蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)電(dian)池作為一種方便(bian)適用的(de)直流電(dian)源廣(guang)泛用于(yu)發電(dian)廠(chang)，工礦企(qi)業變配電(dian)所(suo)和各類機(ji)動車(che)。由(you)于(yu)在鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)裝配過程(cheng)中(zhong)涉及(ji)到鉛中(zhong)毒、易燃、易爆等危險特性，因而(er)確保(bao)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)產十分(fen)重要。目(mu)前，鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池已被列入《危險化(hua)學品名錄》，我國也(ye)一直重視鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)產，加強(qiang)了對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)池生(sheng)(sheng)產裝配的(de)安(an)全防(fang)范措施，制定了《鉛作業安(an)全生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)規程(cheng)》等規范標準。

廢電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)污染及其(qi)處(chu)理已經成為目(mu)前社(she)會最(zui)為關注的(de)環(huan)保焦點(dian)之一(yi)(yi)。國(guo)家環(huan)保總(zong)局科技標(biao)準(zhun)司有(you)關人(ren)(ren)士認(ren)為，隨著我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)量和(he)使(shi)用量的(de)不斷(duan)擴大(da)，廢舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)數量和(he)種(zhong)類(lei)也在不斷(duan)增加。廢舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)含有(you)汞(gong)(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘、鎳等(deng)(deng)(deng)重(zhong)金屬及酸、堿(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)溶液，對人(ren)(ren)體(ti)及生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)有(you)不同程(cheng)度的(de)危(wei)害。據了解(jie)，其(qi)中(zhong)對人(ren)(ren)體(ti)健康和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)(jing)危(wei)害較大(da)、列入危(wei)險廢物(wu)(wu)控制名錄的(de)廢電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)：含汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是氧化汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；含鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。有(you)關資料顯(xian)示，一(yi)(yi)節一(yi)(yi)號電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)爛在地里，能使(shi)1平方米的(de)土壤(rang)永(yong)久失去利用價值；一(yi)(yi)粒(li)紐扣電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可使(shi)600噸水受到(dao)污染，相(xiang)當于一(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)飲水量。在對自然環(huan)境(jing)(jing)威脅最(zui)大(da)的(de)幾種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)里就(jiu)包含了汞(gong)(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘等(deng)(deng)(deng)多種(zhong)，若將廢舊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)混入生(sheng)(sheng)活垃圾一(yi)(yi)起填埋，或(huo)者隨手丟棄(qi)，滲(shen)出的(de)汞(gong)(gong)及重(zhong)金屬物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)就(jiu)會滲(shen)透于土壤(rang)、污染地下水，進而進入魚類(lei)、農作物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，破(po)壞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)存環(huan)境(jing)(jing)，間接威脅到(dao)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)健康。

人體一旦(dan)吸收這(zhe)些(xie)重(zhong)金屬(shu)以后，會出現哪(na)些(xie)病癥呢？據有關專家(jia)介(jie)紹，汞(gong)是(shi)(shi)一種毒(du)性(xing)很強(qiang)的重(zhong)金屬(shu)，對人體中樞神經(jing)的破(po)壞(huai)力很大。目前我(wo)國生產的含汞(gong)堿性(xing)干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)的汞(gong)含量(liang)達(da)1％－5％，中性(xing)干(gan)電(dian)池(chi)的汞(gong)含量(liang)為0．025％，我(wo)國電(dian)池(chi)生產消耗(hao)的汞(gong)每年就達(da)幾十噸之多。鎘(ge)在人體內極易(yi)引起慢性(xing)中毒(du)，主要病癥是(shi)(shi)肺氣腫、骨質軟化、貧血，很可能(neng)使人體癱瘓。而鉛(qian)進入人體后最(zui)難排泄，它干(gan)擾腎功(gong)能(neng)。

