【肩(jian)(jian)關節(jie)(jie)脫位(wei)怎么辦(ban)】肩(jian)(jian)關節(jie)(jie)脫臼(jiu)的癥狀 肩(jian)(jian)關節(jie)(jie)脫臼(jiu)的處(chu)理
一、病因不同:
肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)按肱骨(gu)頭(tou)(tou)的位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)分為前脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)后(hou)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節前脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)者很多見,常因間(jian)接(jie)暴(bao)力(li)(li)所致,如(ru)跌倒(dao)時上(shang)肢外展外旋(xuan),手掌或(huo)肘部著(zhu)地(di),外力(li)(li)沿肱骨(gu)縱軸(zhou)向上(shang)沖(chong)擊,肱骨(gu)頭(tou)(tou)自肩(jian)(jian)(jian)胛下(xia)(xia)(xia)肌和(he)(he)大圓(yuan)肌之間(jian)薄弱部撕脫(tuo)(tuo)關節囊,向前下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)出,形(xing)(xing)成前脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。肱骨(gu)頭(tou)(tou)被(bei)推至肩(jian)(jian)(jian)胛骨(gu)喙(hui)(hui)突(tu)(tu)下(xia)(xia)(xia),形(xing)(xing)成喙(hui)(hui)突(tu)(tu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei),如(ru)暴(bao)力(li)(li)較大,肱骨(gu)頭(tou)(tou)再向前移致鎖骨(gu)下(xia)(xia)(xia),形(xing)(xing)成鎖骨(gu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。后(hou)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)很少見,多由于肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節受到(dao)由前向后(hou)的暴(bao)力(li)(li)作用或(huo)在肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節內收內旋(xuan)位(wei)(wei)(wei)跌倒(dao)時手部著(zhu)地(di)引起。后(hou)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)可分為肩(jian)(jian)(jian)胛崗下(xia)(xia)(xia)和(he)(he)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)峰(feng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei),肩(jian)(jian)(jian)關節脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)如(ru)在初期治(zhi)療不(bu)當,可發生習慣(guan)性脫(tuo)(tuo)位(wei)(wei)(wei)。
偏癱患者肩關節半脫位的致因尚不十分清楚,目前主要考慮有如下幾個方面:
①以(yi)岡上肌(ji)及三(san)角肌(ji)后(hou)部為(wei)主的肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)周圍肌(ji)肉(rou)的機(ji)能低(di)(di)下。以(yi)三(san)角肌(ji),尤其是岡上肌(ji)為(wei)主的肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)周圍起穩定(ding)作用的肌(ji)肉(rou)癱(tan)瘓(huan)、肌(ji)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)低(di)(di)下,被(bei)認為(wei)是肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)半脫位(wei)(wei)最重要(yao)的原因。這(zhe)些肌(ji)肉(rou)癱(tan)瘓(huan)后(hou)在上肢重量的牽拉下,可(ke)產生(sheng)肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)半脫位(wei)(wei)。肌(ji)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)低(di)(di)下的軟(ruan)癱(tan)期(qi)患者(zhe)其肩(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節(jie)半脫位(wei)(wei)的發生(sheng)率明顯高(gao)于痙(jing)攣(luan)期(qi)患者(zhe),隨(sui)著肌(ji)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)的逐(zhu)漸提高(gao),半脫位(wei)(wei)可(ke)隨(sui)之減輕或消失。
