純電動汽車的發展現狀面臨問題與核心技術

目前人們所說的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車多(duo)是(shi)指純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車，即是(shi)一種采用(yong)(yong)單一蓄電(dian)池(chi)作為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)源(yuan)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車。它利用(yong)(yong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)作為儲能(neng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)源(yuan)，通過(guo)電(dian)池(chi)向電(dian)機(ji)提供(gong)電(dian)能(neng)，驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)運轉，從(cong)而(er)推動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車前進。從(cong)外形上看，電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車與日(ri)常(chang)見到的(de)汽(qi)(qi)車并沒有(you)什么區別，區別主要在于(yu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)源(yuan)及其(qi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)。即純電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)相當于(yu)傳統(tong)汽(qi)(qi)車的(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)，蓄電(dian)池(chi)相當于(yu)原來的(de)油(you)箱。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車是(shi)(shi)針(zhen)對內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)車輛提出(chu)來的(de)概念。謂之(zhi)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動”，是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)它的(de)能(neng)(neng)源是(shi)(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池而(er)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)汽(qi)油(you)（或柴油(you)）等石油(you)產品。純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)以車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源為(wei)動力，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 機(ji)驅動車輪行駛，符合道路(lu)交通、安全法規各項要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)車輛。一(yi)般采用高效率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，或燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)動力源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車無需再用內燃(ran)(ran)機(ji)，因此，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)相(xiang)當于傳統汽(qi)車的(de)發(fa)動機(ji)，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相(xiang)當于原來的(de)油(you)箱，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)二次(ci)能(neng)(neng)源，可以來源于風能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、熱能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)等多種方式。

純電動汽車-結構

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)由(you)(you)底盤、車(che)身、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、控(kong)制器(qi)和輔助(zhu)設施蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池六部分組(zu)成。由(you)(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)具有良好的(de)牽(qian)引(yin)特性(xing)，因此蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池汽車(che)的(de)傳(chuan)動(dong)系統不需(xu)要(yao)離合器(qi)和變速器(qi)。車(che)速控(kong)制由(you)(you)控(kong)制器(qi)通(tong)過調速系統改變電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)速即可實現。

純電動汽車-原理

純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，顧名思義，是由(you)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量使電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輪(lun)前進；燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)區(qu)別于純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，由(you)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)不斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)電(dian)能(neng)，并儲存在蓄電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)，依(yi)然由(you)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)輪(lun)。混合動(dong)(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)是為解決純(chun)(chun)(chun)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)續(xu)駛里(li)程短(duan)而提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種折中(zhong)方案。它(ta)既有(you)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)，又有(you)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，可單獨(du)由(you)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)或發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)參與電(dian)機(ji)(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性增加(jia)，但(dan)是改(gai)善(shan)了(le)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作狀況而具有(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)油(you)利用率，通常也把它(ta)歸入電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。

純電動汽車-分類

就(jiu)開發的電動(dong)汽車來講，可(ke)分三類(lei)：純電動(dong)汽車（Pure EV）、混合動(dong)力電動(dong)汽車（Hybrid Electric Vehicle：HEV）和燃料(liao)電池汽車（Fuel Cell Vehicle：FCV）。

純電動汽車-優點

電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)(de)優點是(shi)：它(ta)本身不排(pai)(pai)放(fang)污染(ran)大(da)(da)氣的(de)(de)(de)有(you)害氣體，即使(shi)按所耗電(dian)量 換算為發電(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)，除硫和微粒(li)外(wai)，其它(ta)污染(ran)物也顯著(zhu)減少(shao)，由于電(dian)廠(chang)大(da)(da)多建于遠離人口密(mi)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)城市(shi)，對人類傷害較(jiao)少(shao)，而(er)且(qie)電(dian)廠(chang)是(shi)固(gu)定(ding)不動的(de)(de)(de)，集(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)，清除各種有(you)害排(pai)(pai)放(fang)物較(jiao)容易，也已有(you)了相關技術(shu)。由于電(dian)力(li)可以從多種一(yi)次(ci)能源(yuan)獲(huo)得，如(ru)煤、核能、水力(li)等，解除人們對石油資源(yuan)日見枯(ku)竭(jie)的(de)(de)(de)擔心。電(dian)動汽車(che)還可以充分利用晚(wan)間用電(dian)低谷(gu)時富(fu)余的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)充電(dian)，使(shi)發電(dian)設(she)備日夜都(dou)能充分利用，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高其經濟效益。

