一、電解電容和普通電容簡介

一般來說有極性電容指的都是電解電容一類的電容，雖然(ran)確實(shi)存(cun)在(zai)著無極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)，但在(zai)市(shi)面上不太常見，而且價格也比(bi)較貴(gui)。常見的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)都是由(you)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)鋁箔和陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)溶液(ye)分別(bie)形成兩個電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，由(you)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)鋁箔上產生的(de)(de)一層氧化鋁膜做為(wei)電(dian)介質的(de)(de)電(dian)容(rong)，電(dian)解(jie)電(dian)容(rong)在(zai)電(dian)路中也必須注意極(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)。

普通(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是大部分(fen)是無極性(xing)的(de)，也(ye)可以把兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)陽極或陰極相對串(chuan)連形成(cheng)無極性(xing)電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)。一般來說(shuo)，低于(yu)1μF的(de)低值電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)大多數是無極性(xing)之分(fen)的(de)，但是具有1μF或更(geng)大電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)值的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)幾乎都是有正(zheng)負(fu)極之分(fen)的(de)。至今為(wei)止，常用有極性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)是電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)，有極性(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)正(zheng)引線總會(hui)長一些，即使(shi)是標志(zhi)磨損或者被完(wan)全抹去，我們也(ye)能夠(gou)辨(bian)認(ren)出極性(xing)。

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二、電解電容和普通電容的區別

1、介質不同

有(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)大多采(cai)用(yong)電解質(zhi)做介(jie)質(zhi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)，通(tong)常同(tong)體積(ji)的(de)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大。另外(wai)，不(bu)同(tong)的(de)電解質(zhi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)和工(gong)藝制造出的(de)有(you)極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)同(tong)體積(ji)的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)也會不(bu)同(tong)。再(zai)有(you)就是(shi)耐壓和使用(yong)介(jie)質(zhi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)也有(you)密切關系(xi)。無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)介(jie)質(zhi)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)也很多，大多采(cai)用(yong)金屬氧化(hua)膜、滌綸等。由于介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)可逆(ni)(ni)或不(bu)可逆(ni)(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)決定了(le)有(you)極(ji)、無極(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)使用(yong)環境(jing)。

2、性能不同

性(xing)能(neng)(neng)就是使用(yong)(yong)的要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，需求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)最大(da)(da)(da)化就是使用(yong)(yong)的要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。如果在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)視機里電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源部分用(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬氧化膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器做濾(lv)波(bo)的話，而且要達到濾(lv)波(bo)要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器容(rong)(rong)量和(he)耐(nai)壓。機殼內恐(kong)怕(pa)也就只能(neng)(neng)裝個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源了(le)。所以作為(wei)濾(lv)波(bo)只能(neng)(neng)使用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，有(you)(you)極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)是不可逆的。就是說正極(ji)(ji)必須接高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)端(duan)，負極(ji)(ji)必須接低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)端(duan)。一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)在(zai)1微(wei)法拉以上，做偶(ou)合、退偶(ou)合、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源濾(lv)波(bo)等(deng)。無極(ji)(ji)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)大(da)(da)(da)多在(zai)1微(wei)法拉以下，參與諧振(zhen)、偶(ou)合、選頻、限流、等(deng)。當然也有(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)量高耐(nai)壓的，多用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的無功(gong)補償(chang)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的移(yi)相、變頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源移(yi)相等(deng)用(yong)(yong)途上。

3、容量不同

電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)的(de)容(rong)量要(yao)比(bi)普通電(dian)容(rong)大。

4、結構不同

原則上(shang)講不考(kao)慮尖端放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，使(shi)用環境需要什么形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)都可以。通常用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)（有極性電(dian)(dian)容(rong)）是圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，方(fang)(fang)型(xing)用的(de)(de)很少(shao)。無(wu)極性電(dian)(dian)容(rong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)千(qian)奇(qi)百變。像管型(xing)、變形(xing)(xing)(xing)長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、片型(xing)、方(fang)(fang)型(xing)、圓(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)、組合方(fang)(fang)型(xing)及圓(yuan)(yuan)型(xing)等等。當然還(huan)有無(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)，這里無(wu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)指的(de)(de)就是分(fen)布電(dian)(dian)容(rong)。對(dui)于分(fen)布電(dian)(dian)容(rong)在高頻和(he)中頻器件中決不可忽(hu)視。

三、無極性電容可以代替有極性電容嗎

理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，本來(lai)是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)在實際中，為了(le)獲得(de)大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)，就使用(yong)(yong)了(le)某些(xie)特殊的(de)(de)(de)材料和結(jie)構，這(zhe)就導致了(le)實際的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)些(xie)是(shi)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)。常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)有(you)鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一般是(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)相對比較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)。如果要做一個大(da)(da)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)無極性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就沒(mei)那(nei)么(me)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易(yi)了(le)，體積會變得(de)很大(da)(da)。這(zhe)就是(shi)為什么(me)在實際的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，為什么(me)會有(you)那(nei)么(me)多的(de)(de)(de)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)了(le)——因為它(ta)(ta)體積比較小，同時(shi)又(you)因為這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)只(zhi)有(you)一個方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，所(suo)以(yi)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就能派上(shang)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)。我們使用(yong)(yong)有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，就是(shi)避開它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點，利用(yong)(yong)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)優點。我們可以(yi)這(zhe)樣來(lai)理(li)解：有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)實際上(shang)是(shi)一個只(zhi)能按一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。而無極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，則兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)都能使用(yong)(yong)。因此，單從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)這(zhe)一點上(shang)來(lai)說(shuo)，無極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)比有(you)極性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)要好的(de)(de)(de)。

從上面的分析可以看出來，使用無極性的電容代替(ti)有極(ji)性的電容(rong)是完全可以的——只(zhi)要容(rong)量、工作電壓、體積等能滿足(zu)要求(qiu)即(ji)可替(ti)換。