電動車電池壽命有多長

對于電動自行車電池的壽命，很多人都會很糾結。一組電動車電池（也就是電瓶）能用多長時間呢？為什么有些人的電瓶能用2-3年，而有些人的電瓶卻用不到一年就報廢了？到底電動車電池的壽命有多長呢？一般來說：電動自行車所用鉛蓄電池屬消耗品，其使用壽命只有1.5-2.5年，壽命長短(duan)與用戶的日常使(shi)用維護有很大的關系。

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電動車電池壽命短的原因

1、鉛酸蓄電池工作原理方面的原因

鉛酸蓄電池充放電的過程是電化學反應的過程，充電時，硫酸鉛形成氧化鉛，放電時氧化鉛又還原為硫酸鉛。而硫酸鉛是一種非常容易結晶的物質，當電池中電解溶液的硫酸鉛濃度過高或靜態閑置時間過長時，就會“抱成”團，結成小晶體，這些小晶體再吸引周圍的硫酸鉛，就象滾雪球一樣形成大的惰性結晶，結晶后的硫酸鉛充電時不但不能再還原成氧化鉛，還會沉淀附著在電極板上，造成了電極板工作面積下降，這一現象叫硫化，也就是常說的老化。這時電池容量會逐漸下降，直至無法使用。

2、電動自行車特殊工作環境的原因

只要(yao)是鉛(qian)(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，在(zai)使用(yong)的(de)(de)過程中都會硫化，但其(qi)它(ta)領域(yu)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)卻比電(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)(che)上使用(yong)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)有著(zhu)更長的(de)(de)壽命，這是因為電(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)(che)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)有著(zhu)一個更容易硫化的(de)(de)工作環境。

①深度放電

用在汽車(che)上的鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池只(zhi)是在點火時(shi)單(dan)向放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，點火后發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池自動充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不(bu)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深(shen)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)(xing)車(che)在騎(qi)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)不(bu)可(ke)能充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，經常會超過60%的深(shen)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深(shen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，硫(liu)酸鉛濃度增加，硫(liu)化就會相(xiang)當嚴(yan)重。

②大電流放電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)20公里巡航電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)一般是4A，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個值已(yi)經高于其(qi)它(ta)領域的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，而超(chao)速(su)超(chao)載的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)的(de)工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)就更大。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)制造商都進(jin)行過(guo)1C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)70%，2C放電(dian)(dian)(dian)60%的(de)循環(huan)壽命(ming)(ming)試驗。經過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)壽命(ming)(ming)試驗，可達(da)(da)到充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)循環(huan)350次壽命(ming)(ming)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)很(hen)多，但是實際(ji)在用(yong)的(de)效(xiao)果就相差甚(shen)遠了。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是因為大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)工作(zuo)增加了50%的(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會加速(su)硫化。所以(yi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)三輪摩(mo)托車(che)(che)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)(ming)更短，因為三輪摩(mo)托車(che)(che)的(de)車(che)(che)身太(tai)重，工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)達(da)(da)6A以(yi)上。

③充放電頻率高

用在后備供(gong)電(dian)領域的(de)電(dian)池，只有(you)在停電(dian)時才會放(fang)電(dian)，如果一(yi)年停8次電(dian)，要達到10年的(de)壽命，只用做到80次循(xun)環充(chong)電(dian)壽命，而(er)電(dian)動車(che)一(yi)年充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環300次以上很常見。

④短時充電

由(you)于電(dian)動自行車是(shi)交通工具，可充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)時間不多，要在8小時內完(wan)成(cheng)36伏(fu)或(huo)48伏(fu)的(de)(de)20安時充(chong)電(dian)，這(zhe)就必須提高充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)（一(yi)般為單(dan)(dan)節2.7~2.9伏(fu)），當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)超過單(dan)(dan)節電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)析氧電(dian)壓(ya)（2.35伏(fu)）或(huo)析氫電(dian)壓(ya)（2.42伏(fu)）時，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會因過度析氧而開閥排(pai)氣，造成(cheng)失水，使電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)濃度增加，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)硫化現象加重。