專(zhuan)家(jia)們認為，由于(yu)電池(chi)污(wu)染(ran)具(ju)有周期長(chang)、隱蔽性大等特(te)點(dian)，其潛在(zai)危害(hai)相當嚴重，處(chu)理不(bu)當還會造成二次污(wu)染(ran)。據楊毅夫博士介紹(shao)，我國(guo)沿海某省的(de)一(yi)些農民(min)在(zai)回收鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)中的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)時，因為回收處(chu)理不(bu)當，把含(han)有鉛(qian)(qian)和(he)(he)硫酸的(de)廢(fei)液倒掉，不(bu)僅造成了鉛(qian)(qian)中毒，而且使當地(di)農作物(wu)無(wu)法生長(chang)。如(ru)何及時安全地(di)回收和(he)(he)處(chu)理廢(fei)電池(chi)，已日益突出地(di)擺在(zai)人們面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)裝配過程中可能產生的危險、危害(hai)主要是中毒、火災(zai)、爆(bao)(bao)炸，以及高溫灼燙、機械(xie)傷(shang)(shang)害(hai)、腐蝕(shi)傷(shang)(shang)害(hai)等(deng)。限于篇幅，僅對中毒、火災(zai)和爆(bao)(bao)炸3種因素進行分析。

稱(cheng)片(pian)、包片(pian)區，存在(zai)著大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)塵，屬于(yu)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重污染區，易發生慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)對人體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害主要集中在(zai)消化系統和神經(jing)系統，在(zai)蓄電池廠(chang)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)工患職(zhi)業性慢(man)性鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比例高(gao)達25%～30%。更為(wei)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)不僅(jin)局限在(zai)蓄電池廠(chang)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成年操作(zuo)工鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)反應，甚至周邊許多兒童也出現(xian)了鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應。2004年6月，某縣曾經(jing)發生數百名鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒(du)(du)(du)事件。

引起這(zhe)些中毒事故的(de)原因主要(yao)有(you)廠(chang)區內缺(que)乏必(bi)要(yao)的(de)排風(feng)環(huan)保(bao)(bao)設(she)備(bei)，有(you)的(de)廠(chang)家雖然有(you)，但是工作期間(jian)不開啟，形同(tong)虛(xu)設(she)，工人缺(que)少必(bi)要(yao)的(de)勞(lao)保(bao)(bao)用品以及工人的(de)自我保(bao)(bao)護(hu)意識不強等。稱片、包(bao)片是引起鉛中毒的(de)重(zhong)點部(bu)位，必(bi)須有(you)完善的(de)防護(hu)措施和排風(feng)系統。

根據工藝要求，焊(han)接區使用的(de)乙(yi)炔(gui)、液化石油氣火災(zai)危險為(wei)甲類(lei)(lei)，氧氣火災(zai)危險為(wei)乙(yi)類(lei)(lei)。乙(yi)炔(gui)在(zai)空氣中(zhong)的(de)爆炸(zha)極限為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引燃(ran)溫度(du)在(zai)305℃左(zuo)右(you)；液化石油在(zai)空氣中(zhong)的(de)爆炸(zha)極限為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引燃(ran)熳度(du)在(zai)426～537℃左(zuo)右(you)。因此，生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)最大危險因素是火災(zai)和爆炸(zha)，如果在(zai)焊(han)接極群和極柱(zhu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)操作(zuo)不當(dang)，劇(ju)烈碰撞(zhuang)或離(li)明火過近，溫度(du)太高等(deng)都可能引起(qi)火災(zai)、爆炸(zha)。