有(you)些研究(jiu)表明，同樣(yang)的(de)原油經過粗煉，送至電(dian)廠發電(dian)，經充入電(dian)池，再由(you)電(dian)池驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)，其能量利用效率比經過精煉變為(wei)汽(qi)油，再經汽(qi)油機驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)高，因(yin)此有(you)利于(yu)節約能源(yuan)和(he)減少(shao)二(er)氧化(hua)碳的(de)排量，正是(shi)這些優(you)點(dian)，使電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)研究(jiu)和(he)應用成為(wei)汽(qi)車(che)(che)工業的(de)一個"熱點(dian)"。

純電動汽車-應用

純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)是(shi)完全由二(er)次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池( 如鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)) 提供動(dong)(dong)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。目前純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)均已(yi)通(tong)過(guo)國家(jia)(jia)質檢中心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)式認(ren)證試驗(yan), 各(ge)項(xiang)指標(biao)均滿足有(you)(you)關(guan)國家(jia)(jia)標(biao)準和(he)(he)企(qi)業標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定。天津(jin)清源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)限公司(si)、深圳雷(lei)天公司(si)等(deng)單位研發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)轎(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che), 其整車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力性(xing)、經濟性(xing)、續(xu)駛里程、噪(zao)聲(sheng)等(deng)指標(biao)已(yi)達到甚至超過(guo)國外(wai)同(tong)級別車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)型(xing), 初步形成了關(guan)鍵技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研發(fa)能力。目前, 進行(xing)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城市有(you)(you)若干個, 但是(shi)規模都比較小(xiao)。2005 年(nian)1 月, 天津(jin)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)22 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)1 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)示(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)通(tong)過(guo)了國家(jia)(jia)驗(yan)收。同(tong)年(nian)12 月, 武漢(han)市進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)95 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)小(xiao)型(xing)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)( 另有(you)(you)20 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)力公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)3 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)混合動(dong)(dong)力轎(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)) 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3 年(nian)示(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)也通(tong)過(guo)了國家(jia)(jia)驗(yan)收。因為(wei)純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)受到續(xu)駛能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)束, 純(chun)(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)試驗(yan)主要集中在小(xiao)型(xing)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上。根據“中國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)網”報道, 2006 年(nian)1 月, 湖南省株洲市有(you)(you)50 臺小(xiao)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)進行(xing)社區(qu)內運(yun)(yun)行(xing), 該市有(you)(you)若干輛(liang)(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)也在運(yun)(yun)行(xing)中。同(tong)年(nian)4 月, 浙江省杭州(zhou)市啟動(dong)(dong)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)示(shi)(shi)范項(xiang)目, 6 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)轎(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)5 輛(liang)(liang)(liang)公共(gong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在市內進行(xing)示(shi)(shi)范運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。

純電動汽車-面臨的問題

動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)困難是(shi)目(mu)前蓄電(dian)池單位(wei)重(zhong)量儲存的(de)能量太(tai)少，還因電(dian)動車(che)的(de)電(dian)池較貴，又沒形成經濟規模(mo)，故購買價格較貴，至于使用(yong)成本，有(you)些試(shi)用(yong)結(jie)果比汽(qi)車(che)貴，有(you)些結(jie)果僅為汽(qi)車(che)的(de)1／3，這主要取決于電(dian)池的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)及(ji)當地的(de)油、電(dian)價格。

