一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)能(neng)(neng)又轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，金屬鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)負(fu)極(ji)，發(fa)生(sheng)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)反應，被(bei)(bei)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)；二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)正極(ji)，發(fa)生(sheng)還原反應，被(bei)(bei)還原為(wei)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)用直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，兩極(ji)分(fen)別生(sheng)成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和二(er)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。移去(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后(hou)，它又恢復到放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前的狀態(tai)，組成(cheng)內(nei)部動(dong)態(tai)平衡的化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)反復充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，又叫做二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

鉛酸蓄電池(chi)反(fan)應化學方程式(shi)如下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一(yi)般的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)由正負(fu)(fu)極(ji)板(ban)、隔板(ban)、殼體(ti)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)和接(jie)線樁頭等組(zu)成(cheng)，其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)化(hua)學反(fan)應是(shi)(shi)依靠正極(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質(二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)和鉛(qian)(qian))和負(fu)(fu)極(ji)板(ban)活性(xing)物(wu)質(海綿狀純(chun)鉛(qian)(qian))在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)(稀硫酸(suan)溶液(ye))的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下進(jin)行(xing)，其中極(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)柵架，傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)銻合金制造，免維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)鈣(gai)合金制造，前者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)銻，后者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈣(gai)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)根本區別(bie)點(dian)。不同的(de)(de)材(cai)料就會(hui)(hui)(hui)產生不同的(de)(de)現象(xiang)(xiang)：傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)過(guo)(guo)程中會(hui)(hui)(hui)發生減(jian)(jian)(jian)液(ye)現象(xiang)(xiang)，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為柵架上(shang)的(de)(de)銻會(hui)(hui)(hui)污染負(fu)(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)海綿狀純(chun)鉛(qian)(qian)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)弱了完全(quan)(quan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內的(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)，造成(cheng)水(shui)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)度分解(jie)(jie)，大(da)量氧氣(qi)和氫氣(qi)分別(bie)從正負(fu)(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)逸(yi)出(chu)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)鈣(gai)代替銻，就可(ke)以改變完全(quan)(quan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)反(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)過(guo)(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，液(ye)體(ti)氣(qi)化(hua)速度減(jian)(jian)(jian)低，從而(er)減(jian)(jian)(jian)低了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)損失。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢查(cha)蓄電池在車上(shang)是(shi)否(fou)固定好，外殼表(biao)面是(shi)否(fou)有磕(ke)碰傷。

2、蓄電池電纜是否連接可靠(kao)，排氣孔(kong)是否有(you)灰塵。

3、通過(guo)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)眼檢查充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)和(he)質量狀態(tai)，綠色表(biao)示合格(ge)，黑色表(biao)示虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)，白色表(biao)示電(dian)(dian)(dian)池損壞需(xu)要更(geng)換。

補充充電

1、如果長時間不(bu)使用車輛(liang)或充(chong)電系統(tong)有故障，當(dang)蓄電池負(fu)載(zai)電壓低于10V，空載(zai)電壓低于12．4V必須(xu)補充(chong)充(chong)電。

2、采風恒(heng)電限流充電方法(fa)，多只蓄電池充電必須采用串聯連接(jie)。

3、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)第一階(jie)段(duan)，以蓄電(dian)(dian)池容量的1/10電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)6A。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至平均每只電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達到16A后(hou)轉(zhuan)為(wei)第二階(jie)段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。

4、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)第二階段，以(yi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池容量x0．045的電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，如6－QW－60蓄電(dian)(dian)池，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為60x0．045=2．7A。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至平均每只電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達到16V后再繼續充(chong)3－5個小時。

5、充(chong)(chong)電時電解液溫(wen)度(du)(du)超過40度(du)(du)時，應采取(qu)停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電，減少(shao)電流或物理降溫(wen)，當(dang)溫(wen)度(du)(du)達到45度(du)(du)時必須停止(zhi)充(chong)(chong)電。

6、充(chong)電(dian)間保證良好通風(feng)，不許有明火和易燃(ran)物。

7、充足電標(biao)準(zhun)，電眼為綠色。

充電

1、快速充電僅限于汽車不能啟動(dong)的(de)應(ying)急措施，時(shi)間(jian)容(rong)許的(de)條(tiao)件下盡量采(cai)用普通(tong)充電機(ji)。