⑤放電后不能及時充電

作為(wei)(wei)交通工(gong)具，電(dian)動自(zi)行車的充電(dian)及(ji)放電(dian)被完全分離開(kai)來，放電(dian)后(hou)很難有條件及(ji)時充電(dian)，而放電(dian)后(hou)形成的大量(liang)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)如(ru)果超過半小時不(bu)充電(dian)還原為(wei)(wei)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，就會硫化(hua)結成晶體。

3、鉛蓄電池生產方面的原因

針對電動自行車用鉛酸(suan)蓄電池的特殊性(xing)，各個電池制(zhi)造商(shang)采取了(le)多種(zhong)方(fang)法。最典型的方(fang)法如下：

①增加極板數量。

把(ba)原(yuan)設計(ji)的(de)單格(ge)5片(pian)6片(pian)制(zhi)改(gai)為6片(pian)7片(pian)制(zhi)，7片(pian)8片(pian)制(zhi)，甚至(zhi)8片(pian)9片(pian)制(zhi)。靠減薄極板(ban)厚度和隔板(ban)，增加極板(ban)數(shu)量(liang)來提高電池容(rong)量(liang)。

②提高電池的硫酸比重

原來浮充電池的硫酸比重一(yi)般都在1.21~1.28之間，而電動自行(xing)車(che)的電池的硫酸比重一(yi)般都在1.36～1.38左(zuo)右(you)，這樣可以提(ti)供(gong)較(jiao)大的電流，提(ti)升電池的初期容量。

③增加正極板活性物質氧化鉛的用量和比例。

增加(jia)氧化鉛就(jiu)增加(jia)了(le)參與放(fang)電的電化學(xue)反應物(wu)質，也就(jiu)增加(jia)了(le)放(fang)電時間，增加(jia)了(le)電池容量。

通(tong)過(guo)這些措施，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)容(rong)量滿足了(le)(le)電動自行車的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量要求，特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)改善了(le)(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大電流(liu)放電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性。但是(shi)(shi)，極(ji)板(ban)增加(jia)了(le)(le)，硫酸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量就(jiu)減少(shao)了(le)(le)，電池(chi)發熱導(dao)致(zhi)大量失水，同時，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微短路(lu)和鉛枝搭橋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概率(lv)增加(jia)了(le)(le)。提高(gao)硫酸比重增加(jia)了(le)(le)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)期(qi)容(rong)量，但是(shi)(shi)，硫化現象就(jiu)更嚴重。密(mi)封(feng)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最基本原理之一就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)正極(ji)板(ban)析氧以后(hou)，氧氣直接到負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)，被負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)吸(xi)收而還原為水，考(kao)核電池(chi)這個技術指標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)叫做“密(mi)封(feng)反應效率(lv)”，這種(zhong)現象叫做“氧循環”。這樣，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失水很少(shao)，實現了(le)(le)“免維護”，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)免加(jia)水。

為(wei)此，都要求負極(ji)板容量(liang)做的(de)比(bi)正極(ji)板容量(liang)大一(yi)些，又稱為(wei)負極(ji)過渡。增加正極(ji)板活(huo)性物質必然(ran)使得(de)，負極(ji)過渡減少了(le)(le)，氧(yang)循環變(bian)差(cha)了(le)(le)，失水增加了(le)(le)，又會造(zao)成硫化。這些措(cuo)施雖然(ran)提升了(le)(le)電池(chi)的(de)初期容量(liang)，但是卻會造(zao)成失水和(he)(he)硫化，而失水和(he)(he)硫化又會相互促成，最終結果卻是犧牲(sheng)電池(chi)的(de)壽命。

還有就是(shi)極群組裝虛(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題(ti)。容易產生虛(xu)焊(han)(han)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)極板。而(er)(er)每個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)單(dan)格(ge)有15片極板，就是(shi)15個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點，一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有6個(ge)(ge)單(dan)格(ge)，就有90個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點，一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由3個(ge)(ge)12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組成，就有270個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點。如果(guo)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)焊(han)(han)點存在虛(xu)焊(han)(han)，該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)容量(liang)就下降，進(jin)而(er)(er)該(gai)單(dan)格(ge)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)落后，造成整個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都落后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)形成嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)不均衡，使這組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提前(qian)失效。就算虛(xu)焊(han)(han)控制在萬分(fen)之一(yi)，平均每37組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就會(hui)有一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)存在虛(xu)焊(han)(han)，這是(shi)絕(jue)對不能(neng)夠允許的(de)(de)。而(er)(er)鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)板柵(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在焊(han)(han)接的(de)(de)時候會(hui)析出鈣(gai)而(er)(er)掩蓋虛(xu)焊(han)(han)問(wen)題(ti)，這樣，很多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制造商寧愿采用低銻合(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)板柵(zha)(zha)而(er)(er)沒有采用鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)。而(er)(er)低銻合(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)板柵(zha)(zha)析氧析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓更低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出氣量(liang)大，失水相對嚴重(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更容易硫化(hua)。