②肩(jian)關(guan)節(jie)囊(nang)及(ji)韌(ren)帶(dai)的(de)松(song)(song)弛(chi)(chi)、破壞及(ji)長(chang)期(qi)牽(qian)拉所致的(de)延(yan)長(chang)。在(zai)(zai)軟癱(tan)期(qi)關(guan)節(jie)囊(nang)及(ji)韌(ren)帶(dai),是保(bao)持肩(jian)關(guan)節(jie)于正常位(wei)(wei)置的(de)唯一組織(zhi)。半(ban)脫位(wei)(wei)多發生在(zai)(zai)病后(hou)第(di)4周左右患者坐起活動后(hou)。推測肩(jian)關(guan)節(jie)半(ban)脫位(wei)(wei)系在(zai)(zai)上肢(zhi)重量及(ji)或外力的(de)牽(qian)拉下(xia)(xia),關(guan)節(jie)囊(nang)及(ji)韌(ren)帶(dai)遭到破壞,變得松(song)(song)弛(chi)(chi)、延(yan)長(chang)所致。肩(jian)關(guan)節(jie)半(ban)脫位(wei)(wei)隨(sui)著肌張(zhang)力的(de)恢復(fu)(fu)可(ke)出現不同程度的(de)改善,在(zai)(zai)精神緊(jin)張(zhang)及(ji)用(yong)力時通過(guo)聯(lian)合反應(ying)的(de)作用(yong)甚至可(ke)復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)。不過(guo)一旦(dan)關(guan)節(jie)囊(nang)韌(ren)帶(dai)松(song)(song)弛(chi)(chi)延(yan)長(chang),即使(shi)癱(tan)瘓完全恢復(fu)(fu),其在(zai)(zai)靜(jing)態坐位(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)仍可(ke)呈現半(ban)脫位(wei)(wei),考慮這與已經松(song)(song)弛(chi)(chi)的(de)關(guan)節(jie)囊(nang)及(ji)韌(ren)帶(dai)不能恢復(fu)(fu)原來的(de)張(zhang)力,加之患者肩(jian)胛(jia)骨下(xia)(xia)旋,使(shi)肩(jian)關(guan)節(jie)處于相對外展位(wei)(wei),從而使(shi)固有的(de)絞索(suo)機制難以(yi)發揮作用(yong)有關(guan)。
③肩(jian)(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)周圍肌肉的癱瘓(huan)、痙攣(luan)及(ji)(ji)脊(ji)柱(zhu)直立肌的影響等(deng)所致(zhi)的肩(jian)(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)向(xiang)下(xia)旋轉,有(you)試驗顯示處于麻醉下(xia)的正常人,在外展上(shang)肢時(shi)也容易出(chu)現(xian)半(ban)脫位。推測肩(jian)(jian)關節半(ban)脫位的程度可(ke)能與肩(jian)(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)下(xia)旋及(ji)(ji)肱(gong)骨(gu)相對外展的程度有(you)關。但肩(jian)(jian)胛(jia)骨(gu)位置和肱(gong)骨(gu)外展與半(ban)脫位之間(jian)的關系尚有(you)疑問。
二、癥狀不同:
外(wai)傷性肩(jian)(jian)關節前脫位均有明(ming)顯的外(wai)傷史,肩(jian)(jian)部(bu)(bu)疼痛、腫(zhong)脹和功能障礙,傷肢呈彈性固定于輕度外(wai)展內旋(xuan)位,肘屈曲,用(yong)健側(ce)手托住患側(ce)前臂。外(wai)觀呈“方肩(jian)(jian)”畸形,肩(jian)(jian)峰明(ming)顯突(tu)出,肩(jian)(jian)峰下(xia)(xia)空(kong)虛(xu)。在腋下(xia)(xia)、喙突(tu)下(xia)(xia)或鎖骨下(xia)(xia)可摸到肱骨、頭。傷肢輕度外(wai)展,不(bu)(bu)能貼緊胸(xiong)壁(bi),如肘部(bu)(bu)貼于胸(xiong)前時(shi),手掌不(bu)(bu)能同(tong)時(shi)接觸對(dui)側(ce)肩(jian)(jian)部(bu)(bu)(Dugas征,即搭(da)肩(jian)(jian)試驗陽性)。上(shang)臂外(wai)側(ce)貼放一直(zhi)尺可同(tong)時(shi)接觸到肩(jian)(jian)峰與(yu)肱骨外(wai)上(shang)踝(直(zhi)尺試驗)。
肩關節半脫位(wei)并非于偏(pian)癱(tan)后馬(ma)上(shang)出現(xian),多于開始坐位(wei)活動后才(cai)發現(xian)。早(zao)期患者(zhe)可(ke)(ke)無任何不適感(gan),部分患者(zhe)當患側上(shang)肢在體(ti)側垂放時間(jian)(jian)較(jiao)長(chang)時可(ke)(ke)出現(xian)牽拉不適感(gan)或疼痛(tong)(tong),當上(shang)肢被(bei)支撐或抬起時,上(shang)述癥狀可(ke)(ke)減輕或消失。隨(sui)著時間(jian)(jian)的(de)延(yan)長(chang)可(ke)(ke)出現(xian)較(jiao)劇烈的(de)肩痛(tong)(tong).
