電樁(zhuang)顯示(shi)界面(mian)上輸(shu)(shu)出電流、電壓穩(wen)定的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候，看下輸(shu)(shu)出電壓值和電流值，計算一下輸(shu)(shu)出功率，然后對(dui)比自己車準備充電的(de)(de)電量，就(jiu)能大(da)概推算出充電所需要的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，會有車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參與(yu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)換過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，通常交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中。因此，對于整車的(de)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其功率(lv)(lv)需要與(yu)交流(liu)(liu)輸出功率(lv)(lv)進行匹配(pei)，一(yi)般在(zai)3.3kw左(zuo)右，就算用更高功率(lv)(lv)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)也只能在(zai)16A左(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)也快不起來(lai)，不過(guo)(guo)(guo)可以(yi)預見(jian)的(de)是(shi)，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)，未來(lai)車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)(lv)應該在(zai)6.6kw以(yi)上(shang)，才能保證(zheng)用戶對充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)的(de)最(zui)低(di)需求(qiu)，有一(yi)次在(zai)考察(cha)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，發現(xian)紳寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可達(da)到220V/32A，經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)解得(de)知車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)(lv)可達(da)到6.6kw，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)比E150EV快了(le)不少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不經過(guo)車載充電(dian)機這一關，充電(dian)速度自然快了不少，但是為了保證(zheng)電(dian)池(chi)壽命，避免過(guo)充過(guo)放，車廠會(hui)對整車動(dong)力電(dian)池(chi)的(de)BMS(電(dian)池(chi)管(guan)理系統(tong))進行設置(zhi)，例如在深圳運營(ying)的(de)比亞迪E6的(de)充電(dian)倍(bei)率在0.5C左(zuo)右(E6充電(dian)電(dian)壓電(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電樁端輸出固定功率相同(tong)的情況下，整車動力電池(chi)(chi)電量越(yue)大，充電時間就(jiu)越(yue)長，這(zhe)就(jiu)如(ru)同(tong)小學生(sheng)的數學題一般(ban)，在同(tong)樣口(kou)徑的放(fang)水管向(xiang)池(chi)(chi)子里注(zhu)水，池(chi)(chi)子越(yue)大，放(fang)滿水需要的時間越(yue)長，這(zhe)個道(dao)理比較(jiao)簡單。

另外，三元材料鋰(li)(li)電池(chi)的(de)能(neng)量密度(du)一般比磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)電池(chi)高，那么對(dui)于同(tong)一車型來(lai)講，如果要求續駛里程一致，三元電池(chi)裝的(de)肯定(ding)比鐵鋰(li)(li)要少(shao)，充電速度(du)自(zi)然就快(kuai)了(le)一些。

還有(you)(you)(you)個(ge)現(xian)象(xiang)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友們(men)感(gan)受會(hui)比(bi)較深，就是(shi)在冬季(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候愛車(che)(che)(che)充(chong)不上(shang)電(dian)(dian)，或者充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度慢(man)得令人抓狂，這是(shi)怎么回事呢？這與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學特性有(you)(you)(you)關，就是(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫保(bao)護，在氣溫過低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬鋰會(hui)產生沉(chen)積(ji)現(xian)象(xiang)，不再和物質發(fa)生化(hua)學反應，從而發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內部短路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況。特別要提一(yi)下磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低溫性能比(bi)較差，據相關材料顯示(shi)其0℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)保(bao)持(chi)率(lv)約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)為40～55%，-20℃時(shi)為20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)略(lve)優(you)于磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰。以前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)些電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)用戶需要將車(che)(che)(che)開(kai)出(chu)去跑幾圈(quan)熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)(che)才(cai)能充(chong)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)，估計電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)(che)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)(che)這事也就是(shi)在北(bei)方(fang)(fang)地區才(cai)會(hui)有(you)(you)(you)，不過現(xian)在大部分(fen)車(che)(che)(che)廠(chang)都有(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)加熱(re)(re)模塊，寒冷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候邊充(chong)電(dian)(dian)邊加熱(re)(re)，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中激活(huo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，電(dian)(dian)能自然也會(hui)耗費不少。總之(zhi)冬季(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事是(shi)肯定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但是(shi)不同車(che)(che)(che)廠(chang)解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)案(an)及效(xiao)率(lv)會(hui)略(lve)有(you)(you)(you)不同，對于這個(ge)問題車(che)(che)(che)主們(men)在買車(che)(che)(che)前(qian)還是(shi)要仔細(xi)詢問清楚了。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負載(zai)達到高峰，電(dian)壓是(shi)會(hui)出(chu)現下降(jiang)的情(qing)況，這也會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)到電(dian)動汽(qi)車的充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)。不過正(zheng)規的小區一(yi)般都是(shi)專用變(bian)壓器，對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)有限，而一(yi)些自建房、城中村等用戶用電(dian)一(yi)般來自區域(yu)公(gong)用變(bian)壓器，影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)大(da)一(yi)些了。因此(ci)，對(dui)于電(dian)動汽(qi)車用戶，建議選擇用電(dian)谷期(qi)進行充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)速度(du)就(jiu)會(hui)快一(yi)些。