4、電動自行車生產方面的原因

大(da)多(duo)數車(che)的控制(zhi)器都留了(le)一個(ge)線損插頭，很多(duo)經銷商以(yi)去(qu)掉(diao)限速(su)(su)來招攬顧(gu)客(ke)。一些車(che)廠干脆就(jiu)去(qu)掉(diao)限速(su)(su)器出(chu)廠，既可(ke)以(yi)吸(xi)引(yin)看重(zhong)車(che)速(su)(su)的客(ke)戶，也能降低成本，這樣的車(che)在高速(su)(su)行駛時電(dian)流非常(chang)大(da)，會(hui)嚴重(zhong)縮短電(dian)池壽命(ming)。

12V鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的最低保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為10.5V，如果是36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組，最低保留(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)就是31.5V，目前大多數車廠(chang)采用的控(kong)制器欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也都是31.5V。表面(mian)上看這是正(zheng)確(que)的，但是，實際(ji)當36V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組只剩下31.5V電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存在容量差，肯定就會有(you)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)低于10.5V，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就處(chu)于過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。

這(zhe)時候，過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量急劇下降，這(zhe)時對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷(shang)影響不僅僅是(shi)該單只電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，而(er)是(shi)影響整組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)壽命。其實，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于32V以后一直到27V，所(suo)增(zeng)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)續(xu)行能(neng)力不到2公里(li)，而(er)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)損傷(shang)卻非常大。只要出現(xian)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)情況10次，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量就會低(di)于標稱容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)70%。

另外，一些(xie)用(yong)(yong)戶發現(xian)電池在(zai)欠壓以(yi)后，過10分鐘，電池又不(bu)欠壓了(le)，就又采取(qu)給電行駛(shi)，這(zhe)對電池破壞更大，而大多(duo)(duo)數車的(de)說(shuo)明書沒(mei)有(you)給用(yong)(yong)戶以(yi)警示。目(mu)前多(duo)(duo)數控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)內部都有(you)可(ke)(ke)調(diao)(diao)的(de)電位(wei)器(qi)，而這(zhe)個可(ke)(ke)調(diao)(diao)的(de)電位(wei)器(qi)的(de)振(zhen)動(dong)漂移是比較嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)。在(zai)價格競爭(zheng)中，面對更注重(zhong)車外表的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶群，很(hen)少有(you)產品采用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)振(zhen)動(dong)的(de)精密多(duo)(duo)圈電位(wei)器(qi)，這(zhe)樣的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)發生振(zhen)動(dong)后漂移也不(bu)奇(qi)怪(guai)。

5、充電設備的原因

業(ye)界廣(guang)為(wei)流(liu)傳的(de)(de)一句話就是：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不是用壞的(de)(de)，是充(chong)壞的(de)(de)。為(wei)了(le)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)短時(shi)高(gao)容量充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)三段(duan)式恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)限(xian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中，不得不通過提高(gao)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值到2.47V～2.49V。這(zhe)樣，大(da)大(da)超(chao)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)板析(xi)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)和負極(ji)板析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。一些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)造商的(de)(de)產品為(wei)了(le)降低充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)，提高(gao)了(le)恒壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)轉浮充(chong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，而使(shi)得充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)后，還沒有充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就靠提高(gao)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)來彌補。這(zhe)樣，很(hen)多(duo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)超(chao)過單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)2.35V，這(zhe)樣在(zai)浮充(chong)階段(duan)還在(zai)大(da)量析(xi)氧。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)又(you)不好，這樣在(zai)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)階段也(ye)在(zai)不斷的(de)(de)排氣(qi)。恒壓值(zhi)高了(le)，保(bao)證了(le)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，但是犧牲的(de)(de)是失水和(he)硫化。恒壓值(zhi)低了(le)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)又(you)難(nan)以保(bao)證。在(zai)改(gai)善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)柵合金、提高析(xi)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位、改(gai)善(shan)(shan)氧(yang)循(xun)環(huan)性能，提高密封反(fan)應效率的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，控制充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最高充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在(zai)2.42V以下，也(ye)就(jiu)是在(zai)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位以下。這樣做必然會導致充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)延(yan)長(chang)，這就(jiu)必須(xu)在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（限流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態下，加入去極(ji)化的(de)(de)負脈沖，改(gai)善(shan)(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能力(li)，在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)入一些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，縮短(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。70%的(de)(de)2C電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受能力(li)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損(sun)傷(shang)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)基本(ben)上(shang)沒(mei)有高于嚴重(zhong)析(xi)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