根據鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)池工作(zuo)原理，鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)正極活性(xing)(xing)物質是(shi)二氧化鉛，負(fu)極活性(xing)(xing)物質是(shi)海綿鉛，電(dian)解液是(shi)稀(xi)硫酸(suan)(suan)(suan)溶液，當充電(dian)到(dao)70%～80%電(dian)量時，正極開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)氧氣(qi)(qi)，當充電(dian)基(ji)本(ben)完成(cheng)約90%時，負(fu)極開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)氫氣(qi)(qi)。氫氣(qi)(qi)是(shi)易燃(ran)(ran)易爆的甲類(lei)物質，在空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的爆炸極限(xian)為(wei)4.1%～74.1%，引燃(ran)(ran)溫度在450℃左(zuo)右，因(yin)此(ci)充電(dian)室(shi)內(nei)氫氣(qi)(qi)濃(nong)度極易達到(dao)爆炸極限(xian)，一遇火源就(jiu)會生(sheng)產(chan)燃(ran)(ran)爆。例如，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)站(zhan)鉛酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)池室(shi)發生(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)爆事故，造(zao)成(cheng)1名巡(xun)檢(jian)工死(si)亡(wang)，充電(dian)設備和蓄電(dian)池嚴(yan)重損壞(huai)。事故主要(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)該蓄電(dian)池通風設備失效(xiao)，造(zao)成(cheng)室(shi)內(nei)氫氣(qi)(qi)聚積，而巡(xun)檢(jian)工嚴(yan)重違章(zhang)在巡(xun)檢(jian)時抽煙，明(ming)火引起燃(ran)(ran)爆。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過上述(shu)分(fen)析可知(zhi)，蓄電池裝配過程中存在的主要危害因素為中毒、火(huo)災、爆炸(zha)等。為確保安全生產建議采取以下安全措施：

1．廠(chang)址選擇與周圍(wei)居民(min)及公共(gong)設施保持必要的(de)安全(quan)防(fang)護距(ju)離，同(tong)時必須滿足(zu)《建筑設計防(fang)火規范》，《鉛作業(ye)安全(quan)衛(wei)生(sheng)規程(cheng)》，《工(gong)業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)設計衛(wei)生(sheng)標準(zhun)》和《使用有毒物品(pin)作業(ye)場(chang)所勞動保護條例》的(de)要求。

2．在(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)業前(qian)盡可能(neng)先將操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)環境濕潤，防(fang)止鉛塵(chen)(chen)飛揚；作(zuo)(zuo)業時工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)除穿(chuan)戴相(xiang)應(ying)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服、防(fang)塵(chen)(chen)口罩外，必(bi)須使用(yong)能(neng)保證新(xin)鮮空氣供(gong)給的通風設施；操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)臺(tai)上清出的鉛粉塵(chen)(chen)，必(bi)須放(fang)置在(zai)專用(yong)容(rong)器內，不得與其他垃(la)圾等堆放(fang)在(zai)一起；作(zuo)(zuo)業后，工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)必(bi)須洗(xi)澡，并將工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服和防(fang)塵(chen)(chen)口罩在(zai)廠(chang)內集中(zhong)洗(xi)滌(di)；同時作(zuo)(zuo)業場所所應(ying)禁止吸(xi)煙(yan)，飲(yin)食等；班(ban)中(zhong)喝(he)水前(qian)必(bi)須洗(xi)手，洗(xi)臉及漱口，嚴禁穿(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服進食堂，出廠(chang)。

此外(wai)，為防止(zhi)雜(za)質侵入和(he)水分蒸發，采用了僅(jin)有(you)極(ji)樁外(wai)露的全封(feng)閉式外(wai)殼。

為防止蓄(xu)電池損壞和爆炸，在(zai)密封式殼(ke)體上設有(you)排氣孔和安全(quan)閥(fa)。安全(quan)閥(fa)中(zhong)裝(zhuang)有(you)催化劑，可使氫氣與(yu)氧氣合(he)成為水蒸氣，冷卻后再返回電解液內。

為(wei)有效防止外來火花造成危害，在(zai)其內部還裝(zhuang)有火花捕捉器。

免維護蓄電池的(de)工作原理與普通鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電池相同。放(fang)電時，正極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)和負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)與電解液內的(de)硫酸反(fan)應生成硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)和水，硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)分(fen)別沉積在正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)，而水則留在電解液內；充電時，正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)的(de)硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)又分(fen)別還原成二氫化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)和海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)。

普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)池(chi)，在充(chong)電(dian)接近終了(le)時，其充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流除了(le)用來(lai)使(shi)正、負極板的硫酸鉛(qian)還(huan)原成(cheng)二(er)氧化鉛(qian)和(he)海綿狀鉛(qian)外(wai)(wai)，還(huan)有一部分電(dian)流被用在水(shui)的分解(jie)上，致使(shi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)內產生根多氣(qi)泡。特別是充(chong)電(dian)終了(le)時產生和(he)外(wai)(wai)逸的氣(qi)泡就更多，從而造成(cheng)電(dian)解(jie)液內水(shui)分大量散失。

