蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為一種方(fang)便適(shi)用的(de)直流電(dian)源(yuan)廣泛用于(yu)發電(dian)廠，工礦企業(ye)變配電(dian)所和各類機動車。由于(yu)在鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)裝(zhuang)配過程(cheng)中涉及到(dao)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)中毒、易(yi)燃、易(yi)爆(bao)等(deng)危(wei)險(xian)特性，因(yin)而確保(bao)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產十分重(zhong)(zhong)要。目前，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)已被列(lie)入《危(wei)險(xian)化學品名錄》，我(wo)國也一直重(zhong)(zhong)視鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產，加(jia)強了(le)對蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產裝(zhuang)配的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)防范措(cuo)施，制定了(le)《鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)作業(ye)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)生(sheng)規程(cheng)》等(deng)規范標準。

廢電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)及(ji)其處理(li)已經成為(wei)(wei)目前(qian)社會最為(wei)(wei)關(guan)注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保焦點之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。國家環(huan)保總局科技標(biao)準(zhun)司(si)有關(guan)人(ren)士認為(wei)(wei)，隨著我國電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、生產量和(he)使用量的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)擴大，廢舊電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數量和(he)種(zhong)類也在(zai)不斷(duan)增加(jia)。廢舊電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)含有汞(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘(ge)、鎳等重金(jin)屬(shu)及(ji)酸、堿等電(dian)解質溶液，對(dui)人(ren)體及(ji)生態環(huan)境(jing)有不同程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)危害。據了(le)解，其中對(dui)人(ren)體健(jian)(jian)康和(he)生態環(huan)境(jing)危害較大、列入危險廢物(wu)(wu)控(kong)制名錄的(de)(de)(de)廢電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主(zhu)要有：含汞(gong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)要是氧化汞(gong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；含鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)要是鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。有關(guan)資料顯示，一(yi)(yi)(yi)節一(yi)(yi)(yi)號電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)爛在(zai)地里，能使1平方米的(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)永久失去利用價值(zhi)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)粒紐扣電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可使600噸水受(shou)到污(wu)染(ran)(ran)，相當(dang)于一(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)生的(de)(de)(de)飲水量。在(zai)對(dui)自(zi)然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)威脅(xie)最大的(de)(de)(de)幾種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)質中，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)里就(jiu)包含了(le)汞(gong)、鉛(qian)、鎘(ge)等多種(zhong)，若將(jiang)廢舊電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)混(hun)入生活(huo)垃圾一(yi)(yi)(yi)起填(tian)埋，或者隨手丟棄，滲出的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)及(ji)重金(jin)屬(shu)物(wu)(wu)質就(jiu)會滲透于土壤(rang)、污(wu)染(ran)(ran)地下水，進而進入魚類、農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)中，破壞(huai)人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)生存環(huan)境(jing)，間接威脅(xie)到人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)康。

人體一旦吸收(shou)這(zhe)些(xie)重金屬(shu)以后，會出現哪些(xie)病(bing)癥呢(ni)？據有關專家(jia)介紹，汞(gong)(gong)是一種(zhong)毒性(xing)很強(qiang)的(de)重金屬(shu)，對(dui)人體中(zhong)(zhong)樞(shu)神經的(de)破壞力很大(da)。目前我國(guo)(guo)生產(chan)的(de)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)堿性(xing)干電(dian)池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量達1％－5％，中(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)干電(dian)池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量為0．025％，我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)生產(chan)消耗的(de)汞(gong)(gong)每年就達幾十噸之多。鎘在(zai)人體內極(ji)易引起慢(man)性(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)毒，主要病(bing)癥是肺氣腫、骨質軟(ruan)化、貧(pin)血，很可能(neng)使人體癱瘓。而鉛進(jin)入(ru)人體后最難排泄(xie)，它干擾(rao)腎功能(neng)。