一旦高(gao)于(yu)析氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也會快速的(de)失水。使用這類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，必須采用連續充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如果中途(tu)停止幾(ji)天(tian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就會產(chan)生(sheng)比較嚴重的(de)硫化而提前失效。而用戶使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，是無法保證(zheng)每次使用以(yi)后(hou)，都能(neng)夠及(ji)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)，一年以(yi)內發生(sheng)數次沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)及(ji)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)情況，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)硫化就會積累。多數充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商都說車廠因(yin)為(wei)價格因(yin)素不(bu)接受可以(yi)保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。應該承認，這是大多數小企業是如此，但是，有(you)(you)(you)發展的(de)、規模性(xing)大企業確實(shi)出高(gao)價也買不(bu)到好(hao)(hao)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。一些充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器制造商把某些功(gong)能(neng)夸大，成品的(de)功(gong)效沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)其宣傳(chuan)的(de)那樣(yang)好(hao)(hao)。還有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少功(gong)能(neng)是屬于(yu)賣(mai)概念(nian)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)，實(shi)效有(you)(you)(you)限。

6、其它原因

不(bu)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)池在單體測試(shi)中，可以獲(huo)得(de)比較好的結果，但(dan)是，對(dui)于串連電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)來(lai)說，由(you)于容量、開(kai)路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、荷電(dian)(dian)狀態、硫化(hua)程度各不(bu)相同，這個差(cha)異會在串連電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)被擴大，狀態差(cha)的單體會影響整組(zu)電(dian)(dian)池，其壽命明顯下降。

從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在生產(chan)線上充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到用戶購車后配車使用這(zhe)段時間要經過很多環節，間隔時間甚至(zhi)會(hui)長達數月，在這(zhe)期間，由(you)于沒對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛大(da)量堆積結晶，用戶剛買到的(de)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可能是(shi)已(yi)經老化甚至(zhi)報費的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)廠家在執行質保時(shi)，對回收電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)并(bing)不(bu)是完(wan)全的(de)(de)(de)淘汰。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)返(fan)退(tui)以(yi)后，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)重新(xin)進行充放電(dian)(dian)檢驗，在檢驗中往(wang)往(wang)會發現(xian)有60%以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是不(bu)符合返(fan)退(tui)條件的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。其原因也(ye)就是在串連電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)中，個別的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)落后形成(cheng)整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)(zu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)功(gong)能下降而引起整(zheng)組(zu)(zu)(zu)返(fan)退(tui)。不(bu)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)對返(fan)退(tui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采取配組(zu)(zu)(zu)、補水、除硫、包(bao)裝后，又重新(xin)提供給用(yong)戶，以(yi)提高電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)使(shi)用(yong)壽命，降低報廢率(lv)，減(jian)少(shao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造(zao)商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)理索(suo)賠的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失，所以(yi)，很多經銷商(shang)已經感(gan)覺到廠家提供的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)明顯“一(yi)代(dai)不(bu)如一(yi)代(dai)”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)如果使(shi)用得當(dang)，普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用3年(nian)左右(you)問(wen)題不大，反(fan)之，使(shi)用壽命(ming)大大減短。因此，消費者(zhe)日常對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)保養(yang)是決定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)的(de)關鍵所在。

如何延長電動車電池壽命

對于電池(chi)和(he)充電的注(zhu)意事項，我們分成兩(liang)類：絕對不允許（禁止）和(he)最好不要（建(jian)議）：

禁止：

1、嚴禁將(jiang)電池(chi)的正負極短路(lu)

