一、火花機的主要組成部件

火花機也稱(cheng)為電火花加(jia)工(gong)機床或(huo)EDM機床，主要組(zu)成(cheng)部件包(bao)括以下幾個部分：

1、機床主體

機床主體(ti)是火(huo)花機的基礎結構，它承載著所(suo)有的工作部件和控制系(xi)統(tong)。主體(ti)通常(chang)由鑄鐵或鋼材制成(cheng)，以確保穩定性和剛(gang)性。

2、主軸和電極夾持裝置

主軸是安裝和移動電極的部分，用于將電極精確定位在工件上方。電(dian)極(ji)夾(jia)持裝置用于固(gu)定(ding)電(dian)極(ji)，并(bing)確保電(dian)極(ji)在加工過程中保持穩定(ding)的位置和角度(du)。

3、工作臺和工件夾持裝置

工作臺用于支撐和移動工件，以便在加工過程中精確定位工件。工件夾持(chi)裝置用于固定(ding)工件，防止在加工過程中(zhong)發(fa)生移動或(huo)振動。

4、電源和控制系統

電源系統為火花機提供所需的電壓和電流，用于產生電火花。控制(zhi)系(xi)統是火(huo)花機(ji)的核心部分，它控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)和工作臺的運(yun)動，以及電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的通斷，確(que)保加工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)的精確(que)性和穩定性。控制(zhi)系(xi)統通常包括計(ji)算機(ji)數(shu)控（CNC）系(xi)統，用于編程(cheng)(cheng)和自動化加工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

5、工作液循環系統

工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)在火花加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)起到(dao)冷卻、潤滑和清除加(jia)工(gong)(gong)廢屑的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)循環(huan)系統負責將工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)輸送到(dao)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)區域，并回(hui)收(shou)和過濾使用(yong)過的(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液(ye)。

6、電氣系統和傳感器

電氣系統為火花機提供電力和信號傳輸，確保各個部件的正常運行。傳感器(qi)用于監(jian)測加工過(guo)程中的各種參數，如電極和(he)工作臺的位置、電流和(he)電壓等(deng)，以便及時(shi)調整和(he)控(kong)制加工過(guo)程。

7、安全防護裝置

火(huo)花(hua)機(ji)在(zai)工作過程中可(ke)能會產生火(huo)花(hua)和(he)(he)飛濺物，因此需要配備安全防護(hu)裝置，如防護(hu)罩、防護(hu)門和(he)(he)緊急停(ting)機(ji)按鈕等，以保護(hu)操(cao)作人員的安全。

二、火花機的工作原理

進行電火花機加工(gong)(gong)時，工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極和工(gong)(gong)件(jian)分別接(jie)脈沖電(dian)源(yuan)的兩極，并浸入(ru)工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)中，或將工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)充入(ru)放電(dian)間(jian)隙。通過間(jian)隙自(zi)動控制(zhi)系統控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極向工(gong)(gong)件(jian)進給，當兩電(dian)極間(jian)的間(jian)隙達到一定距離時，兩電(dian)極上施加的脈沖電(dian)壓將工(gong)(gong)作液(ye)擊穿，產生火花放電(dian)。

在放電的(de)微(wei)(wei)細通道中瞬時集中大量的(de)熱能，溫(wen)度可高達一萬攝氏度以(yi)上，壓(ya)力也有急劇變化(hua)，從而使這(zhe)一點工作(zuo)表面(mian)(mian)局部微(wei)(wei)量的(de)金屬(shu)材料立刻熔化(hua)、氣(qi)化(hua)，并爆(bao)炸式地(di)飛濺到工作(zuo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)中，迅速冷凝(ning)，形成(cheng)固體的(de)金屬(shu)微(wei)(wei)粒，被工作(zuo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)帶走。這(zhe)時在工件表面(mian)(mian)上便留下一個微(wei)(wei)小的(de)凹坑痕跡，放電短暫停歇，兩電極間工作(zuo)液(ye)(ye)(ye)恢復(fu)絕緣狀態。

緊接著，下一個脈(mo)沖電(dian)壓又在兩電(dian)極相(xiang)對接近的另一點處擊穿，產生火花放電(dian)，重復上(shang)述(shu)過程。這樣(yang)，雖然每個脈(mo)沖放電(dian)蝕除的金(jin)屬量極少(shao)，但因每秒有(you)成千(qian)上(shang)萬次脈(mo)沖放電(dian)作用，就能蝕除較(jiao)多(duo)的金(jin)屬，具(ju)有(you)一定(ding)的生產率(lv)。

在保(bao)持工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)件之間(jian)(jian)(jian)恒(heng)定放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙的條件下，一(yi)邊蝕(shi)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)件金(jin)屬，一(yi)邊使工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)不斷地向工(gong)(gong)(gong)件進給，最(zui)后便加工(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)形(xing)狀相對應(ying)的形(xing)狀來。因此，只要改變(bian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的形(xing)狀和(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)與工(gong)(gong)(gong)件之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的相對運動方(fang)式，就(jiu)能加工(gong)(gong)(gong)出(chu)各種復雜(za)的型面(mian)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)常用導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性良好、熔點(dian)較(jiao)高、易加工(gong)(gong)(gong)的耐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)材料，如銅、石墨、銅鎢合金(jin)和(he)鉬等。在加工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中，工(gong)(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)也有損耗，但(dan)小于工(gong)(gong)(gong)件金(jin)屬的蝕(shi)除量，甚至接(jie)近于無損耗。

工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液作(zuo)(zuo)為放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)介質(zhi)，在加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中還起著冷卻、排屑(xie)等(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液是(shi)粘度較低、閃點較高、性(xing)能(neng)穩定的(de)(de)介質(zhi)，如煤油、去離子水和乳(ru)化(hua)液等(deng)。電(dian)火(huo)花(hua)機是(shi)一種自激放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)，其特點如下：火(huo)花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)個電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)間(jian)在放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)前具較高的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)，當(dang)兩(liang)(liang)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)接近(jin)時(shi)，其間(jian)介質(zhi)被(bei)擊穿后，隨(sui)即發生火(huo)花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)。伴隨(sui)擊穿過(guo)程，兩(liang)(liang)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)阻急劇(ju)變(bian)小，兩(liang)(liang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)也隨(sui)之急劇(ju)變(bian)低。火(huo)花(hua)通(tong)(tong)道必須(xu)在維持暫短的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)（通(tong)(tong)常(chang)為10-7-10-3s）后及時(shi)熄滅，才可(ke)保持火(huo)花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)的(de)(de)“冷極(ji)(ji)(ji)”特性(xing)（即通(tong)(tong)道能(neng)量轉換(huan)的(de)(de)熱能(neng)來不及傳至(zhi)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)縱(zong)深），使通(tong)(tong)道能(neng)量作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)于極(ji)(ji)(ji)小范圍。通(tong)(tong)道能(neng)量的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，可(ke)使電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)局部被(bei)腐蝕。利(li)用(yong)火(huo)花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)時(shi)產(chan)生的(de)(de)腐蝕現象對材料進(jin)行尺寸加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)方(fang)法，叫電(dian)火(huo)花(hua)機加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。