純電動汽車-現狀

1、發達國家與主要汽車集團的電動汽車現狀

國外著名汽車(che)公司都十分重(zhong)視研究開發(fa)(fa)電動汽車(che), 世(shi)界發(fa)(fa)達國家(jia)不惜(xi)投(tou)入巨(ju)資進行研究開發(fa)(fa), 并制定了(le)一些相(xiang)關的政(zheng)策(ce)、法規來推(tui)動電動汽車(che)的發(fa)(fa)展。

美國目前正在(zai)大力研(yan)制和(he)推廣使用燃(ran)料(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)和(he)純電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che), 政府(fu)能源(yuan)部與通用、福(fu)特和(he)戴- 克三大汽車(che)(che)制造商聯合開發(fa)燃(ran)料(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)。現在(zai), 美國已有7 個州(zhou)加(jia)入(ru)了零排放(fang)計劃, 到規定年限(xian)后這些地區銷售(shou)的(de)汽車(che)(che)必須為(wei)零排放(fang), 即只能為(wei)純電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)和(he)燃(ran)料(liao)電池電動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)。

以(yi)美(mei)國藍鳥客(ke)車公(gong)司(si)、英(ying)國的(de)(de)FRZAERNASH公(gong)司(si)、日(ri)本豐田、日(ri)本本田為代表的(de)(de)電動客(ke)車和轎車已(yi)經上市, 英(ying)國已(yi)有數萬輛(liang)電動汽車在(zai)使(shi)用(yong);

法(fa)國(guo)是(shi)世界上推(tui)(tui)廣應(ying)用(yong)純電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)最成功的(de)國(guo)家(jia)之一(yi), 成立了(le)(le)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)推(tui)(tui)廣應(ying)用(yong)國(guo)家(jia)部(bu)際協調委員會,巴黎和拉羅舍爾已(yi)經(jing)建立了(le)(le)比(bi)較完善(shan)的(de)純電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)充電站網基礎設施(shi), 制定了(le)(le)優惠的(de)支(zhi)持(chi)和激(ji)勵(li)使用(yong)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)政策, 且已(yi)經(jing)初步形成了(le)(le)純電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)運(yun)行體系。

在近年(nian)的(de)國際性大型(xing)運動會上, 電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)也成為各國展示其科技實力和環(huan)保意識的(de)工(gong)具之一。亞特蘭大奧(ao)運會使用了(le)美國藍鳥客車(che)(che)公司(si)生產的(de)純電(dian)動客車(che)(che)作為公務和電(dian)視轉播車(che)(che), 悉尼奧(ao)運會購(gou)買了(le)英國FRAZER- NASH 公司(si)的(de)近400 輛電(dian)動客車(che)(che)作為運動員接(jie)送車(che)(che)輛。混合(he)動力電(dian)動汽車(che)(che)領域,

本(ben)豐(feng)田公司(si)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)Prius 和(he)本(ben)田公司(si)開(kai)發(fa)的(de)Insight2 種混合動(dong)力電動(dong)汽(qi)車已開(kai)始(shi)批(pi)量投放市(shi)場。豐(feng)田公司(si)的(de)Prius 銷售已在(zai)(zai)2006 年(nian)(nian)(nian)累計(ji)突破150 萬(wan)輛, 并(bing)于2005 年(nian)(nian)(nian)底在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)(guo)長春一汽(qi)進行了(le)組(zu)裝生產和(he)銷售。日產公司(si)也于2003 年(nian)(nian)(nian)推出Tino 混合動(dong)力汽(qi)車, 在(zai)(zai)日本(ben)國(guo)(guo)內市(shi)場上銷售了(le)100 多(duo)輛。

