電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)上的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)來(lai)源,能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)被(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)使用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有閥控(kong)鉛(qian)酸(suan)免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、膠體(ti)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫(qing)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是最常用的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),那么(me),鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)是什么(me)?鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)比(bi)、體(ti)積(ji)比(bi)、能(neng)(neng)量(liang)比(bi)都高于(yu)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大概約40%。接下(xia)來(lai)就一起來(lai)了解一下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)吧。
鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)主要由鉛及其氧化物制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng),電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)液。鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池荷電(dian)(dian)狀態下,正極(ji)主要成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)為二氧化鉛,負極(ji)主要成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)為鉛;放電(dian)(dian)狀態下,正負極(ji)的(de)主要成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)(fen)均(jun)為硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛。
1、安全對(dui)比
動力型鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(錳酸(suan)鋰(li)、磷酸(suan)鐵鋰(li))材料不同安全性有所差別(bie),鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)技術已經相當成熟,安全性比鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)高。
2、環(huan)保對比
鋰電池沒有(you)污(wu)染(ran),而鉛酸電池有(you)重金(jin)屬鉛的污(wu)染(ran)。所(suo)以使用(yong)鉛酸電池的電動汽車還是會污(wu)染(ran)環境。
3、價(jia)格(ge)對(dui)比
市(shi)場上(shang)相同(tong)容量的鋰電池價格(ge)是鉛酸電池的一倍多。這就是使用(yong)鋰電池的電動汽車價格(ge)比(bi)較貴的原(yuan)因。
4、能量(liang)對比
鋰電池的質量比(bi)(bi)、體積比(bi)(bi)、能量比(bi)(bi)都(dou)高于鉛(qian)酸電池大概約(yue)40%。
5、自放電率(lv)對(dui)比(bi)
鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)月(yue)自放電(dian)小于3%,而鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)15~30%,差別較大(da)。
6、使(shi)用(yong)壽命對比
目前通用(yong)(yong)的(de)磷酸鐵鋰充電1500次(ci),沒有記憶效(xiao)應,充電1500次(ci)后(hou)約85%的(de)存(cun)儲(chu)能力(li),而鉛酸電池(chi)為500次(ci)左右,存(cun)儲(chu)能力(li)也會大(da)幅(fu)下降(jiang),而且(qie)記憶效(xiao)應很明(ming)顯。所以(yi)使用(yong)(yong)鋰電池(chi)的(de)電動汽車電池(chi)使用(yong)(yong)壽命會更長(chang)。
7、電壓平臺(tai)對(dui)比
鋰電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)平(ping)臺都大于3V,鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池是2V。
8、放電(dian)特性對比
簡單的(de)說(shuo)同樣容量的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況下,鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)要比鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多放出來約(yue)30%的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
9、耐用性方面(mian)
鋰電(dian)(dian)池耐(nai)用性較強,耐(nai)震動性好(hao),完全充(chong)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態的(de)電(dian)(dian)池安全固(gu)定,消耗慢,充(chong)放(fang)超過(guo)500次(ci),并且(qie)無記憶,一(yi)般(ban)壽命在4—5年(nian)。鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池一(yi)般(ban)在深充(chong)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)400次(ci)以內,有記憶,壽命在兩年(nian)左(zuo)右。如果使(shi)用的(de)是免維護鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池,需要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)是其電(dian)(dian)池失水量(liang)少,使(shi)用中(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)不需添加蒸(zheng)餾水。
鉛酸電池優缺點
性價比高(gao)一般認為(wei)電動車用鉛酸(suan)電池比鋰電池要好,主要是因為(wei)鉛酸(suan)電池更(geng)安全,價格相對便宜,大眾更(geng)容易接受,最(zui)重要的(de)是鉛酸(suan)電池回收(shou)價格比鋰電池更(geng)高。
高倍率放電性能更好一(yi)(yi)般來(lai)說,一(yi)(yi)組(zu)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只要幾(ji)(ji)百塊,一(yi)(yi)組(zu)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),隨(sui)隨(sui)便便的就要一(yi)(yi)千多近兩千塊。鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過載能(neng)(neng)力(li)和抗沖擊能(neng)(neng)力(li)強,電(dian)(dian)動車行駛(shi)中的阻力(li),隨(sui)時(shi)變(bian)換,甚(shen)至突(tu)然被停(ting)止,這時(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)流變(bian)化很大(da)的,在打火那幾(ji)(ji)秒鐘(zhong),電(dian)(dian)流達兩三百安培,鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)安然無恙(yang),而鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)是難(nan)望(wang)其項背。
鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)也(ye)有缺點比如重金屬容易造成(cheng)環境污染;與鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比,鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)能量密(mi)度(du)更低;而且其使(shi)用壽命不及鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
鋰電池優缺點
能效高鋰(li)(li)電池(chi)無論是體積(ji)比能量(liang),還是重量(liang)比能量(liang),鋰(li)(li)電池(chi)均(jun)比鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)高(gao)出3倍以上。鋰(li)(li)電池(chi)體積(ji)更(geng)小、重量(liang)更(geng)輕、循(xun)環壽命長。
輕便環(huan)保鋰(li)電池(chi)相(xiang)對輕巧(qiao),攜(xie)帶方便,而(er)壽命相(xiang)對要長很多。此外,鋰(li)電池(chi)的(de)高(gao)低溫適(shi)應性更強,受(shou)溫度影響因素較小(xiao),且更加綠(lv)色環保。
鋰電池(chi)也有三(san)個缺點(dian)其(qi)安全(quan)穩(wen)定性相對而言比較差,要是操作(zuo)不當,很(hen)容易發生爆炸的(de)風險(xian)。另外(wai),鋰電池不能大電流放(fang)電且(qie)生產要求(qiu)條(tiao)件高,成本更高。
小結
以目前(qian)而言,鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)車市場普及率低于(yu)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池車,其主要的(de)(de)(de)因素是技術的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)完善,鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池成本仍相(xiang)對偏高。因此在(zai)現有(you)“鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)車”產(chan)(chan)品設計(ji)中,多采用(yong)減少鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)容量配置(zhi),來(lai)相(xiang)應降低整(zheng)車實施成本,而這使得現有(you)“鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)車”產(chan)(chan)品之車型過(guo)于(yu)單(dan)一化。比如,目前(qian)市面上鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)品多為(wei)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)單(dan)車”而且續程不(bu)是很(hen)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)車型,但(dan)是像四(si)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車,四(si)輪(lun)老人電(dian)(dian)(dian)動代步車這些比較(jiao)遠(yuan)續程的(de)(de)(de)就目前(qian)情況還是比較(jiao)適(shi)合“鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池”。總(zong)之鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池哪(na)個好,不(bu)能單(dan)純(chun)的(de)(de)(de)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)質量好壞而論,二(er)者各具優劣,適(shi)應于(yu)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求人群(qun),消(xiao)費(fei)者應根據自己需(xu)求選(xuan)擇。
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