唐以前,講(jiang)武城(cheng)遺址(zhi)稱武城(cheng)。
宋(song)代以后,武城(cheng)(cheng)改稱(cheng)講武城(cheng)(cheng)。
1958年,在講武城遺(yi)址火車站附近進行部(bu)分發(fa)掘。
講武(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址,位于河北(bei)(bei)(bei)省邯鄲市磁(ci)縣城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)漳河北(bei)(bei)(bei)岸講武(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)村西(xi)(xi)面和南(nan)面,南(nan)達鄭衛,北(bei)(bei)(bei)通燕趙,原是(shi)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang),東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)窄,因(yin)南(nan)部被(bei)漳河沖毀,殘(can)存遺(yi)(yi)址則相(xiang)反(fan)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)窄;南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)被(bei)漳水沖沒,西(xi)(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)與東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)各(ge)被(bei)沖毀一(yi)部分(fen),北(bei)(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)還有(you)7段,遺(yi)(yi)址墻(qiang)基寬為(wei)17-26米,墻(qiang)體寬處大(da)約(yue)有(you)9米,窄處僅有(you)3-4米,高處近9米;從城(cheng)(cheng)的東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角(jiao)至西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)角(jiao)長(chang)1169米,東(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)殘(can)存200米,西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)尚(shang)存920米,墻(qiang)址殘(can)高2-9米,上寬6.5米,均為(wei)黃土(tu)堆積而成,在土(tu)層(ceng)中(zhong)間散落著很多貝殼(ke)。
講武城遺(yi)址文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)堆積(ji)上為(wei)東漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層,下為(wei)戰國文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層,個別地(di)方還(huan)有較早的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)層,出土遺(yi)物(wu)有石(shi)(shi)虎雕刻像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、石(shi)(shi)斧、石(shi)(shi)錛、白釉(you)(you)覆蓮(lian)(lian)罐、陶(tao)俑、繩紋筒(tong)瓦(wa)和板瓦(wa)等(deng);石(shi)(shi)虎雕刻像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),為(wei)北(bei)朝時期墓葬前(qian)神道石(shi)(shi)刻像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),又稱石(shi)(shi)虎坑,虎像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)呈(cheng)現蹲坐(zuo)狀,頭部略有損毀(hui),整體保存(cun)較好,高約(yue)(yue)1.9米(mi),底長約(yue)(yue)1.6米(mi),重約(yue)(yue)4噸,4肢(zhi)襯以(yi)羽(yu)翅紋;白釉(you)(you)覆蓮(lian)(lian)罐,胎呈(cheng)白色,有4系,施白釉(you)(you),釉(you)(you)上還(huan)點綴(zhui)有綠彩(cai)(cai)和黃彩(cai)(cai),為(wei)“齊(qi)三彩(cai)(cai)”;陶(tao)俑大到(dao)眼(yan)耳(er)(er)鼻口,小到(dao)眉毛、胡子和唇紅(hong)都清(qing)晰可見(jian),特殊部分(fen)陶(tao)俑的耳(er)(er)朵用(yong)黃金包裹涂抹。
磁(ci)縣(xian)是殷都(dou)、趙都(dou)、鄴都(dou)“三都(dou)”文化交匯(hui)之地。其中(zhong),講武城遺址位于磁(ci)縣(xian)城南(nan)10公里的漳河(he)北(bei)岸,是歷代兵家必爭之地,保(bao)存有(you)部(bu)分城墻,具有(you)重要(yao)的歷史、文物和(he)藝術價值。
2006年5月(yue)25日(ri),講武(wu)城(cheng)遺址(zhi)被中華人民(min)共和國(guo)國(guo)務院公布為(wei)第六批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位;2010年11月(yue)1日(ri),由河北(bei)(bei)省人民(min)政府設立保護范圍:東、西、北(bei)(bei)均以城(cheng)墻基外(wai)沿為(wei)基線,各(ge)向外(wai)擴60米(mi),南以斷(duan)崖為(wei)界,其東西長1439米(mi),南北(bei)(bei)寬1410米(mi);建設控(kong)制地帶(dai):以保護范圍為(wei)基線,東、西、北(bei)(bei)各(ge)向外(wai)擴30米(mi),南向外(wai)擴50米(mi),均至農田。
三(san)(san)國時期,曹操(cao)(cao)在(zai)官渡以少勝(sheng)多,擊敗袁紹后,占據鄴(ye)(ye)城,大規(gui)模(mo)地(di)(di)興建土(tu)木(mu)建筑(zhu)(zhu),在(zai)城北(bei)漳(zhang)河大修(xiu)玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)池以保水路安全,在(zai)城西要道經(jing)營講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城以抵御陸路之敵(di),如此(ci)水陸設防,拱衛鄴(ye)(ye)都。曹操(cao)(cao)的兵(bing)馬經(jing)常(chang)在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城活動,把(ba)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城作(zuo)為培養(yang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)將的基地(di)(di),據說(shuo)(shuo)曹操(cao)(cao)曾經(jing)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城演(yan)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)事(shi)戰術,講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城之名(ming)由(you)此(ci)而來。《魏書》中記載:“太祖御軍(jun)三(san)(san)十(shi)余年,手不(bu)舍(she)書。書則講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)策,夜則思經(jing)傳。”講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城村南(nan)(nan)的村子(zi)叫(jiao)南(nan)(nan)營,之前叫(jiao)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)營,據說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)當年曹操(cao)(cao)駐軍(jun)的兵(bing)營。”宋代洪皓《講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城》詩(shi)(shi):“……曹公走熙尚,氣(qi)欲(yu)陵韓(han)白。欺取計已成(cheng),軍(jun)容漫輝赫。跨(kua)漳(zhang)筑(zhu)(zhu)大城……四陵寄遺恨,講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)存陳(chen)跡(ji)。”詩(shi)(shi)中說(shuo)(shuo)的就是(shi)曹操(cao)(cao)在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城筑(zhu)(zhu)城、屯軍(jun)、練兵(bing)的事(shi)情。《漢書·地(di)(di)理志》記載:“鄴(ye)(ye)有……武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城”,《水經(jing)注(zhu)(zhu)》也記載:“漳(zhang)水又東經(jing)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城南(nan)(nan)”。曹操(cao)(cao)去(qu)世后,在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城外布72疑冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。南(nan)(nan)宋詩(shi)(shi)人范(fan)成(cheng)大寫詩(shi)(shi)《七十(shi)二冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)》:“一(yi)棺(guan)何用冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如林,誰復如公負(fu)此(ci)心。聞說(shuo)(shuo)北(bei)人為封(feng)土(tu),世間隨(sui)事(shi)有知音。”范(fan)成(cheng)大還專門給詩(shi)(shi)作(zuo)了注(zhu)(zhu):“七十(shi)二冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)城外,曹操(cao)(cao)疑冢(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也。森(sen)然彌望(wang),北(bei)人比常(chang)增封(feng)之。”
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