2、禁止經常使用到欠(qian)壓保護(hu)電(dian)路起作用的時候才充電(dian)

3、禁(jin)止經常在未充滿電的情況下拔下充電器的電源來使(shi)用(yong)電動車

4、禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)閑置(zhi)時間(jian)過長（不得超過三天，且所剩電(dian)(dian)量(liang)應大于40%），禁(jin)止(zhi)(zhi)虧電(dian)(dian)存放

5、如果發現(xian)連續充電10小時后還沒有轉燈，應(ying)馬上停止充電，檢查(cha)電池(chi)的(de)溫度是否(fou)(fou)發燙。會的(de)話應(ying)該盡(jin)早送修，無法立即送修者，應(ying)控制充電總時間不(bu)超(chao)過8小時，否(fou)(fou)則電池(chi)將會因膨(peng)脹變形而損壞。

不轉(zhuan)燈原因(yin)有(you)三(san)：

一：充電器參數不匹(pi)配(pei)，產生漂(piao)移；

二：線路問題；

三：是電池因素：失水，電池內部(bu)有單格短路，硫化較為嚴重。

排查方法：

1、檢查充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是否損壞，充(chong)電(dian)參數是否符合要求（有的人用48V的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)來充(chong)36V的電(dian)池組(zu)），看是否電(dian)壓偏高（14.8V/個以上的）或(huo)涓流(liu)轉換(huan)電(dian)流(liu)偏低

2、檢查充電(dian)回(hui)路保(bao)險絲是(shi)否接(jie)(jie)觸良(liang)好，保(bao)險絲座有(you)無燒焦痕跡，檢查連線插(cha)接(jie)(jie)頭接(jie)(jie)觸是(shi)否良(liang)好，包含充電(dian)器(qi)的(de)插(cha)頭的(de)車上的(de)插(cha)座。

3、查看電池內部(bu)是否有干涸現象，即(ji)電池是否缺液(ye)嚴重。干涸的(de)(de)電池應補加純水或1.05g/cm3的(de)(de)稀(xi)硫酸，進行維(wei)護(hu)充放電進行修復(fu)，同(tong)時測(ce)量單格電壓，看是否有單格短路的(de)(de)存在。

4、還應檢查極(ji)板是否存在不可(ke)逆硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化。硫(liu)(liu)化嚴重的話(hua)，內(nei)阻(zu)增大，充(chong)電就會引起嚴重發熱(re)。

5、極(ji)板的不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)，可(ke)通過(guo)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測量其端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的變化(hua)(hua)來(lai)判(pan)定(ding)。在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上升特別快，某些(xie)單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特別高，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降特別快。出(chu)(chu)現(xian)上述情況，可(ke)判(pan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)。如(ru)果發現(xian)有不(bu)可(ke)逆硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽化(hua)(hua)，應(ying)進行均衡充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法進行修復。

6、禁止電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)超過額(e)定(ding)容量150%，也就是如(ru)果是6-DZM-10（常說的(de)(de)(de)(de)那種12AH的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)10×150%＝15A，如(ru)果是6-DZM-17的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)為(wei)17×150%約為(wei)25A,如(ru)果是20AH的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)最大(da)(da)放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)為(wei)30A。這樣也同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)了控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)限流(liu)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小

建議：

1、最(zui)好不要在未充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況下拔下充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源來(lai)使用電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)。還有應注意的是：

轉燈并不表示此時的電池已經充(chong)滿電，差不多只有95%－99%，需要繼續浮(fu)充(chong)2－3個小(xiao)時來把它(ta)充(chong)滿。

2、做(zuo)到及(ji)時(shi)充電，閑置時(shi)間最好不超過12個小(xiao)時(shi)，同時(shi)應增加相(xiang)應浮(fu)充的時(shi)間。

3、使用量較少者，最好使用到50%－80%后(hou)再(zai)充電，有利于延長電池使用壽命。

4、在電(dian)池使用(yong)一(yi)年后，每間(jian)(jian)隔2個月，最好恒流充電(dian)一(yi)次，電(dian)流大小為C／15，時間(jian)(jian)20小時。

5、少拉重物，速度不要(yao)開得太(tai)快(kuai)，減小電(dian)池的放電(dian)電(dian)流。

6、緩慢(man)加速，減小大電流(liu)對電池(chi)，控制器及電機的沖擊。