歐(ou)洲各(ge)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)廠商(shang)(shang)爭先恐后地(di)推出了本公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)研(yan)制的(de)(de)(de)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che), 甚至德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)博(bo)世(BOSCH) 等(deng)(deng)著名的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)部件公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)也(ye)積極與(yu)大(da)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)聯(lian)手開(kai)(kai)發(fa)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)技術(shu)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)近(jin)20 個城市試驗使用(yong)(yong)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)交車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che),瑞典、法國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、意(yi)大(da)利(li)、比利(li)時等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)計劃(hua)在(zai)9 個歐(ou)洲城市開(kai)(kai)通(tong)混合(he)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)共汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)線路。燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)斬露頭角, 國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)企業界紛紛組成強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)跨國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng), 以(yi)期(qi)達到優(you)勢互(hu)補的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。如(ru)日(ri)本豐田與(yu)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 日(ri)本東芝公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)BMW公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)西門子(zi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si), 雷諾(nuo)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與(yu)意(yi)大(da)利(li)De Nora 公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)分別組成聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che); 本也(ye)已投資數億美元(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。其中(zhong)(zhong), 以(yi)加拿(na)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)巴拉德(de)、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)福特、德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)戴姆勒- 克萊斯勒聯(lian)(XCELLSIS)最具(ju)代(dai)表性(xing), 該聯(lian)盟(meng)(meng)投資10億加元(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)生產電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)用(yong)(yong)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)系(xi)統。在(zai)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)發(fa)熱潮(chao)中(zhong)(zhong), 幾乎所有(you)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)大(da)型企業集團全部介(jie)入, 投入的(de)(de)(de)總額超過百(bai)億美元(yuan)(yuan)。但是(shi), 由(you)于燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)成本和(he)壽(shou)命問題, 使得這(zhe)一項目(mu)目(mu)前(qian)進展(zhan)緩(huan)慢。在(zai)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)示(shi)范運行(xing)方面, 世界各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)都不約而同地(di)把(ba)注意(yi)力(li)(li)集中(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)大(da)客車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)上(shang), 如(ru)歐(ou)盟(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)CUTE 示(shi)范項目(mu)、UNDP/GEF 燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池商(shang)(shang)業化示(shi)范項目(mu)、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)加州的(de)(de)(de)CAHFC 示(shi)范項目(mu)和(he)日(ri)本的(de)(de)(de)JHFC計劃(hua)等(deng)(deng)。與(yu)此同時, 部分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)政府(fu)為促進電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan), 通(tong)過財稅(shui)手段(duan)調整汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)結構。像美、日(ri)等(deng)(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府(fu)對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)產品給予(yu)10%的(de)(de)(de)鼓勵(li)性(xing)補貼, 荷蘭政府(fu)的(de)(de)(de)補貼更是(shi)高達30%。并對(dui)傳統汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)開(kai)(kai)征燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)稅(shui), 如(ru)歐(ou)洲部分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)稅(shui)高達200~300%,最低的(de)(de)(de)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)有(you)34%。

2、中國電動汽車現狀

中國電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)雖然沒(mei)有歐美等國家(jia)起步(bu)早, 但國家(jia)從維護能源安全, 改善大(da)氣(qi)環境, 提(ti)高汽(qi)(qi)車(che)工(gong)業(ye)競爭力(li), 實現(xian)我國汽(qi)(qi)車(che)工(gong)業(ye)的跨越(yue)式發(fa)展的戰略(lve)高度考慮, 從“八五”開始到現(xian)在, 電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)研(yan)(yan)究一直是(shi)國家(jia)計(ji)劃(hua)項目, 并在2001 年設立了“電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)重大(da)科(ke)技專(zhuan)(zhuan)項”。通(tong)過(guo)(guo)組織企業(ye)、高等院校(xiao)和科(ke)研(yan)(yan)機構, 集中各方(fang)面(mian)力(li)量(liang)進行(xing)聯合攻關, 現(xian)正處于研(yan)(yan)發(fa)勢頭強勁階段, 部分技術已(yi)(yi)(yi)經趕上(shang)甚至超(chao)過(guo)(guo)世界先進水平。“電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)重大(da)科(ke)技專(zhuan)(zhuan)項”實施以來, 已(yi)(yi)(yi)成功開發(fa)出燃料(liao)電池汽(qi)(qi)車(che)樣(yang)車(che), 累(lei)計(ji)運行(xing)數千公(gong)(gong)里(li); 混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)客車(che)已(yi)(yi)(yi)在武漢等地公(gong)(gong)交線路(lu)上(shang)試驗運行(xing)超(chao)過(guo)(guo)百(bai)萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)里(li); 純電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)已(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)國家(jia)有關認證試驗。