專家(jia)們認為，由于電池(chi)污(wu)染具有周(zhou)期長(chang)、隱蔽性大(da)等特點，其潛在危害相當(dang)(dang)嚴重，處理(li)不(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)還會造成(cheng)二次污(wu)染。據楊毅夫(fu)博士(shi)介紹，我(wo)國沿(yan)海某省的(de)一些農民在回收(shou)鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)中的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)時(shi)，因(yin)為回收(shou)處理(li)不(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)，把含有鉛(qian)(qian)和(he)硫酸的(de)廢液倒掉，不(bu)(bu)僅造成(cheng)了鉛(qian)(qian)中毒(du)，而且(qie)使當(dang)(dang)地農作(zuo)物(wu)無(wu)法生(sheng)長(chang)。如何及時(shi)安全地回收(shou)和(he)處理(li)廢電池(chi)，已日益突出地擺在人(ren)們面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中可(ke)能產生的(de)危險、危害(hai)主(zhu)要是中毒(du)、火災、爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，以及高溫灼燙、機械傷害(hai)、腐蝕傷害(hai)等。限于篇幅，僅對中毒(du)、火災和爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)3種(zhong)因素進行分析。

稱(cheng)片(pian)、包片(pian)區，存在(zai)(zai)著大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)鉛塵(chen)，屬(shu)于鉛的(de)(de)重(zhong)污染區，易發(fa)生慢(man)性鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)。鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)對人體的(de)(de)危害主要(yao)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)消(xiao)化系(xi)統和神經系(xi)統，在(zai)(zai)蓄(xu)電池廠工作的(de)(de)操作工患(huan)職(zhi)業性慢(man)性鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)的(de)(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)是，鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)不僅局限在(zai)(zai)蓄(xu)電池廠里的(de)(de)成年(nian)操作工鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)反(fan)應，甚至周邊許(xu)多兒童也出現了(le)鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)的(de)(de)反(fan)應。2004年(nian)6月，某(mou)縣曾經發(fa)生數百名鉛中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)事件。

引起這些(xie)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)事故的原因(yin)主要(yao)有廠區內缺乏(fa)必(bi)要(yao)的排風環(huan)保(bao)設(she)(she)備，有的廠家雖然(ran)有，但是工(gong)(gong)作期間不開啟(qi)，形同虛設(she)(she)，工(gong)(gong)人缺少必(bi)要(yao)的勞(lao)保(bao)用品以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)人的自我保(bao)護意識(shi)不強等。稱片、包片是引起鉛中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)的重點部位，必(bi)須有完善(shan)的防護措施和排風系(xi)統。

根(gen)據(ju)工(gong)藝要求，焊接區使用的(de)(de)乙(yi)炔、液化石油氣(qi)火(huo)災危(wei)險為甲類(lei)，氧氣(qi)火(huo)災危(wei)險為乙(yi)類(lei)。乙(yi)炔在空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆炸極(ji)限為2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引燃溫(wen)(wen)度(du)在305℃左右；液化石油在空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆炸極(ji)限為2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引燃熳(man)度(du)在426～537℃左右。因此，生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)最大危(wei)險因素是火(huo)災和(he)爆炸，如果在焊接極(ji)群和(he)極(ji)柱過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)操作不當(dang)，劇(ju)烈碰撞或離(li)明火(huo)過近，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)太高等(deng)都可能(neng)引起(qi)火(huo)災、爆炸。

根(gen)據(ju)鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作原理，鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)正極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物質是(shi)二氧化鉛(qian)，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物質是(shi)海(hai)綿鉛(qian)，電(dian)(dian)解液是(shi)稀硫(liu)酸溶液，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)量(liang)時(shi)，正極(ji)(ji)開始(shi)產生氧氣(qi)(qi)，當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)本完成(cheng)約90%時(shi)，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)開始(shi)產生氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)。氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)是(shi)易(yi)燃易(yi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的甲類(lei)物質，在空氣(qi)(qi)中的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限為4.1%～74.1%，引燃溫度在450℃左右，因此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)室(shi)(shi)內氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)濃度極(ji)(ji)易(yi)達到爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限，一遇火(huo)源就(jiu)會生產燃爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。例如，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)站鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)室(shi)(shi)發生燃爆(bao)(bao)(bao)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，造成(cheng)1名巡(xun)檢工死亡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備和蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)嚴(yan)重損壞。事(shi)(shi)故(gu)主要原因是(shi)該蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)通風設備失效，造成(cheng)室(shi)(shi)內氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)聚積，而巡(xun)檢工嚴(yan)重違章在巡(xun)檢時(shi)抽煙，明火(huo)引起燃爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通(tong)過(guo)上述分析可知(zhi)，蓄電池裝配過(guo)程(cheng)中存在的主要危害因(yin)素為中毒、火災、爆炸(zha)等(deng)。為確(que)保安全生產(chan)建議采取以下安全措施(shi)：