免維護(hu)蓄電池，由于其負(fu)極(ji)板上(shang)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)含量比正(zheng)極(ji)板上(shang)多(duo)，因此(ci)，充(chong)足電時正(zheng)極(ji)板的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)全部(bu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)了二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，而(er)(er)負(fu)極(ji)板上(shang)仍有一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)殘留。這樣，過(guo)充(chong)電時，充(chong)電電流只在正(zheng)極(ji)板上(shang)用來產生(sheng)(sheng)氧(yang)氣，而(er)(er)在負(fu)極(ji)板上(shang)則被(bei)用于使多(duo)余的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)。同時，在正(zheng)極(ji)板上(shang)所(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氧(yang)氣也(ye)不會外逸，而(er)(er)是迅速與負(fu)極(ji)板上(shang)的(de)活性物質(zhi)(海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian))發生(sheng)(sheng)反應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，再與電解液中(zhong)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)反應變(bian)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)和水(shui)。

由此可見，免維護蓄電(dian)池在過充(chong)電(dian)時，其負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上的硫酸鉛永遠不會消失，即(ji)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上不會產生氫氣。即(ji)從理論(lun)上講，免維護蓄電(dian)池即(ji)使在過充(chong)電(dian)時，其電(dian)解液中的水(shui)也不會散失。

3．車(che)間(jian)內的氣體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得隨意堆(dui)放(fang)(fang)或(huo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同氣體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)混放(fang)(fang)。雖(sui)然乙炔(gui)、液化石(shi)油氣及氧(yang)氣用最較少，但氣體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)仍需單獨存放(fang)(fang)。存放(fang)(fang)處應(ying)(ying)在生(sheng)產車(che)間(jian)外(wai)墻處用磚墻和預制板砌(qi)兩間(jian)作為(wei)石(shi)油液化氣和氧(yang)氣的中(zhong)間(jian)倉庫，選用下端(duan)帶百頁窗(chuang)的門，兩側墻留通(tong)風口，并(bing)安(an)裝鋼(gang)絲網，保持良好的通(tong)風。門開在車(che)間(jian)外(wai)面，并(bing)在醒(xing)目(mu)位置貼上禁(jin)止明(ming)火(huo)和吸(xi)煙(yan)的標志(zhi)。根據《建筑設(she)計防火(huo)規范》的規定，該存放(fang)(fang)處只(zhi)能(neng)作為(wei)車(che)間(jian)中(zhong)間(jian)庫房，且(qie)乙炔(gui)的存放(fang)(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)超(chao)(chao)過25m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下)，。液化石(shi)油氣的存放(fang)(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)(ying)超(chao)(chao)過50m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下)。氧(yang)氣和乙炔(gui)的保管(guan)和使用要設(she)專人(ren)負責，嚴(yan)禁(jin)超(chao)(chao)壓使用和人(ren)為(wei)加熱氣瓶(ping)(ping)，嚴(yan)禁(jin)用帶油污的手套開啟氧(yang)氣瓶(ping)(ping)閥(fa)門；操作人(ren)員作業前必(bi)須先檢查(cha)軟管(guan)與焊接(jie)的連接(jie)處是(shi)否(fou)牢固(gu)，軟管(guan)是(shi)否(fou)有打結(jie)處。