純電動汽車-發展

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)(yao)關鍵，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)難在(zai) “低(di)(di)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”、“高容量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”及(ji)“高安全要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)”等(deng)三個要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)上。要(yao)(yao)想在(zai)較(jiao)大范圍內(nei)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，要(yao)(yao)依(yi)靠先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)經過10多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篩選，現在(zai)普(pu)遍看好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子和鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。氫鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)位重量儲存能(neng)量比鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)多一倍(bei)，其(qi)(qi)它(ta)(ta)性能(neng)也都優于鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。但目(mu)前(qian)價格為(wei)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)4-5倍(bei)，正(zheng)在(zai)大力(li)攻關讓它(ta)(ta)降(jiang)下來。鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)、價格低(di)(di)廉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵元素(su)材料(liao)，成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)得到大幅度(du)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，也有(you)(you)(you)(you)廠(chang)家采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。鋰(li)(li)(li)是(shi)最輕(qing)、化(hua)學(xue)特性十分活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)位重量儲能(neng)為(wei)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)3倍(bei)，鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)為(wei)4倍(bei)，而且(qie)鋰(li)(li)(li)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)較(jiao)豐富(fu)，價格也不很(hen)(hen)貴，是(shi)很(hen)(hen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)希望(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。中國(guo)在(zai)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產業化(hua)開(kai)發方(fang)面均取得了快速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)其(qi)(qi)他有(you)(you)(you)(you)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)，近年都有(you)(you)(you)(you)巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步，如：交流(liu)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)控制，稀土永磁無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)控制，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和整車(che)(che)能(neng)量管理系統，智能(neng)及(ji)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術(shu)，低(di)(di)阻(zu)力(li)輪胎，輕(qing)量和低(di)(di)風阻(zu)車(che)(che)身，制動(dong)能(neng)量回(hui)收等(deng)等(deng)，這(zhe)些技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)步使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)日見完善和走向實用(yong)(yong)(yong)化(hua)。我國(guo)大城市的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大氣污染已(yi)不能(neng)忽視(shi)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)排放是(shi)主要(yao)(yao)污染源(yuan)之一，中國(guo)已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)10個城市被列(lie)入全球大氣污染最嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20個城市之中。中國(guo)現今人(ren)(ren)均汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)是(shi)每1000人(ren)(ren)平均10輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，但石(shi)油資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)不足，每年已(yi)進(jin)口(kou)幾千萬(wan)噸(dun)石(shi)油，隨著經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，假如中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)均汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)持有(you)(you)(you)(you)量達到現在(zai)全球水(shui)平---每1000人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)110輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)，中國(guo)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)持有(you)(you)(you)(you)量將成(cheng)10倍(bei)地增(zeng)加，石(shi)油進(jin)口(kou)就成(cheng)為(wei)大問題。因此在(zai)中國(guo)研究發展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)不是(shi)一個臨時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短期措施(shi)，而是(shi)意義(yi)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、長遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)略考慮。

經歷(li)了長期發展，純(chun)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)技術逐步成熟，并在(zai)(zai)美、日、歐等國(guo)家得到商業化的(de)推(tui)廣應用。目前世界上有近(jin)4萬輛(liang)純(chun)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)運行，其中法國(guo)8000輛(liang)，美國(guo)7000輛(liang)，在(zai)(zai)日本7400輛(liang)。主要用在(zai)(zai)公共運輸系統。