1．廠(chang)址選擇與周(zhou)圍居民及(ji)公共設(she)施保(bao)持必(bi)要的安全(quan)防(fang)護(hu)距離，同時必(bi)須滿足《建(jian)筑(zhu)設(she)計防(fang)火規范》，《鉛(qian)作業(ye)安全(quan)衛生(sheng)規程(cheng)》，《工業(ye)企業(ye)設(she)計衛生(sheng)標準》和《使(shi)用有毒物品作業(ye)場所勞(lao)動(dong)保(bao)護(hu)條例》的要求。

2．在作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)前盡可能先將(jiang)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)環境濕潤，防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)鉛(qian)塵(chen)飛揚；作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)時工(gong)人(ren)除(chu)穿戴相應的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服、防(fang)塵(chen)口(kou)罩外，必(bi)須(xu)使用(yong)能保(bao)證新鮮空氣供給(gei)的(de)通風設施(shi)；操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)臺上清出的(de)鉛(qian)粉塵(chen)，必(bi)須(xu)放置在專用(yong)容器內，不(bu)得(de)與其他垃圾等(deng)堆放在一起；作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)后(hou)，工(gong)人(ren)必(bi)須(xu)洗(xi)澡，并(bing)將(jiang)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服和(he)防(fang)塵(chen)口(kou)罩在廠內集中(zhong)洗(xi)滌；同時作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)場所所應禁止(zhi)(zhi)吸煙，飲食(shi)等(deng)；班中(zhong)喝(he)水前必(bi)須(xu)洗(xi)手，洗(xi)臉及漱口(kou)，嚴禁穿工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)服進食(shi)堂，出廠。

此外(wai)，為(wei)防(fang)止雜質侵入(ru)和(he)水分蒸發，采用了僅(jin)有極(ji)樁外(wai)露的全封閉式外(wai)殼。

為(wei)防(fang)止蓄(xu)電(dian)池損壞和(he)爆炸，在(zai)密封式殼體上設有排(pai)氣孔和(he)安全閥(fa)。安全閥(fa)中裝(zhuang)有催化劑，可使氫(qing)氣與氧(yang)氣合成為(wei)水蒸(zheng)氣，冷卻后再返回電(dian)解液(ye)內(nei)。

為有效(xiao)防止(zhi)外來火花(hua)(hua)造(zao)成危害(hai)，在(zai)其(qi)內部還裝有火花(hua)(hua)捕捉器(qi)。

免維護(hu)蓄電池的(de)工(gong)作原理與(yu)普通鉛(qian)蓄電池相同。放(fang)電時(shi)，正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)二氧(yang)化鉛(qian)和負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)海綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)與(yu)電解液(ye)內的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)反應生成(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)和水，硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)分別沉積在正、負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上，而水則留在電解液(ye)內；充電時(shi)，正、負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)又分別還(huan)原成(cheng)二氫化鉛(qian)和海綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)。

普(pu)通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池，在充(chong)電(dian)接(jie)近(jin)終了(le)(le)時(shi)，其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流除了(le)(le)用來使(shi)正(zheng)、負極板的(de)硫酸鉛還(huan)原成二氧化(hua)鉛和海綿狀(zhuang)鉛外(wai)，還(huan)有一部分(fen)(fen)電(dian)流被用在水的(de)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)上(shang)，致使(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)池內產生(sheng)根多(duo)氣(qi)泡。特別是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)終了(le)(le)時(shi)產生(sheng)和外(wai)逸的(de)氣(qi)泡就更多(duo)，從而造(zao)成電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內水分(fen)(fen)大(da)量(liang)散失(shi)。

