一、銅是什么
銅(tong)(Cuprum)是(shi)一(yi)種金(jin)屬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)一(yi)種過渡元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素,化(hua)學符號Cu,英(ying)文(wen)copper,原子序數29。純銅(tong)是(shi)柔軟的金(jin)屬,表(biao)面(mian)剛切開時為(wei)紅(hong)橙色帶金(jin)屬光(guang)澤,單質呈紫紅(hong)色。延(yan)展性好(hao),導(dao)熱性和導(dao)電(dian)性高,因(yin)此在(zai)電(dian)纜和電(dian)氣、電(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)最常用的材料,也(ye)(ye)可(ke)用作建筑材料,可(ke)以組成眾(zhong)多種合(he)金(jin)。銅(tong)合(he)金(jin)機(ji)械性能優異,電(dian)阻率很低,其中最重(zhong)要(yao)的數青銅(tong)和黃(huang)銅(tong)。此外,銅(tong)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)耐用的金(jin)屬,可(ke)以多次回(hui)收而無損其機(ji)械性能。
二、銅的種類及用途
銅(tong)的(de)種類(lei)主(zhu)要有紫銅(tong),黃銅(tong),青銅(tong)和白銅(tong)四種。
1、紫銅
又名紅(hong)銅(tong),是銅(tong)單質(zhi),因(yin)其具有玫瑰紅(hong)色(se),表面形成氧(yang)(yang)化膜(mo)后呈紫(zi)色(se),故一般(ban)稱(cheng)為紫(zi)銅(tong)。中國紫(zi)銅(tong)加工材按成分可(ke)分為:普通紫(zi)銅(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(TU1、TU2和(he)(he)高(gao)純(chun)、真空(kong)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong))、脫氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(TUP、TUMn)、添加少量合金元素(su)的(de)特(te)種銅(tong)(砷銅(tong)、碲(di)銅(tong)、銀(yin)銅(tong))四類(lei)。紫(zi)銅(tong)具有很(hen)好(hao)(hao)的(de)導電性和(he)(he)導熱(re)性,塑性極好(hao)(hao),易于(yu)熱(re)壓和(he)(he)冷壓力加工,大量用于(yu)制(zhi)造電線、電纜、電刷、電火(huo)花專用電蝕銅(tong)等要求(qiu)導電性良好(hao)(hao)的(de)產品。
2、黃銅
黃銅(tong)是(shi)(shi)由銅(tong)和(he)鋅所(suo)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)合(he)金(jin),具有美觀(guan)的(de)黃色。由銅(tong)、鋅組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)黃銅(tong)就(jiu)叫(jiao)作普通(tong)黃銅(tong),如果是(shi)(shi)由二(er)種以上(shang)的(de)元素組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)多種合(he)金(jin)就(jiu)稱為特(te)殊黃銅(tong)。黃銅(tong)有較強的(de)耐(nai)磨性能(neng),常被(bei)用于制造閥門(men)、水管(guan)、空調內(nei)外(wai)機連接管(guan)和(he)散熱器等。
3、青銅
青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)金屬冶(ye)鑄(zhu)史上最早的(de)(de)合金,在純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(紫銅(tong)(tong))中加入錫或鉛的(de)(de)合金,有(you)(you)特(te)殊重要(yao)性(xing)和歷史意義,主(zhu)要(yao)品種有(you)(you)錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、鋁青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)、特(te)殊青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(又稱(cheng)高(gao)銅(tong)(tong)合金)。與純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(紫銅(tong)(tong))相比(bi),青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)強度高(gao)且(qie)熔點(dian)低(25%的(de)(de)錫冶(ye)煉青(qing)銅(tong)(tong),熔點(dian)就會降低到800℃。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(紫銅(tong)(tong))的(de)(de)熔點(dian)為1083℃)。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)鑄(zhu)造(zao)性(xing)好,耐磨且(qie)化學性(xing)質穩定,適用(yong)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)各種器具(ju)、機械零件、軸承、齒輪(lun)等。
4、白銅
白(bai)銅是以鎳(nie)(nie)為(wei)(wei)主要添加元素(su)的銅基(ji)合(he)金,呈(cheng)銀白(bai)色(se)(se),有(you)金屬(shu)光澤,故名(ming)白(bai)銅。銅鎳(nie)(nie)之間彼此可無限固溶,從(cong)而(er)形成(cheng)連(lian)續(xu)固溶體,即不論彼此的比例多少,而(er)恒為(wei)(wei)α-單(dan)相(xiang)合(he)金。當把鎳(nie)(nie)熔入紅(hong)銅里,含(han)量(liang)超過16%以上時,產生的合(he)金色(se)(se)澤就變得(de)潔(jie)白(bai)如銀,鎳(nie)(nie)含(han)量(liang)越(yue)高,顏色(se)(se)越(yue)白(bai)。白(bai)銅中鎳(nie)(nie)的含(han)量(liang)一般為(wei)(wei)25%。
銅(tong)(tong)鎳二元合金(jin)稱(cheng)普(pu)通白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong);加有錳(meng)、鐵、鋅、鋁(lv)等元素的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)稱(cheng)復雜白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業用白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)分為結構白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)和電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)兩大(da)類(lei)。結構白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)機(ji)械(xie)性能和耐(nai)蝕性好(hao)(hao),色(se)澤美(mei)觀。這(zhe)種白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)廣泛用於制(zhi)造(zao)精(jing)密(mi)(mi)機(ji)械(xie)、化工(gong)機(ji)械(xie)和船舶構件。電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)一般有良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)熱電(dian)性能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)含(han)錳(meng)量不同的(de)(de)錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong),是(shi)制(zhi)造(zao)精(jing)密(mi)(mi)電(dian)工(gong)儀器、變阻器、精(jing)密(mi)(mi)電(dian)阻、應(ying)變片、熱電(dian)偶等用的(de)(de)材(cai)料。
三、黃銅青銅紫銅白銅哪個貴
在價格方面(mian),紫銅(tong)最(zui)貴,白銅(tong)次之,隨后是青銅(tong),最(zui)便宜的是黃銅(tong)。不過最(zui)便宜的也要比(bi)鐵貴出幾倍。