一、電解電容和普通電容簡介

一般來說有極性電容指的都是電解電容一類的電容，雖然確實存在(zai)著(zhu)無極(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，但在(zai)市(shi)面上不(bu)太常(chang)見，而且價格也比(bi)較貴。常(chang)見的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)都是由陽(yang)極(ji)鋁(lv)箔和陰極(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解溶液(ye)分(fen)別形成兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，由陽(yang)極(ji)鋁(lv)箔上產生的一層氧化鋁(lv)膜(mo)做為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)也必須注意極(ji)性(xing)。

普(pu)通(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)大部分是(shi)無(wu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)的，也可以把兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)相對串連形(xing)成無(wu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。一般來說(shuo)，低于1μF的低值電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)大多數是(shi)無(wu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)之分的，但是(shi)具有1μF或(huo)更大電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)值的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)幾乎(hu)都是(shi)有正負極(ji)(ji)(ji)之分的。至今為止，常(chang)用有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)的正引線總會長一些，即使是(shi)標志(zhi)磨損(sun)或(huo)者(zhe)被完(wan)全抹去，我們也能夠辨(bian)認(ren)出(chu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)。

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二、電解電容和普通電容的區別

1、介質不同

有(you)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)容(rong)大(da)多(duo)采用電(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)做介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料，通(tong)常同(tong)體積的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量大(da)。另外(wai)，不同(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料和工藝制造出的(de)(de)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)容(rong)同(tong)體積的(de)(de)容(rong)量也(ye)會不同(tong)。再有(you)就(jiu)是(shi)耐壓和使(shi)用介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料也(ye)有(you)密切關系(xi)。無(wu)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)容(rong)介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)料也(ye)很多(duo)，大(da)多(duo)采用金屬氧化膜、滌綸等。由于介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)可逆或不可逆性(xing)(xing)(xing)能決定了有(you)極、無(wu)極性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)使(shi)用環境。

2、性能不同

性能(neng)就是使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，需求(qiu)最大(da)化就是使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。如果在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機(ji)里電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源部分用(yong)金屬氧(yang)化膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器做濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)的(de)話(hua)，而且要(yao)(yao)達到濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器容(rong)量和耐壓。機(ji)殼內恐怕也就只(zhi)能(neng)裝(zhuang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源了。所以(yi)(yi)作為(wei)濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)只(zhi)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，有極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)是不可逆的(de)。就是說正(zheng)極(ji)必須接高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端，負極(ji)必須接低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位端。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1微法(fa)拉以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，做偶(ou)(ou)合、退偶(ou)(ou)合、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源濾(lv)波(bo)(bo)等。無極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)大(da)多在(zai)(zai)(zai)1微法(fa)拉以(yi)(yi)下，參與諧振、偶(ou)(ou)合、選頻、限流、等。當(dang)然也有大(da)容(rong)量高(gao)耐壓的(de)，多用(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)無功補償、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)移相、變頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源移相等用(yong)途上(shang)。

3、容量不同

電解電容的容量要比(bi)普通電容大。

4、結構不同

原則上(shang)講不考慮(lv)尖端放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況下，使用環(huan)境(jing)需要什么形(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)都可以。通常(chang)用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)（有(you)(you)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)）是圓形(xing)，方型(xing)用的(de)(de)很(hen)少。無(wu)(wu)極(ji)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)形(xing)狀(zhuang)千(qian)奇百變(bian)。像管型(xing)、變(bian)形(xing)長(chang)方形(xing)、片型(xing)、方型(xing)、圓型(xing)、組合方型(xing)及圓型(xing)等(deng)等(deng)。當然還有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)形(xing)的(de)(de)，這(zhe)里無(wu)(wu)形(xing)指(zhi)的(de)(de)就是分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。對于分布電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)在高頻和中頻器件中決(jue)不可忽視。

三、無極性電容可以代替有極性電容嗎

理想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，本來是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)在實際(ji)中，為(wei)了(le)獲(huo)得大(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量，就(jiu)使用了(le)某(mou)些特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料和(he)結構，這就(jiu)導致(zhi)了(le)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)些是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)(you)(you)鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量相對比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)果(guo)要做一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)大(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)沒(mei)(mei)那么(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)了(le)，體(ti)積會變(bian)得很大(da)。這就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么(me)在實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，為(wei)什么(me)會有(you)(you)(you)那么(me)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)了(le)——因為(wei)它(ta)體(ti)積比(bi)較(jiao)小，同時又(you)因為(wei)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，所(suo)以(yi)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就(jiu)能(neng)派(pai)上用場。我(wo)們使用有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)避開它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點，利用它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)點。我(wo)們可以(yi)這樣來理解：有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)實際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)只(zhi)能(neng)按一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，則兩個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)都能(neng)使用。因此，單從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點上來說，無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)有(you)(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)要好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

從上面的分析可以看出來，使用無極性的電容代替有極性的(de)電容是完全可(ke)以(yi)的(de)——只要容量、工(gong)作電壓、體(ti)積等能(neng)滿足要求即可(ke)替換。