免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，由于(yu)其(qi)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)含量比正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)多，因此，充(chong)足電(dian)時(shi)正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)全(quan)部轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)成了二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，而負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)仍有一部分硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)殘留。這樣，過充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流只在正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)用(yong)來產(chan)生(sheng)氧氣，而在負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)則被用(yong)于(yu)使多余的硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)轉變(bian)(bian)(bian)成海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。同時(shi)，在正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)所產(chan)生(sheng)的氧氣也不會外逸(yi)，而是迅速(su)與(yu)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的活(huo)性物質(海綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian))發生(sheng)反應生(sheng)成二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，再與(yu)電(dian)解液中的硫(liu)酸反應變(bian)(bian)(bian)成硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)和水。

由此可見，免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池在過充電(dian)(dian)時，其負(fu)(fu)極板上的硫(liu)酸鉛永(yong)遠不(bu)會消失(shi)，即(ji)負(fu)(fu)極板上不(bu)會產(chan)生氫氣。即(ji)從(cong)理論(lun)上講(jiang)，免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池即(ji)使在過充電(dian)(dian)時，其電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中(zhong)的水也(ye)不(bu)會散失(shi)。

3．車(che)(che)間(jian)內的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)不(bu)得隨意堆放(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)混放(fang)。雖然乙炔、液化(hua)石(shi)油(you)(you)氣(qi)(qi)及(ji)氧氣(qi)(qi)用(yong)最較少，但氣(qi)(qi)體鋼(gang)(gang)瓶(ping)仍需單獨存放(fang)。存放(fang)處(chu)應在(zai)生(sheng)產車(che)(che)間(jian)外(wai)(wai)墻(qiang)處(chu)用(yong)磚墻(qiang)和(he)(he)預制板砌兩間(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)石(shi)油(you)(you)液化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)中間(jian)倉庫，選用(yong)下(xia)端帶百(bai)頁窗的(de)(de)門，兩側墻(qiang)留通風(feng)口，并安裝鋼(gang)(gang)絲網(wang)，保持良(liang)好的(de)(de)通風(feng)。門開在(zai)車(che)(che)間(jian)外(wai)(wai)面，并在(zai)醒目位置貼上禁止明火和(he)(he)吸煙的(de)(de)標志(zhi)。根據《建筑設計防火規范(fan)》的(de)(de)規定，該存放(fang)處(chu)只能(neng)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)車(che)(che)間(jian)中間(jian)庫房，且乙炔的(de)(de)存放(fang)數(shu)量(liang)不(bu)應超過25m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下(xia))，。液化(hua)石(shi)油(you)(you)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)存放(fang)數(shu)量(liang)不(bu)應超過50m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下(xia))。氧氣(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)乙炔的(de)(de)保管和(he)(he)使(shi)用(yong)要(yao)設專人負責，嚴(yan)禁超壓使(shi)用(yong)和(he)(he)人為(wei)(wei)(wei)加熱氣(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)，嚴(yan)禁用(yong)帶油(you)(you)污(wu)的(de)(de)手套開啟(qi)氧氣(qi)(qi)瓶(ping)閥(fa)門；操作(zuo)(zuo)人員作(zuo)(zuo)業前必須先檢(jian)查軟管與焊接的(de)(de)連接處(chu)是(shi)(shi)否牢固，軟管是(shi)(shi)否有打結處(chu)。