純電動汽車-核心技術

發展電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車必須解決(jue)好4個方面(mian)的關鍵技(ji)術：電(dian)(dian)池技(ji)術、電(dian)(dian)機驅動(dong)及(ji)其(qi)控制技(ji)術、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車整(zheng)車技(ji)術以及(ji)能量管理(li)技(ji)術。

1、電池技術

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的動(dong)力源泉，也(ye)是一直制約(yue)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)發(fa)展的關鍵因素。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)用電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的主(zhu)要(yao)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)指標是比(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(E)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)量密(mi)度(Ed)、比(bi)功(gong)率(P)、循(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)(L)和(he)成本(C)等。要(yao)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與燃油汽(qi)車(che)相競爭，關鍵就是要(yao)開(kai)發(fa)出比(bi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量高(gao)、比(bi)功(gong)率大(da)、使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)長的高(gao)效電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

到目前(qian)為(wei)止(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過(guo)了3代(dai)的(de)(de)發展，已取得(de)了突破(po)性(xing)的(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)展。第1代(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，目前(qian)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)(shi)閥控鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(VRLA)，由于其比能(neng)(neng)量較高(gao)、價格(ge)低和能(neng)(neng)高(gao)倍(bei)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此是(shi)(shi)(shi)目前(qian)惟一能(neng)(neng)大(da)(da)批量生(sheng)產的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。第2代(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主(zhu)要有(you)鎳鎘(NJ-Cd)、鎳氫(Ni-MH)、鈉硫(Na/S)、鋰離子(Li-ion)和鋅(xin)空氣(Zn/Air)等多種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其比能(neng)(neng)量和比功(gong)率都(dou)比鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)，因(yin)此大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提高(gao)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和續駛里程(cheng)，但其價格(ge)卻比鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)。第3代(dai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)直接將燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)轉變為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，能(neng)(neng)量轉變效率高(gao)，比能(neng)(neng)量和比功(gong)率都(dou)高(gao)，并且可以(yi)(yi)控制反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)，能(neng)(neng)量轉化(hua)過(guo)程(cheng)可以(yi)(yi)連續進(jin)(jin)行，因(yin)此是(shi)(shi)(shi)理想的(de)(de)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但目前(qian)還處于研制階段(duan)，一些關鍵技術還有(you)待突破(po)問。

2、 電力驅動及其控制技術

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)與驅動(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)是電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)關鍵部件，要使(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車有(you)(you)(you)良好的(de)使(shi)用性(xing)能，驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應具有(you)(you)(you)調速(su)范圍寬(kuan)、轉速(su)高(gao)、啟動(dong)(dong)轉矩大、體積小、質量(liang)小、效率高(gao)且有(you)(you)(you)動(dong)(dong)態(tai)制動(dong)(dong)強和能量(liang)回饋等特性(xing)。目(mu)前，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車用電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)主要有(you)(you)(you)直流電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(DCM)、感應電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(IM)、永磁無刷電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(PMBLM)和開關磁阻(zu)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(SRM)4類。

近幾年來，由(you)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車幾乎都采用(yong)(yong)矢量控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和直接轉矩控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。由(you)于(yu)直接轉矩的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)手(shou)段直接、結構簡單、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)性能(neng)優(you)良和動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態(tai)響應迅速，因此(ci)非常適合電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。美(mei)國以(yi)及歐洲(zhou)研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車多采用(yong)(yong)這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永磁(ci)無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)分(fen)為由(you)方波驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(BLDCM)和由(you)正弦(xian)波驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)無(wu)刷直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(PMSM)，它們(men)都具有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)功率密(mi)度，其(qi)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方式與感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)基本相同，因此(ci)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車上得到了廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。PMSM類電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)具有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)量密(mi)度和效率，其(qi)體積(ji)小、慣性低、響應快，非常適應于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，有(you)極好的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)前景。目前，由(you)日本研(yan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車主要(yao)采用(yong)(yong)這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