4．充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)區(qu)應保持良好的通風，必要(yao)時應增加防爆型通風設(she)(she)備(bei)，同時設(she)(she)置可燃氣體濃度檢漏報(bao)警裝(zhuang)置，并達到(dao)《火(huo)災自(zi)動報(bao)警系統(tong)設(she)(she)計規范》的相關要(yao)求。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)區(qu)不準(zhun)(zhun)使用(yong)不防爆的電(dian)器設(she)(she)備(bei)(如開關、插(cha)座、熔斷及燈具等)，嚴禁在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用(yong)明火(huo)照明或取(qu)暖(nuan)；不準(zhun)(zhun)在室(shi)內(nei)動火(huo)作業(ye)。室(shi)內(nei)各電(dian)氣線路應穿(chuan)管敷(fu)設(she)(she)，電(dian)氣連(lian)接(jie)處應接(jie)觸良好、牢(lao)靠，不得松動，避(bi)免(mian)產生火(huo)花放電(dian)。不冷穿(chuan)化纖(xian)服裝(zhuang)進入(ru)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)區(qu)，以(yi)免(mian)摩擦產生放電(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常(chang)情(qing)況下(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)是以電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數量來決定。并不以使用時(shi)(shi)間(jian)來計量。過充(chong)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)處于(yu)(yu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足(zu)狀態均可訊(xun)速(su)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失效。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放次(ci)數量的(de)增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)逐漸老化，低(di)于(yu)(yu)標稱容量的(de)80%時(shi)(shi)即(ji)認為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命(ming)終止。目前金麗溫(wen)高速(su)公路電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)主(zhu)要失效原因有以下(xia)幾(ji)個方面(mian)：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥(fa)控電(dian)池(chi)(chi)對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)頗為敏感，環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)的(de)變化對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)運(yun)行壽命、放電(dian)容(rong)(rong)量、浮(fu)充電(dian)壓都有影響。持續過高的(de)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)，會造成(cheng)浮(fu)充電(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大(da)，內部熱(re)(re)量增加(jia)，失水過快，最終導(dao)致(zhi)熱(re)(re)失控，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)損壞；過低的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)則會降低電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量。

溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)與電(dian)池壽命的(de)影響，由(you)于閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)池本身散熱(re)條件(jian)比較差，熱(re)量積累的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)引起(qi)惡性循環(huan)易造成熱(re)失(shi)控。當(dang)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)超過25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)每升(sheng)高10度(du)(du)，使用壽命減少一(yi)半，所以當(dang)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)在(zai)非25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)升(sheng)高一(yi)度(du)(du)，浮(fu)充電(dian)壓應降3MV/每只，防(fang)止(zhi)過充。反(fan)之溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)降低(di)時(shi)(shi)低(di)于25度(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)，每低(di)一(yi)度(du)(du)浮(fu)充電(dian)壓應增(zeng)3MV/每只，防(fang)止(zhi)出現(xian)虧電(dian)現(xian)象。