4．充電(dian)(dian)區應(ying)(ying)保持(chi)良好(hao)的(de)通風，必要(yao)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)增加(jia)防爆型通風設(she)備，同時(shi)設(she)置(zhi)可燃氣(qi)體濃度檢漏報(bao)警裝置(zhi)，并(bing)達到(dao)《火災自動報(bao)警系統設(she)計(ji)規范》的(de)相關要(yao)求(qiu)。充電(dian)(dian)區不(bu)(bu)準使用不(bu)(bu)防爆的(de)電(dian)(dian)器設(she)備(如開關、插座(zuo)、熔斷及(ji)燈具等)，嚴禁在充電(dian)(dian)區吸煙(yan)，用明火照明或取暖(nuan)；不(bu)(bu)準在室(shi)內(nei)動火作(zuo)業(ye)。室(shi)內(nei)各電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路(lu)應(ying)(ying)穿(chuan)管敷設(she)，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)連接(jie)處應(ying)(ying)接(jie)觸良好(hao)、牢靠，不(bu)(bu)得松動，避免(mian)產生火花放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。不(bu)(bu)冷穿(chuan)化(hua)纖服裝進入(ru)充電(dian)(dian)區，以免(mian)摩擦產生放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正(zheng)常情況下的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命是以(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放電(dian)(dian)次數量(liang)來決定。并不(bu)以(yi)使(shi)用時(shi)(shi)間(jian)來計量(liang)。過(guo)充、小電(dian)(dian)流長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)放電(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)處(chu)于(yu)充電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足狀(zhuang)態均可(ke)訊速導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失效(xiao)。隨著電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放次數量(liang)的增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)逐漸老化，低于(yu)標稱容量(liang)的80%時(shi)(shi)即(ji)認為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命終止(zhi)。目前金麗溫高速公路電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的主要失效(xiao)原因有以(yi)下幾個方面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥(fa)控(kong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)對溫度頗為(wei)敏感(gan)，環境(jing)溫度的變化對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的運行壽命、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量、浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都有(you)影響。持(chi)續過高的環境(jing)溫度，會造成浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加大，內部熱量增加，失水過快，最終(zhong)導致熱失控(kong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)損壞；過低(di)的溫度則會降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量。

溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)與電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命的影響，由于(yu)閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池本身(shen)散熱條件比(bi)較差，熱量積累(lei)的增加引起(qi)惡性循環(huan)(huan)(huan)易造成熱失控。當(dang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)超(chao)過25度(du)(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)每(mei)升高10度(du)(du)，使用壽(shou)命減(jian)少一半，所以當(dang)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)在非25度(du)(du)時，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)升高一度(du)(du)，浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)降(jiang)3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止過充(chong)。反之溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)降(jiang)低(di)時低(di)于(yu)25度(du)(du)時，每(mei)低(di)一度(du)(du)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)增3MV/每(mei)只，防(fang)止出現虧電(dian)(dian)現象。

譬如，電池(chi)在35度(du)下(xia)長期(qi)運(yun)行，如在25度(du)下(xia)電池(chi)設計壽命(ming)為(wei)8年(電池(chi)普(pu)遍設計)，實(shi)際壽命(ming)則(ze)只有5年，若長期(qi)在15度(du)下(xia)運(yun)行，電池(chi)壽命(ming)則(ze)有20年。不難(nan)看出，金(jin)麗(li)溫高速高路麗(li)青(qing)段電池(chi)過(guo)早失效(xiao)不得不說溫度(du)才是電池(chi)的第一殺手(shou)。因為(wei)以(yi)麗(li)青(qing)段而言，配電房(fang)基(ji)本無空調配置。夏天溫度(du)均在40度(du)以(yi)上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害(hai)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)小，過飽和(he)度降(jiang)低，生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)核越(yue)少。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)淀(dian)(dian)速(su)度就越(yue)慢。生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)核少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛量(liang)(liang)是相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。則(ze)生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒(li)就大(da)一(yi)些，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)沉(chen)淀(dian)(dian)速(su)度越(yue)慢，生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體就越(yue)完善，從(cong)而(er)(er)更難以充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，這些顆粒(li)同(tong)(tong)樣(yang)(yang)會造成極板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堵(du)(du)塞。這樣(yang)(yang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很難還原(yuan)成海綿狀純鉛，從(cong)而(er)(er)影(ying)響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)害(hai)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。因(yin)(yin)為(wei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)固液交(jiao)界處形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛的(de)(de)(de)(de)過飽和(he)度大(da)，從(cong)而(er)(er)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)鉛晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體沉(chen)淀(dian)(dian)，一(yi)方面，堵(du)(du)塞極板(ban)(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)，一(yi)方面也(ye)堵(du)(du)塞隔板(ban)(ban)微(wei)(wei)孔(kong)。更容(rong)(rong)易生(sheng)成枝晶(jing)(jing)(jing)。還使(shi)許多(duo)(duo)微(wei)(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)脫落(luo)。從(cong)而(er)(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池造成傷害(hai)。還有，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)由于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度慢，只能到達淺層而(er)(er)使(shi)更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)阿(a)爾法二氧化鉛放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化。從(cong)而(er)(er)使(shi)極板(ban)(ban)易與軟(ruan)化。大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)不能全部(bu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出，如獲使(shi)用1小時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)僅(jin)為(wei)額定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)半小時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則(ze)為(wei)35%。小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)用價20小時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則(ze)可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出額定容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計(ji)算蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量是以(yi)某只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最(zui)先達(da)到終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)止的容(rong)(rong)量，若是UPS蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組中出現落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池則(ze)會影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的容(rong)(rong)量。以(yi)-48V系統(tong)(tong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例(li)，系統(tong)(tong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8V/只(zhi)，(即43.2V)以(yi)10小(xiao)時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的話從48至43.2用時(shi)10小(xiao)時(shi)，一旦(dan)出現落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池則(ze)系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)48-2V=46V系統(tong)(tong)46V到43.2V放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)將大大下降。因些這些落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就(jiu)應該及時(shi)剔(ti)除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部門經驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池個數(shu)少(shao)于3只(zhi)時(shi)單個更換(huan)，落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池大于3時(shi)則(ze)整體更換(huan)。落(luo)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的發(fa)現就(jiu)須我們在日常維護中通過容(rong)(rong)量測試或(huo)日常維護中的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測量中發(fa)現。但目前金麗溫高速此項工作基本為(wei)(wei)(wei)空(kong)白。