開關磁阻電(dian)動機(SRM)具有簡單可靠、可在(zai)較寬(kuan)轉(zhuan)速和(he)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)范圍內高效(xiao)運行(xing)、控(kong)制(zhi)靈活、可四(si)象限(xian)運行(xing)、響應速度快和(he)成本較低等優點(dian)。實際應用發(fa)現SRM存在(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)波動大、噪聲大、需要位置檢(jian)測器等缺點(dian)，應用受到(dao)了(le)限(xian)制(zhi)。

隨著電動(dong)(dong)機及(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)的(de)發展，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)趨于(yu)智(zhi)能化和數(shu)字化。變結(jie)(jie)構控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、模(mo)糊控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、神經網絡、自適應(ying)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、專家控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、遺傳算法等非(fei)線性智(zhi)能控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技術，都將各自或結(jie)(jie)合(he)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)電動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)電動(dong)(dong)機控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)。

3、 電動汽車整車技術

電(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)是高(gao)(gao)(gao)科技(ji)綜合性產品(pin)，除電(dian)池、電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機外，車(che)體本身也包含很多(duo)高(gao)(gao)(gao)新技(ji)術，有些(xie)節能(neng)措(cuo)施比提高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)池儲能(neng)能(neng)力還易(yi)于實(shi)現。采用輕(qing)質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)如(ru)鎂、鋁、優質(zhi)(zhi)鋼材(cai)(cai)及復(fu)合材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，優化結構，可使(shi)(shi)汽(qi)車(che)自身質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)減(jian)輕(qing)30%-50%；實(shi)現制動(dong)(dong)、下(xia)坡和怠速時的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)回收；采用高(gao)(gao)(gao)彈滯材(cai)(cai)料(liao)制成的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)氣(qi)壓子午線輪(lun)胎，可使(shi)(shi)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)滾動(dong)(dong)阻力減(jian)少50%；汽(qi)車(che)車(che)身特別是汽(qi)車(che)底部更加流線型(xing)化，可使(shi)(shi)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)空氣(qi)阻力減(jian)少50%。

4、 能量管理技術

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)動力源。電(dian)(dian)動汽車要(yao)獲得(de)非常好的(de)(de)動力特性，必須(xu)具(ju)有比(bi)能(neng)量高、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長、比(bi)功率大的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池作為動力源。而要(yao)使電(dian)(dian)動汽車具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)工作性能(neng)，就(jiu)必須(xu)對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池進行系統管理。

能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管理系統是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)核心。一(yi)輛(liang)設計優(you)良的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)，除了有(you)良好的(de)(de)機械性(xing)能(neng)、電(dian)(dian)驅(qu)動性(xing)能(neng)、選擇(ze)適當的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)源(即電(dian)(dian)池(chi))外，還應該有(you)一(yi)套協調各(ge)(ge)個功能(neng)部分工作(zuo)的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)管理系統，它(ta)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是檢測(ce)單個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)荷電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態，并(bing)根據各(ge)(ge)種傳感信息，包括力(li)、加(jia)減(jian)速命令、行駛路況(kuang)(kuang)、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)工況(kuang)(kuang)、環(huan)境溫度(du)等，合理地(di)調配和使用(yong)有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)車(che)載(zai)能(neng)量(liang)(liang)；它(ta)還能(neng)夠根據電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)(de)使用(yong)情況(kuang)(kuang)和充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)歷史選擇(ze)最佳充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式，以盡可能(neng)延(yan)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命。