譬(pi)如(ru)，電(dian)池在(zai)35度(du)(du)下(xia)長期運行(xing)(xing)，如(ru)在(zai)25度(du)(du)下(xia)電(dian)池設計壽命為8年(nian)(電(dian)池普遍設計)，實際(ji)壽命則只有5年(nian)，若長期在(zai)15度(du)(du)下(xia)運行(xing)(xing)，電(dian)池壽命則有20年(nian)。不難(nan)看出，金(jin)麗(li)溫高速(su)高路(lu)麗(li)青段電(dian)池過早失(shi)效不得不說(shuo)溫度(du)(du)才是電(dian)池的第一殺手。因為以麗(li)青段而(er)言，配電(dian)房基(ji)本無空調配置。夏天溫度(du)(du)均在(zai)40度(du)(du)以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)同(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)下(xia)，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。相(xiang)同(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度(du)(du)下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)越(yue)(yue)小，過飽和(he)度(du)(du)降低，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核越(yue)(yue)少。同(tong)時硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)就越(yue)(yue)慢(man)。生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)核少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)量(liang)(liang)是相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)。則(ze)(ze)(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)顆粒就大一些，同(tong)時，結晶(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度(du)(du)越(yue)(yue)慢(man)，生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)體就越(yue)(yue)完善，從而(er)(er)更難(nan)以充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)時，這些顆粒同(tong)樣會造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)堵(du)塞(sai)。這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很(hen)難(nan)還原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)綿狀純鉛(qian)(qian)，從而(er)(er)影響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。因(yin)為(wei)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)固液交界處(chu)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)過飽和(he)度(du)(du)大，從而(er)(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)較多的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)晶(jing)體沉淀(dian)，一方面，堵(du)塞(sai)極(ji)板微(wei)孔(kong)，一方面也(ye)堵(du)塞(sai)隔板微(wei)孔(kong)。更容(rong)易(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝晶(jing)。還使(shi)許多微(wei)晶(jing)在(zai)當時或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時脫落。從而(er)(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷(shang)害。還有(you)，同(tong)時也(ye)由于(yu)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度(du)(du)慢(man)，只(zhi)能到(dao)達淺(qian)層(ceng)而(er)(er)使(shi)更多的(de)(de)(de)阿爾法二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化。從而(er)(er)使(shi)極(ji)板易(yi)與軟化。大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)能全部放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)，如獲使(shi)用1小時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)僅為(wei)額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)半小時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)(ze)(ze)為(wei)35%。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)(ze)(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)更多的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)用價20小時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)則(ze)(ze)(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是以(yi)某只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最先(xian)達到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為止的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，若是UPS蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中出(chu)現(xian)落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)則會影響整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。以(yi)-48V系(xi)統(tong)為例，系(xi)統(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1.8V/只，(即(ji)43.2V)以(yi)10小時放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)話從48至(zhi)43.2用時10小時，一(yi)旦出(chu)現(xian)落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)則系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)48-2V=46V系(xi)統(tong)46V到43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間將(jiang)大大下降。因些這些落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就應該及時剔除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)信部門經驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)個數少于3只時單個更換，落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大于3時則整(zheng)體(ti)更換。落(luo)后電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)發現(xian)就須(xu)我們在日常(chang)維護中通(tong)過容(rong)量(liang)(liang)測(ce)試或日常(chang)維護中的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)中發現(xian)。但(dan)目前(qian)金(jin)麗溫高速此項工作基本(ben)為空白。

額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在(zai)規定(ding)(ding)的工作(zuo)條件下，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能放(fang)出(chu)的最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。VRLA蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)規定(ding)(ding)工作(zuo)條件為(wei)：在(zai)10小時放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)25度(du)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實際(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在(zai)特點的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度(du)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等條件下，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際(ji)放(fang)出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)實際(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。影響實際(ji)放(fang)出(chu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的主要因素有：放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂(wei)免維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)池，是指(zhi)在規定的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)條件下，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)期間(jian)不(bu)需(xu)要進行(xing)維護(hu)的蓄(xu)電(dian)池。對于車用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池來(lai)講(jiang)，也就(jiu)是使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)期間(jian)不(bu)需(xu)經(jing)常(chang)添加(jia)蒸餾水的蓄(xu)電(dian)池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為了(le)提高鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命，隨著其使(shi)性能，免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正極板(ban)(ban)柵架一般采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金(jin)或(huo)低(di)銻合(he)金(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，而負極柵架均用(yong)(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。為了(le)減小(xiao)極板(ban)(ban)短路和活性物(wu)質脫落，其隔(ge)板(ban)(ban)大多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)超細玻(bo)璃纖維棉(mian)制(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)，或(huo)將其正極板(ban)(ban)裝在(zai)袋式隔(ge)板(ban)(ban)內(nei)。為了(le)防(fang)止氧氣(qi)、氫(qing)氣(qi)垂直上溢，減小(xiao)水分(fen)損(sun)失(shi)和活性物(wu)質脫落，極板(ban)(ban)組多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)緊(jin)湊結(jie)構。為了(le)縮短聯接(jie)條的(de)長(chang)度(du)(du)，減小(xiao)內(nei)阻，提高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)起動(dong)性能，各單格極板(ban)(ban)組之間采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)內(nei)連式接(jie)法，露在(zai)密(mi)(mi)封式殼(ke)體(ti)外面(mian)的(de)只有正、負極樁。為了(le)更有效地避(bi)免水分(fen)損(sun)失(shi)，在(zai)殼(ke)體(ti)上部設(she)有收集水蒸氣(qi)和硫酸蒸氣(qi)的(de)集氣(qi)室(shi)，待其冷(leng)卻后變成(cheng)液體(ti)重(zhong)新流回電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液內(nei)。為了(le)便于(yu)檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)，了(le)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，在(zai)其內(nei)部設(she)有的(de)溫度(du)(du)補償式密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計。密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)計的(de)指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同的(de)顏色指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況和電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液液面(mian)高低(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)正常時，指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)綠色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)存電(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)足；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)黑色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)低(di)于(yu)標準值，應進行補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)黃色，表示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液液面(mian)過低(di)，需添加蒸餾水。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上所述，免維護蓄電池與普通鉛(qian)蓄電池的最(zui)大區(qu)別是極板材料(liao)不(bu)同。由于采(cai)用鉛(qian)鈣合金(jin)制作柵架(jia)，消除(chu)了鉛(qian)銻合金(jin)柵架(jia)的一(yi)些(xie)弱點(如水(shui)分蒸發、過量充電、熱破壞和(he)自行(xing)放電)，因此，不(bu)僅使其使用性能得(de)到改善，而(er)且(qie)還延(yan)長了其使用壽命和(he)儲存壽命。