2、快速充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量的3/10。

3、快(kuai)速充電時間不超過2小時。

診斷

1、關閉附加電器(qi)的情況(kuang)下，測量(liang)各種發動機轉速下的蓄電池兩(liang)極(ji)柱間電壓，應(ying)在13．8－14．5V之間，如低于(yu)13．8V說明充電系統輸出容(rong)量(liang)不夠(gou)，高于(yu)14．4V說明電壓調節器(qi)失控，需要檢查具體故障(zhang)原因。

2、關閉所(suo)有用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器，拆開(kai)(kai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)纜，在電(dian)(dian)纜夾與極(ji)柱(zhu)間串(chuan)入電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表，測量(liang)漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。除去石英鐘、各(ge)控制單元正(zheng)常耗電(dian)(dian)，如漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大，可依(yi)次撥開(kai)(kai)各(ge)保險(xian)觀察(cha)漏電(dian)(dian)是(shi)否減小。

3、如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)眼顏色(se)為綠色(se)，但存在(zai)起動機轉速較低的情況，需要使用蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)檢測儀(yi)檢查蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。測量時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高于10V經(jing)(jing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可正(zheng)常使用，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于10V經(jing)(jing)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后可能仍存在(zai)虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象，應更換新蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

使用

1、電池使(shi)用在自然通風(feng)良好，環境溫度(du)最好在25±10℃的(de)工作場所(suo)。

2、電池在這些條件下使用將十分(fen)安全：導電連接(jie)良好，不嚴重過充，熱(re)源(yuan)不直(zhi)接(jie)輻(fu)射(she)，保持(chi)自然通風。

注意

1、蓄(xu)電池(chi)應離(li)開熱源和易產生火花的地方(fang)，其(qi)安全距離(li)應大于0.5m。

2、蓄電池應避免陽光(guang)直(zhi)射(she)(she)，不能(neng)置于大量放射(she)(she)性(xing)、紅外線輻射(she)(she)、紫外線輻射(she)(she)、有機溶(rong)劑氣(qi)體(ti)和腐(fu)蝕氣(qi)體(ti)的環境(jing)中。

3、安裝地面應(ying)有足夠的承載能(neng)力。

4、由于電池(chi)組件(jian)電壓(ya)較高，存在電擊危(wei)險，因此在裝(zhuang)卸導(dao)電連接條時應(ying)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)絕緣(yuan)工具，安(an)裝(zhuang)或搬(ban)運電池(chi)時應(ying)戴絕緣(yuan)手(shou) 套、圍裙和防護眼鏡。電池(chi)在安(an)裝(zhuang)搬(ban)運過(guo)程中，只能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)非金屬吊(diao)帶，不能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)鋼絲繩(sheng)等。

5、臟(zang)污(wu)的(de)連(lian)接條或不緊(jin)密的(de)連(lian)接均可引(yin)起電(dian)池打火，甚至(zhi)損壞電(dian)池組(zu)，因此(ci)安裝時應(ying)仔細檢查并清除(chu)連(lian)接條上的(de)臟(zang)污(wu)，擰(ning)緊(jin)連(lian)接條。

6、電池(chi)外殼，不能使用有機溶(rong)劑清洗，不能使用二氧化碳滅(mie)火(huo)器(qi)撲滅(mie)電池(chi)火(huo)災，可用四氯化碳之類(lei)的(de)滅(mie)火(huo)器(qi)具。

7、蓄電池(chi)與(yu)充電器(qi)或負載連接(jie)(jie)(jie)時(shi)，電路開(kai)關應位于“斷開(kai)”位置，并保證連接(jie)(jie)(jie)正確:蓄電池(chi)的(de)正極與(yu)充電器(qi)的(de)正極連接(jie)(jie)(jie)，負極與(yu)負極連接(jie)(jie)(jie)。

運輸儲存

1、由于(yu)有的電池重量較重，必需注意運輸(shu)工具(ju)的選用(yong)，嚴禁翻滾和摔擲有包裝箱的電池組。

2、搬運電池(chi)時不(bu)要觸動(dong)極柱和安(an)全閥(fa)。

3、蓄電池為(wei)帶(dai)液荷(he)電出(chu)廠，運輸中(zhong)應防止電池短路。

4、電(dian)池在(zai)安裝前可在(zai)0～35℃的環境下存放，但存放不能(neng)超(chao)過六(liu)個(ge)月，超(chao)過六(liu)個(ge)月儲存期的電(dian)池應充電(dian)維(wei)護(hu)，存放地點應清潔、通風(feng)、干(gan)燥。