純(chun)銅(tong)

純銅(tong)：中國俗(su)稱‘紫銅(tong)’，日本(ben)與臺灣俗(su)稱‘紅銅(tong)’。

紅(hong)銅即純(chun)(chun)銅，又名紫(zi)銅，純(chun)(chun)銅密度為8.96，熔點為1083℃。具有(you)很好的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)和導熱性(xing)，塑性(xing)極好，易于(yu)熱壓(ya)和冷壓(ya)力(li)加工，大量用于(yu)制造電(dian)(dian)線(xian)、電(dian)(dian)纜、電(dian)(dian)刷、電(dian)(dian)火花(hua)專用電(dian)(dian)蝕銅等(deng)要(yao)求導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)良好的(de)產品(pin)。

因呈紫紅色而得名。它不一定(ding)是純(chun)銅(tong)，有時還加(jia)入少(shao)量脫(tuo)(tuo)氧(yang)(yang)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)或其他元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)，以改善材(cai)質和(he)性能，因此也歸入銅(tong)合(he)金。中國紫銅(tong)加(jia)工材(cai)按(an)成分可分為：普(pu)通紫銅(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)（TU1、TU2和(he)高純(chun)、真空無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)）、脫(tuo)(tuo)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加(jia)少(shao)量合(he)金元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)(su)(su)的(de)特種銅(tong)（砷銅(tong)、碲銅(tong)、銀銅(tong)）四(si)類(lei)。

黃銅

黃銅：銅鋅合金。

以(yi)鋅(xin)作主要(yao)添加元(yuan)素的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)，具(ju)有美觀的黃(huang)(huang)色，統稱黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二元(yuan)合(he)金(jin)稱普通(tong)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱簡單黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。三(san)元(yuan)以(yi)上的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)稱特殊黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或稱復雜黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)(han)鋅(xin)低於(wu)36％的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)由固(gu)溶(rong)體(ti)組成(cheng)，具(ju)有良(liang)好的冷加工性(xing)能，如含(han)(han)鋅(xin)30％的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)常用來制作彈殼，俗稱彈殼黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或七三(san)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。含(han)(han)鋅(xin)在36～42％之間的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金(jin)由和固(gu)溶(rong)體(ti)組成(cheng)，其(qi)中最常用的是含(han)(han)鋅(xin)40％的六(liu)四黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷、鎳合(he)金。

以鎳(nie)(nie)為主要添加元(yuan)素(su)的銅(tong)合金。銅(tong)鎳(nie)(nie)二元(yuan)合金稱普通(tong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)；加有錳、鐵、鋅(xin)、鋁等元(yuan)素(su)的白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)合金稱復雜白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)。工(gong)業用白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)分為結構白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)和電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)兩大(da)類。結構白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)的特(te)點(dian)是機(ji)械(xie)性能(neng)和耐蝕性好，色(se)澤美觀。這(zhe)種白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)廣泛用於(wu)制造精(jing)密(mi)機(ji)械(xie)、化工(gong)機(ji)械(xie)和船舶構件。電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)一般有良(liang)好的熱電(dian)性能(neng)。錳銅(tong)、康銅(tong)、考銅(tong)是含錳量(liang)不同的錳白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)，是制造精(jing)密(mi)電(dian)工(gong)儀(yi)器、變阻(zu)器、精(jing)密(mi)電(dian)阻(zu)、應變片、熱電(dian)偶等用的材(cai)料。

青銅

青銅：銅錫合金

原(yuan)指(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)錫合(he)金，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)以外(wai)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)合(he)金均稱青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)，并常(chang)在青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)名字前(qian)冠以第一主要添加元(yuan)素的(de)名。錫青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)鑄(zhu)造性(xing)(xing)(xing)能、減摩性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)和(he)(he)(he)機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)，適(shi)合(he)於制(zhi)造軸承、蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)等。鉛青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是現代發動機和(he)(he)(he)磨(mo)床廣泛使用(yong)(yong)的(de)軸承材料。鋁青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)強度高，耐磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)耐蝕性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，用(yong)(yong)於鑄(zhu)造高載(zai)荷的(de)齒輪(lun)、軸套、船用(yong)(yong)螺旋槳(jiang)等。鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)磷青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)極限高，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，適(shi)於制(zhi)造精密彈簧和(he)(he)(he)電接觸元(yuan)件，鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)還用(yong)(yong)來制(zhi)造煤礦(kuang)、油庫等使用(yong)(yong)的(de)無火花工具。