一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)又轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，金(jin)屬鉛(qian)(qian)是負極(ji)，發生氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)反應，被(bei)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)；二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)是正極(ji)，發生還(huan)原(yuan)反應，被(bei)還(huan)原(yuan)為(wei)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在用直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，兩極(ji)分別(bie)生成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)和二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)。移去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后(hou)，它又恢復到放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前的狀態(tai)，組成(cheng)內部動(dong)態(tai)平衡的化(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是能(neng)反復充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，又叫做二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

鉛酸蓄電池反應(ying)化學方程式如下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一般的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是由(you)正負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)、殼體、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)和接線樁頭等組成，其放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)化學反(fan)應是依靠正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)活性物(wu)質(二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)和鉛(qian))和負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)活性物(wu)質(海綿(mian)狀純(chun)鉛(qian))在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(稀硫(liu)酸溶液(ye)(ye))的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下進行，其中極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)柵(zha)架(jia)，傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)銻(ti)(ti)合金(jin)制造，免維護(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)(gai)合金(jin)制造，前(qian)者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)銻(ti)(ti)，后(hou)(hou)(hou)者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)鈣(gai)(gai)，這是兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)根本區別點(dian)。不同的(de)(de)(de)材料就會產生(sheng)不同的(de)(de)(de)現象：傳統蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在使用(yong)(yong)過(guo)程中會發(fa)生(sheng)減液(ye)(ye)現象，這是因為柵(zha)架(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)銻(ti)(ti)會污染負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)海綿(mian)狀純(chun)鉛(qian)，減弱(ruo)了完(wan)全充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)，造成水的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)度分解(jie)，大量(liang)氧(yang)氣(qi)和氫氣(qi)分別從正負極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)逸出，使電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)減少。用(yong)(yong)鈣(gai)(gai)代替(ti)銻(ti)(ti)，就可(ke)以改(gai)變完(wan)全充電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)，減少過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)流，液(ye)(ye)體氣(qi)化速度減低，從而(er)減低了電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)損失。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢查蓄電池在車上是(shi)否固定好，外(wai)殼表(biao)面是(shi)否有磕碰傷。

2、蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)纜是否連(lian)接可(ke)靠(kao)，排(pai)氣(qi)孔(kong)是否有灰塵(chen)。

3、通過蓄電(dian)池上(shang)的電(dian)眼檢查充電(dian)情況和質量狀態，綠色(se)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)合格，黑(hei)色(se)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)虧電(dian)，白色(se)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)電(dian)池損壞需要更換。

補充充電

1、如果長(chang)時間不使用(yong)車輛或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)系統有故(gu)障(zhang)，當蓄電(dian)(dian)池負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)壓低于10V，空載(zai)電(dian)(dian)壓低于12．4V必須補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

2、采(cai)風恒電(dian)限流充電(dian)方(fang)法(fa)，多(duo)只蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)必須采(cai)用串聯(lian)連(lian)接。

3、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)第(di)一階段，以蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)的1/10電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為6A。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至平(ping)均每只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)16A后轉為第(di)二階段充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)第(di)二階段(duan)，以蓄電(dian)(dian)池容量x0．045的(de)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，如6－QW－60蓄電(dian)(dian)池，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為60x0．045=2．7A。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至平均每只電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達到16V后再繼續(xu)充(chong)3－5個小(xiao)時。

5、充(chong)電時(shi)電解液溫度(du)超過40度(du)時(shi)，應采取停(ting)止充(chong)電，減少電流或物理(li)降(jiang)溫，當溫度(du)達到45度(du)時(shi)必須停(ting)止充(chong)電。

6、充電(dian)間保證良好通(tong)風，不許有明火和易燃物。

7、充足電(dian)標準，電(dian)眼(yan)為綠色。

充電

1、快速(su)充(chong)電僅限于(yu)汽車不能啟動的(de)應急措施，時(shi)間容許(xu)的(de)條件下(xia)盡量采用普通充(chong)電機。