檢查
肩關(guan)節脫(tuo)位應檢(jian)查(cha)有(you)無合(he)并癥,肩關(guan)節有(you)脫(tuo)位病例約(yue)30~40%合(he)并大結節骨折(zhe)(zhe),也可(ke)發生(sheng)肱(gong)骨外科頸骨折(zhe)(zhe),或肱(gong)骨頭壓(ya)縮(suo)骨折(zhe)(zhe),有(you)時合(he)并關(guan)節囊或肩胛盂緣自前面(mian)附著處撕脫(tuo),愈合(he)不佳可(ke)引起習(xi)慣性脫(tuo)位。肱(gong)二頭肌長(chang)頭肌腱可(ke)向后(hou)滑(hua)脫(tuo),造成關(guan)節復(fu)位障(zhang)礙。腋(ye)神(shen)(shen)經或臂叢神(shen)(shen)經內側束可(ke)被肱(gong)骨頭壓(ya)迫或牽拉,引起神(shen)(shen)經功能障(zhang)礙,也可(ke)以(yi)損傷腋(ye)動脈(mo)。
肩(jian)(jian)關節(jie)半脫位(wei)可見肩(jian)(jian)部三角肌塌陷(xian)、關節(jie)囊松(song)弛、肱骨(gu)頭向下(xia)前移位(wei),呈輕度方肩(jian)(jian)畸形。關節(jie)孟處空虛(xu),肩(jian)(jian)峰與肱骨(gu)頭之間可觸到明顯(xian)的(de)凹(ao)陷(xian),可容(rong)納1--2橫指(zhi)。隨著肌張力的(de)增高(gao)(gao)與運(yun)動(dong)功能提高(gao)(gao),上(shang)述體征可逐漸減(jian)輕甚或消失(shi)。多數患者僅在托起(qi)上(shang)肢或精神緊張、活動(dong)、用力時(shi)出現一(yi)時(shi)性的(de)減(jian)輕、消失(shi),在坐位(wei)放松(song)上(shang)肢無支持下(xia)垂(chui)時(shi)仍呈明顯(xian)的(de)半脫位(wei)表現。
X線檢查 可明確脫位類型和確定有無骨(gu)折情況。
三、治療方法不同:
1、手法復位。
脫(tuo)位(wei)后應盡(jin)快復(fu)位(wei),選擇適當麻(ma)(ma)醉(zui)(臂叢麻(ma)(ma)醉(zui)或(huo)(huo)全麻(ma)(ma)),使肌(ji)肉松弛并使復(fu)位(wei)在無(wu)痛下進(jin)行。老年人或(huo)(huo)肌(ji)力弱者也可(ke)在止痛劑下(如(ru)75~100毫(hao)克杜冷丁)進(jin)行。習慣性脫(tuo)位(wei)可(ke)不用麻(ma)(ma)醉(zui)。復(fu)位(wei)手法要輕柔,禁用粗暴手法以(yi)免發生骨折或(huo)(huo)損(sun)傷神(shen)經等附加損(sun)傷。常用復(fu)位(wei)手法有三種。
1)足蹬法(Hippocrate`s法)。
2)科(ke)氏法(Kocher`s法)。
3)牽(qian)引推拿法。
2、手術復位。
有少數肩(jian)關節(jie)(jie)(jie)脫(tuo)位(wei)需(xu)要手(shou)(shou)術復(fu)(fu)位(wei),其(qi)適應癥為:肩(jian)關節(jie)(jie)(jie)前脫(tuo)位(wei)并(bing)發肱(gong)二頭(tou)肌長(chang)頭(tou)肌腱向后滑脫(tuo)阻礙手(shou)(shou)法(fa)復(fu)(fu)位(wei)者(zhe);肱(gong)骨大結節(jie)(jie)(jie)撕(si)脫(tuo)骨折(zhe),骨折(zhe)片(pian)卡在肱(gong)骨頭(tou)與關節(jie)(jie)(jie)盂之間影響復(fu)(fu)位(wei)者(zhe);合并(bing)肱(gong)骨外科頸骨折(zhe),手(shou)(shou)法(fa)不能(neng)整復(fu)(fu)者(zhe);合并(bing)喙突、肩(jian)峰(feng)或肩(jian)關節(jie)(jie)(jie)盂骨折(zhe),移位(wei)明(ming)顯(xian)者(zhe);合并(bing)腋部大血管損(sun)傷者(zhe)。
3、習慣性肩關節前脫位的治療。
習慣(guan)性(xing)肩(jian)關節(jie)(jie)前(qian)脫(tuo)位(wei)(wei)多見于青壯年,究其(qi)原因(yin),一般認為(wei)首次(ci)外(wai)傷脫(tuo)位(wei)(wei)后造成損傷,雖(sui)經復(fu)位(wei)(wei),但未(wei)得(de)到適當有效的固定和休息。用手術治療,目的在于增(zeng)強(qiang)關節(jie)(jie)囊前(qian)壁,防止過分(fen)外(wai)旋外(wai)展活(huo)動,穩定關節(jie)(jie),以(yi)避免(mian)再脫(tuo)位(wei)(wei)。手術方法(fa)較多,較常(chang)用的有肩(jian)胛下(xia)肌關節(jie)(jie)囊重疊縫合術(Putti-Platt氏(shi)法(fa))和肩(jian)胛下(xia)肌止點(dian)外(wai)移(yi)術(Magnuson氏(shi)法(fa))。