額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)：在(zai)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)工作(zuo)條(tiao)件下，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池能(neng)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)最(zui)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱為(wei)額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)。VRLA蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)規定(ding)(ding)工作(zuo)條(tiao)件為(wei)：在(zai)10小時放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫度為(wei)25度，放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際(ji)容量(liang)：在(zai)特(te)點的(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度和(he)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)條(tiao)件下，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱為(wei)實(shi)際(ji)容量(liang)。影響實(shi)際(ji)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出容量(liang)的(de)主要(yao)因素(su)有：放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)溫度。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所(suo)謂(wei)免維護(hu)蓄電池(chi)，是指在規定(ding)的使用(yong)條(tiao)件下，使用(yong)期間不需要進行維護(hu)的蓄電池(chi)。對于(yu)車用(yong)鉛蓄電池(chi)來講，也就(jiu)是使用(yong)期間不需經常添加蒸餾水的蓄電池(chi)。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)提高鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)，隨著其使(shi)性(xing)(xing)能，免維護(hu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)板柵架一般采用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)或(huo)低銻合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)作，而(er)負(fu)極(ji)柵架均用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)制(zhi)作。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)減小(xiao)極(ji)板短(duan)路和(he)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質脫(tuo)落，其隔板大(da)多采用(yong)(yong)超(chao)細玻(bo)璃(li)纖維棉制(zhi)作，或(huo)將其正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)板裝(zhuang)在(zai)袋式隔板內(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)防止氧氣(qi)、氫(qing)氣(qi)垂(chui)直上(shang)溢，減小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)分(fen)損失和(he)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質脫(tuo)落，極(ji)板組多采用(yong)(yong)緊湊結構。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)縮短(duan)聯接(jie)條的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)，減小(xiao)內(nei)阻，提高蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，各單(dan)格極(ji)板組之間采用(yong)(yong)內(nei)連式接(jie)法，露(lu)在(zai)密(mi)(mi)封式殼體(ti)外面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)只有正(zheng)(zheng)、負(fu)極(ji)樁。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)更有效地避免水(shui)(shui)分(fen)損失，在(zai)殼體(ti)上(shang)部設(she)有收集水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)和(he)硫酸(suan)蒸氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集氣(qi)室，待其冷(leng)卻后變成液體(ti)重新流回電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液內(nei)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)便(bian)于檢查電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)，了(le)(le)(le)解(jie)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)情況，在(zai)其內(nei)部設(she)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)補償式密(mi)(mi)度(du)計(ji)。密(mi)(mi)度(du)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色指(zhi)示(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)情況和(he)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液液面高低。電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)正(zheng)(zheng)常時，指(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)綠色，表(biao)示(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)足(zu)；指(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)黑(hei)色，表(biao)示(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液密(mi)(mi)度(du)低于標準值，應進行(xing)補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯(xian)示(shi)黃(huang)色，表(biao)示(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液液面過低，需添加(jia)蒸餾(liu)水(shui)(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如(ru)上(shang)所述，免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)池與普通鉛蓄電(dian)池的(de)最大區別是極(ji)板材料不(bu)(bu)同。由于(yu)采用鉛鈣合金制作(zuo)柵(zha)架(jia)，消除(chu)了(le)鉛銻合金柵(zha)架(jia)的(de)一(yi)些弱(ruo)點(dian)(如(ru)水分(fen)蒸發、過量充電(dian)、熱破(po)壞和(he)自(zi)行放電(dian))，因此，不(bu)(bu)僅使其使用性能(neng)得(de)到改善(shan)，而且(qie)還延長了(le)其使用壽(shou)命和(he)儲存壽(shou)命。