2、快速充電電流為蓄(xu)電池容(rong)量(liang)的3/10。

3、快速充電時間不超過(guo)2小(xiao)時。

診斷

1、關閉附加電(dian)器的情況(kuang)下，測量各種發動機轉速(su)下的蓄(xu)電(dian)池兩極柱(zhu)間(jian)(jian)電(dian)壓，應在(zai)13．8－14．5V之間(jian)(jian)，如低于(yu)13．8V說明充(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)輸出(chu)容量不夠，高于(yu)14．4V說明電(dian)壓調節器失控(kong)，需要檢查具體故障原(yuan)因。

2、關閉(bi)所有用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，拆開(kai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)夾(jia)與極柱間串入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表，測量(liang)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。除去石英鐘(zhong)、各(ge)控制單元正常耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)，如漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大，可依(yi)次撥開(kai)各(ge)保險觀察漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是否減小。

3、如果電(dian)眼(yan)顏色為(wei)綠色，但存在起動(dong)機轉(zhuan)速較低的(de)情況，需要使用蓄電(dian)池(chi)檢測儀檢查蓄電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。測量時電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高于(yu)10V經(jing)(jing)充電(dian)可(ke)(ke)正常使用，電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低于(yu)10V經(jing)(jing)充電(dian)后可(ke)(ke)能仍存在虧(kui)電(dian)現象(xiang)，應更換(huan)新蓄電(dian)池(chi)。

使用

1、電池(chi)使用在自然(ran)通風(feng)良好，環境溫度最好在25±10℃的工作場所(suo)。

2、電池在這(zhe)些條件下(xia)使用將(jiang)十分(fen)安全：導電連(lian)接良好，不嚴重過充，熱源不直接輻射，保持自然通風。

注意

1、蓄(xu)電池應離開熱源和易產(chan)生火(huo)花(hua)的地方，其安全距離應大于0.5m。

2、蓄電(dian)池(chi)應(ying)避(bi)免陽光直射，不能置(zhi)于大量放(fang)射性、紅(hong)外(wai)線輻射、紫外(wai)線輻射、有機溶劑(ji)氣(qi)體(ti)和腐蝕氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)環境中。

3、安裝地(di)面應有足夠(gou)的承載(zai)能(neng)力(li)。

4、由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組件電(dian)(dian)壓較高，存(cun)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)擊危險，因此(ci)在(zai)裝卸導電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)條時應(ying)使(shi)用(yong)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)工具，安裝或(huo)搬運電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時應(ying)戴絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)手 套、圍(wei)裙(qun)和防護(hu)眼鏡。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)安裝搬運過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，只(zhi)能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)非金屬吊帶，不能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)等。

5、臟(zang)污的連接(jie)條(tiao)或不緊密(mi)的連接(jie)均可引起電池打火，甚至損壞電池組，因此安裝時應仔(zi)細(xi)檢查(cha)并清除(chu)連接(jie)條(tiao)上的臟(zang)污，擰緊連接(jie)條(tiao)。

6、電(dian)池外(wai)殼，不能(neng)使用(yong)有(you)機(ji)溶劑清(qing)洗，不能(neng)使用(yong)二(er)氧化碳滅火器(qi)撲(pu)滅電(dian)池火災(zai)，可(ke)用(yong)四氯化碳之類(lei)的滅火器(qi)具(ju)。

7、蓄(xu)電(dian)池與(yu)充電(dian)器(qi)或負載連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)時(shi)，電(dian)路(lu)開關應位于“斷開”位置，并保證(zheng)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)正確(que):蓄(xu)電(dian)池的正極與(yu)充電(dian)器(qi)的正極連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)，負極與(yu)負極連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)。

運輸儲存

1、由于有的(de)電池重(zhong)量較重(zhong)，必(bi)需(xu)注意運輸(shu)工具的(de)選用，嚴禁翻滾(gun)和(he)摔擲有包裝箱的(de)電池組(zu)。

2、搬(ban)運電(dian)池(chi)時不(bu)要觸動極柱(zhu)和(he)安全閥。

3、蓄電池為帶液荷(he)電出廠，運輸中(zhong)應防(fang)止(zhi)電池短路。

4、電池在安裝前可在0～35℃的環(huan)境下(xia)存(cun)(cun)(cun)放，但存(cun)(cun)(cun)放不能(neng)超過六個月(yue)，超過六個月(yue)儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)期的電池應充(chong)電維護，存(cun)(cun)(cun)放地(di)點應清(qing)潔、通(tong)風、干(gan)燥。