肩關節半脫位治療有三個方面:
①通過糾正肩胛(jia)骨的(de)位置,進而(er)糾正關節(jie)盂(yu)的(de)位置,以恢復肩部的(de)自然絞索(suo)機制;
②刺激(ji)肩關節周圍起穩定作用的肌肉(rou)的活動或(huo)增加其張力;
③在(zai)不(bu)損傷肩關節及(ji)周(zhou)圍組織的(de)情況下,維持(chi)全關節活動度的(de)無痛(tong)性的(de)被(bei)動活動范圍。
1、糾正肩月甲骨的位置
關鍵(jian)是(shi)抑制使(shi)(shi)肩(jian)(jian)胛骨內收、后(hou)縮和向下旋轉的肌肉(rou)的肌張(zhang)力(li)(li)。方法(fa)有(you)(you):手(shou)法(fa)糾正(zheng)肩(jian)(jian)胛骨的位(wei)置,使(shi)(shi)肩(jian)(jian)胛骨充(chong)分前屈、上抬、外展(zhan)并向上旋轉;患(huan)(huan)側上肢伸展(zhan)持(chi)重(坐位(wei));臥(wo)位(wei)向患(huan)(huan)側滾動等均(jun)可降低(di)上述(shu)肌肉(rou)的張(zhang)力(li)(li)。在做上述(shu)活(huo)動時(shi),每(mei)次應(ying)持(chi)續盡可能長的時(shi)間,因為(wei)只有(you)(you)持(chi)續性的牽拉才能降低(di)肌張(zhang)力(li)(li)。
2、刺激肩關節周圍起穩定作用的肌肉
所有刺激(ji)(ji)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)功(gong)能恢(hui)復的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法,均可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于活(huo)化穩定患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節的(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉。患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)持(chi)重(zhong)并(bing)通過(guo)壓迫關(guan)(guan)節,反(fan)射(she)性地(di)(di)刺激(ji)(ji)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong),是尤其有用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法。此時治療(liao)(liao)師必須用(yong)(yong)(yong)雙手保持(chi)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)肩(jian)(jian)胛骨(gu)位(wei)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang),并(bing)使患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)肘關(guan)(guan)節處于伸展位(wei)。通過(guo)仔細的(de)(de)(de)分級(ji)刺激(ji)(ji),有關(guan)(guan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)可更直(zhi)接地(di)(di)被促進(jin)。治療(liao)(liao)師把患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)托向(xiang)前方(fang)(fang),用(yong)(yong)(yong)另一只(zhi)手在腋(ye)下快速而有力地(di)(di)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)拍打肱(gong)骨(gu)頭,引起牽張(zhang)反(fan)射(she)來增加(jia)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)力和活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。