世(shi)界各(ge)大汽車(che)制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)機構都(dou)在進行(xing)電(dian)動汽車(che)車(che)載(zai)電(dian)池能量管理(li)系統(tong)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)與開(kai)發。電(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)池當前存(cun)有多(duo)少(shao)電(dian)能，還能行(xing)駛多(duo)少(shao)公里(li)，是電(dian)動汽車(che)行(xing)駛中必須(xu)知道的(de)重要(yao)參(can)數，也是電(dian)動汽車(che)能量管理(li)系統(tong)應該完(wan)成的(de)重要(yao)功能。應用電(dian)動汽車(che)車(che)載(zai)能量管理(li)系統(tong)，可以更加準確地設(she)計電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)電(dian)能儲(chu)存(cun)系統(tong)，確定一個(ge)最佳的(de)能量存(cun)儲(chu)及(ji)管理(li)結構，并且可以提高電(dian)動汽車(che)本身的(de)性能。

在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車上實現能(neng)量管理(li)的難(nan)點，在于如(ru)何根據所(suo)采集的每塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓、溫度(du)和充放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流的歷史數據，來建立一個(ge)確(que)定每塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)池還剩余多少能(neng)量的較(jiao)精(jing)確(que)的數學模(mo)型。

純電動汽車-研發歷史

一百多(duo)年來(lai)，電(dian)動汽車在汽車發展(zhan)史中經歷了(le)三次重(zhong)大機遇：

第一(yi)次發(fa)生在(zai)一(yi)百(bai)余年前。由于(yu)當時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)較內燃機成熟，而且石油的(de)運(yun)用還沒有普及，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)早期的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)領域中(zhong)占有舉足輕重的(de)位置。第一(yi)輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)（3輪）由法(fa)國人古斯塔(ta)夫?土(tu)維（Gustave Trouve）在(zai)1881年制(zhi)造出(chu)來，此后三四十年間，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)當時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)占據著重要位置。例如，世界上首輛車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)速超過100公(gong)里／小時(shi)的(de)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。那(nei)是(shi)在(zai)1899年，由比(bi)利時(shi)工(gong)程師卡(ka)米(mi)樂?熱納茨(ci)（Camille Jenatzy）設計的(de)名(ming)為(wei)“從(cong)不滿意”（La Jamais Contente）的(de)鋁制(zhi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)身汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，現在(zai)保存在(zai)法(fa)國貢批(pi)尼(ni)（Compiegne）博物館(guan)中(zhong)。據統計，到(dao)(dao)1890年在(zai)全世界4200輛汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)中(zhong)，有38％為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，40％為(wei)蒸汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)，22％為(wei)內燃機汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)。到(dao)(dao)了1911年，就(jiu)(jiu)已經有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)出(chu)租汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)巴黎(li)和倫敦的(de)街頭上運(yun)營(ying)，到(dao)(dao)了1912年在(zai)美國更有至少3.4萬輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)運(yun)行。

第(di)二(er)次是在70年(nian)代石油危機(ji)的(de)爆發時.由(you)于石油的(de)大量開采和內燃機(ji)的(de)種種優越性(xing)，電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)漸漸被(bei)人(ren)們忽視。直到(dao)上世紀(ji)70年(nian)代石油危機(ji)的(de)爆發，給世界各國政(zheng)界一(yi)次不小的(de)打擊，開始(shi)考慮替代石油的(de)其他能源，包(bao)括風能、太陽(yang)能、電(dian)能等可再生能源。因此從政(zheng)治經濟方面(mian)考慮，才又(you)給了電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)第(di)二(er)次機(ji)遇(yu)，又(you)一(yi)次被(bei)人(ren)矚目。

第三次機遇開始于若干年前，世界上除了已存在的能源問題之外，環境保護問題也逐漸成為了各個方面所關心重大課題，內燃機汽車的排放污染，給全球的環境以災難性的影響，因此開發生產零污染交通工具成為各國所追求的目標，電動汽車的無（低）污染優點，使其成為當代汽車發展的主要方向。