免(mian)(mian)(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)水(shui)量少(shao)，一(yi)般僅為普通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的1／10左右，使用中(zhong)一(yi)般不需添加(jia)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。這(zhe)一(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)由于鉛(qian)鈣(gai)合金的析氫過電(dian)位比(bi)鉛(qian)銻合金高，充電(dian)時(shi)析氫量少(shao)，從(cong)而水(shui)分(fen)逸出量大大降低；另一(yi)方面(mian)是(shi)由于免(mian)(mian)(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)設有集氣(qi)室，可使收集到(dao)的水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)冷(leng)卻后重新返回電(dian)解液內(nei)，避免(mian)(mian)(mian)了水(shui)分(fen)散失(shi)(shi)。因此，使用中(zhong)免(mian)(mian)(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)不需要(yao)添加(jia)蒸(zheng)餾(liu)水(shui)。

普(pu)通鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)柵架(jia)，一般(ban)用鉛銻(ti)合(he)金(jin)制作，且含銻(ti)量較(jiao)高。充電(dian)時，正極(ji)(ji)柵架(jia)上(shang)的(de)(de)銻(ti)被(bei)逐漸溶解到電(dian)解液中(zhong)，并(bing)不(bu)斷地在負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板表面上(shang)沉積，與負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板上(shang)的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)物質形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，使其自(zi)行放電(dian)量增(zeng)大。免維護蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)柵架(jia)采(cai)用的(de)(de)是(shi)鉛鈣合(he)金(jin)，其特點是(shi)晶粒較(jiao)細，耐腐蝕，不(bu)易形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，自(zi)行放電(dian)量小。

普通(tong)鉛蓄(xu)電池，其內部(bu)經常(chang)有(you)硫酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸(yi)出，并(bing)聚集(ji)(ji)在蓄(xu)電池的頂蓋部(bu)位(wei)。這些硫酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在金屬(shu)接(jie)頭處凝結(jie)，形成短路通(tong)道(dao)，產生短路電流，并(bing)對極樁和連接(jie)件造成腐(fu)蝕。嚴重時，甚至影響到蓄(xu)電池功率輸出。由(you)于維(wei)護蓄(xu)電池設(she)有(you)集(ji)(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)室和新型(xing)的通(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)裝置(zhi)，不僅可(ke)避免水分(fen)散失(shi)，而(er)且可(ke)有(you)效地防止酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)外逸(yi)，從而(er)大大降(jiang)臨了酸(suan)(suan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)對極樁連接(jie)件的腐(fu)蝕。

免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的起動電(dian)(dian)流比普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)(da)，起動性能(neng)好。這一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)是由于鉛鈣合金的導電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)比鉛銻(ti)合金好，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)阻小，輸出電(dian)(dian)流大(da)(da)；另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)是由于免維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用內(nei)連式連接(jie)，縮短了連線長度(du)，功率損失(shi)小，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。