免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池失(shi)水(shui)量少，一(yi)般僅為普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的1／10左(zuo)右，使用(yong)中一(yi)般不(bu)需添加(jia)蒸餾水(shui)。這一(yi)方面是由(you)于鉛(qian)鈣合金的析氫(qing)過電(dian)(dian)位比鉛(qian)銻合金高，充電(dian)(dian)時析氫(qing)量少，從而水(shui)分(fen)(fen)逸(yi)出量大大降低；另一(yi)方面是由(you)于免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池設有集(ji)氣室，可使收集(ji)到的水(shui)蒸氣冷(leng)卻后重新返回電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液內，避免(mian)了水(shui)分(fen)(fen)散失(shi)。因此，使用(yong)中免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池不(bu)需要添加(jia)蒸餾水(shui)。

普通鉛蓄電池的柵(zha)(zha)架，一般用鉛銻合金(jin)(jin)制作，且含銻量(liang)較高。充電時，正極(ji)(ji)柵(zha)(zha)架上(shang)的銻被(bei)逐漸溶(rong)解到電解液中，并(bing)不(bu)斷(duan)地在(zai)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)表面(mian)上(shang)沉積，與(yu)負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的活性物(wu)質形(xing)(xing)成微電池，使(shi)其自行放(fang)電量(liang)增大。免維(wei)護蓄電池的柵(zha)(zha)架采用的是鉛鈣合金(jin)(jin)，其特(te)點是晶(jing)粒較細，耐(nai)腐蝕，不(bu)易形(xing)(xing)成微電池，自行放(fang)電量(liang)小。

普(pu)通鉛蓄電池，其內(nei)部(bu)經常有硫酸(suan)氣(qi)體逸出，并聚(ju)集在(zai)(zai)蓄電池的頂蓋部(bu)位。這些硫酸(suan)氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)金屬接頭處凝結，形成(cheng)短路通道(dao)，產生短路電流(liu)，并對極(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)(he)連接件造成(cheng)腐蝕。嚴重(zhong)時，甚至影響到(dao)蓄電池功率輸出。由于維(wei)護蓄電池設有集氣(qi)室和(he)(he)新(xin)型(xing)的通氣(qi)裝置，不(bu)僅可避(bi)免水分散失，而(er)且可有效地(di)防(fang)止酸(suan)氣(qi)外逸，從而(er)大大降臨了(le)酸(suan)氣(qi)對極(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)連接件的腐蝕。

免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)比(bi)(bi)普通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大，起動性能好(hao)。這一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由(you)于鉛(qian)鈣合(he)(he)金的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能比(bi)(bi)鉛(qian)銻合(he)(he)金好(hao)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)阻小，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大；另一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)由(you)于免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)采用內(nei)連式連接，縮短了連線長度，功率損失小，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。