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伺服電機行業簡介

一、伺服電機的工作原理

伺服電機是常用電機的一種，它是一種絕對服從控制信號指揮的電機，設計用于精確定位而不是可控速。伺服電機一般由定子和轉子構成，定子上有兩個繞組，即勵磁繞組和控制繞組，兩個繞組在空間相差90°電角度，內部的電流、角度、偏心度等信號，通過一根電纜連接于伺服器，伺服器以此來修正對伺服電機的驅動信號。由于服電機本身具備發出脈沖的功能，伺服主要靠脈沖來定位，伺服電機每旋轉一個角度，都會發出對應數量的脈沖，這樣，和伺服電機接受的脈沖形成了呼應，或者叫閉環，如此一來，系統就會知道發了多少脈沖給伺服電機，同時又收了多少脈沖回來，這樣，就能夠很精確的控制電機的轉動，從而實現精確的定位，可以達到0.001mm。如果您需要購買伺服電機，可以先來了解一下伺服電機十大品牌。

二、伺服電機驅動器的作用和功能

伺服電(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)，簡稱(cheng)伺服驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)，屬于(yu)伺服系統(tong)的(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分，主(zhu)要應用于(yu)高精度的(de)(de)定位系統(tong)，是用來控(kong)制伺服電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)種控(kong)制器(qi)，它的(de)(de)功能(neng)(neng)細分的(de)(de)話(hua)有很多種，包括：1、參數分組(zu)化(hua)設(she)置、控(kong)制模式再線任意(yi)切換。2、控(kong)制電(dian)源交(jiao)流輸入、可設(she)置的(de)(de)寬電(dian)壓(ya)輸入。3、瞬間掉電(dian)快速停(ting)機(ji)保護功能(neng)(neng)。4、再生制動(dong)(dong)、動(dong)(dong)態制動(dong)(dong)功能(neng)(neng)。5、絕對值系統(tong)電(dian)壓(ya)監(jian)控(kong)，低壓(ya)警告功能(neng)(neng)。6、調試軟件支持參數管理、監(jian)控(kong)、示波(bo)器(qi)功能(neng)(neng)。

三、伺服電機控制方式的三種基本形式

伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)主要有三種，分(fen)別是轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和速(su)度(du)(du)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)：1、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)：轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)外(wai)部模(mo)擬量的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)或(huo)直接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)賦值(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)(lai)設定電機(ji)軸對外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)，可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)即時的(de)(de)(de)(de)改變模(mo)擬量的(de)(de)(de)(de)設定來(lai)(lai)改變設定的(de)(de)(de)(de)力矩(ju)大小(xiao)，也(ye)可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)通(tong)訊(xun)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)改變對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數值(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)(lai)實現。2、位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi) 位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)一般(ban)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)外(wai)部輸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率來(lai)(lai)確定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)速(su)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)個數來(lai)(lai)確定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，也(ye)有些伺(si)服(fu)可(ke)以通(tong)過(guo)(guo)通(tong)訊(xun)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)直接(jie)(jie)對速(su)度(du)(du)和位(wei)(wei)(wei)移進行(xing)賦值(zhi)(zhi)。3、速(su)度(du)(du)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)：通(tong)過(guo)(guo)模(mo)擬量的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)或(huo)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率都可(ke)以進行(xing)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)速(su)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，在有上位(wei)(wei)(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)環PID控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)時速(su)度(du)(du)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)也(ye)可(ke)以進行(xing)定位(wei)(wei)(wei)，但必須把電機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信號(hao)或(huo)直接(jie)(jie)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)信號(hao)給(gei)上位(wei)(wei)(wei)反饋以做運算用。

四、伺服電機和步進電機的區別

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)都是電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)比較(jiao)(jiao)起來有一(yi)定的(de)(de)區別：1、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精度不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精度由電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸后端的(de)(de)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)編(bian)碼器保(bao)證，是步(bu)距角為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8°的(de)(de)步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)當量(liang)的(de)(de)1/655。2、低頻特性不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)低速(su)時易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)低頻振(zhen)動(dong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，振(zhen)動(dong)頻率與負載(zai)情況和(he)驅(qu)動(dong)器性能(neng)有關；伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)非常(chang)平穩，即使在(zai)(zai)低速(su)時也不(bu)(bu)會出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象。3、矩(ju)頻特性不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)輸出(chu)力(li)(li)矩(ju)隨轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)升高(gao)而下降，且在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)時會急劇下降；伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)恒力(li)(li)矩(ju)輸出(chu)，在(zai)(zai)額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)內(nei)都能(neng)輸出(chu)額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)。4、過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)(bu)具有過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)，伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)具有較(jiao)(jiao)強的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)，具有速(su)度過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)和(he)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)過(guo)(guo)(guo)載(zai)功能(neng)。5、運行性能(neng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)：步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)開環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，啟動(dong)頻率過(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)或負載(zai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)大易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)丟(diu)步(bu)或堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，停止(zhi)(zhi)時轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)過(guo)(guo)(guo)高(gao)易(yi)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象；伺(si)服(fu)(fu)驅(qu)動(dong)系統為(wei)(wei)(wei)閉(bi)環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，一(yi)般(ban)不(bu)(bu)會出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)丟(diu)步(bu)或過(guo)(guo)(guo)沖(chong)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象，控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性能(neng)更為(wei)(wei)(wei)可靠(kao)。6、速(su)度響應性能(neng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong) 步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從靜止(zhi)(zhi)加速(su)到工作轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)（一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)(wei)每分(fen)鐘幾百轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)）需要200～400毫秒；伺(si)服(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)系統的(de)(de)加速(su)性能(neng)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)，從靜止(zhi)(zhi)加速(su)到其額定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)3000RPM僅(jin)需幾毫秒。