治療(liao)(liao)師站在患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)前方(fang)(fang),向(xiang)前抬(tai)起患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi),然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手掌沿(yan)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)側(ce)(ce)上(shang)(shang)肢(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)快速地(di)(di)反(fan)復地(di)(di)向(xiang)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)手掌加(jia)壓,并(bing)要求(qiu)患(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)者(zhe)保持(chi)掌心向(xiang)前,不使肩(jian)(jian)后(hou)縮(suo),這項活(huo)動(dong)(dong)可刺激(ji)(ji)肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)(guan)節后(hou)方(fang)(fang)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)和張(zhang)力。治療(liao)(liao)師用(yong)(yong)(yong)手在岡上(shang)(shang)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)、三(san)角肌(ji)(ji)(ji)和肱(gong)三(san)頭肌(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)力按摩由近(jin)及遠地(di)(di)快速進(jin)行(xing)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)冰快速地(di)(di)按摩有關(guan)(guan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉,可刺激(ji)(ji)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)肉的(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。
對三(san)角(jiao)肌(ji)及岡(gang)上肌(ji)用功能(neng)性電(dian)刺(ci)激及肌(ji)電(dian)生物(wu)反饋(kui)進(jin)行治(zhi)療也(ye)是有效的方法。針灸,尤(you)其是電(dian)針治(zhi)療也(ye)可能(neng)對提高(gao)肌(ji)張力有一(yi)定作用。
3、維持全關節活動度
肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)半(ban)(ban)脫(tuo)位者易出現肩(jian)(jian)痛和(he)(he)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)受(shou)限,所以(yi)維持關(guan)節(jie)(jie)的(de)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)范(fan)圍(wei)是重要(yao)的(de)。包(bao)括被(bei)動(dong)(dong)運動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)自(zi)助被(bei)動(dong)(dong)運動(dong)(dong)。在治療中應注意避免牽拉損傷患側上肢而(er)引起肩(jian)(jian)痛和(he)(he)半(ban)(ban)脫(tuo)位。被(bei)動(dong)(dong)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)中一定(ding)要(yao)注意保護肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)節(jie)(jie),每日1 -2次即可(ke),不(bu)宜過多(duo)進行。自(zi)助被(bei)動(dong)(dong)運動(dong)(dong)往往不(bu)能(neng)達到充(chong)分(fen)的(de)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)范(fan)圍(wei),不(bu)能(neng)保護肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)節(jie)(jie),在使肘關(guan)節(jie)(jie)充(chong)分(fen)伸展時有可(ke)能(neng)過度牽拉肩(jian)(jian)關(guan)節(jie)(jie),從而(er)有引起肩(jian)(jian)痛、半(ban)(ban)脫(tuo)位(或使其加重)、不(bu)能(neng)保持充(chong)分(fen)的(de)關(guan)節(jie)(jie)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)度之可(ke)能(neng),應予注意。