生平經歷
政變即位
元(yuan)文宗(zong)(zong)孛兒只斤·圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er),又稱札牙篤皇帝,元(yuan)武宗(zong)(zong)次子(zi),元(yuan)明宗(zong)(zong)之弟(di)(di)(di),母文獻昭圣(sheng)皇后(hou),唐(tang)兀氏。其父(fu)元(yuan)武宗(zong)(zong)海山即位(wei)后(hou),立弟(di)(di)(di)弟(di)(di)(di)愛育黎(li)拔力八達為(wei)皇太子(zi),愛育黎(li)拔力八達即位(wei)后(hou),將(jiang)武宗(zong)(zong)的兒子(zi)周王(wang)和(he)世?(后(hou)來的元(yuan)明宗(zong)(zong))和(he)圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)流放(fang)到南(nan)境(jing)。圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)被流放(fang)至海南(nan)瓊州,泰定帝也孫鐵木兒即位(wei)后(hou)召還(huan)京,晉封懷王(wang),出居建(jian)康、江陵(ling)等地(di)。
致和(he)(he)元年(1328年)七月,泰定(ding)帝(di)(di)死,知樞密院事燕鐵木兒(er)(er)在發(fa)(fa)動(dong)大(da)都(dou)政(zheng)變,謀立(li)武宗長子周王和(he)(he)世(shi)?為(wei)帝(di)(di),后以路遠(yuan)改立(li)圖(tu)帖睦(mu)爾(er)。燕鐵木兒(er)(er)自大(da)都(dou)發(fa)(fa)難之(zhi)初,即(ji)屬意于出藩江陵的武宗次(ci)子圖(tu)帖睦(mu)爾(er)為(wei)帝(di)(di)位(wei)繼承人(ren)。雖然他“且宣言已(yi)遣使(shi)北(bei)迎”武宗長子和(he)(he)世(shi)?于北(bei)邊(bian),后來又矯稱和(he)(he)世(shi)?使(shi)者(zhe)南(nan)來,“云周王從(cong)諸王兵整(zheng)駕南(nan)轅,旦夕(xi)即(ji)至矣”,但兩都(dou)之(zhi)戰結(jie)束前,大(da)都(dou)政(zheng)權并沒有真正派使(shi)者(zhe)去(qu)邀(yao)約過和(he)(he)世(shi)?南(nan)還。當(dang)(dang)時由(you)大(da)都(dou)通往漠北(bei),不(bu)一定(ding)非取道上都(dou)。因此燕鐵木兒(er)(er)的這種做法,很難用(yong)兩京(jing)道路不(bu)通來解釋,應當(dang)(dang)別有用(yong)心。圖(tu)帖睦(mu)爾(er)到達(da)大(da)都(dou)的翌月(致和(he)(he)元年九月),燕鐵木兒(er)(er)即(ji)以“人(ren)心向背之(zhi)機(ji),間(jian)不(bu)容發(fa)(fa)”為(wei)諫,示意圖(tu)帖睦(mu)爾(er)搶先即(ji)位(wei)。五天之(zhi)后,圖(tu)帖睦(mu)爾(er)在大(da)都(dou)稱帝(di)(di),以當(dang)(dang)年為(wei)天歷元年,同時宣布“謹俟大(da)兄之(zhi)至,以遂朕固讓之(zhi)心”。
上都克(ke)復(fu)后,圖帖睦(mu)爾迫于元仁(ren)宗(zong)在(zai)大(da)德末年(nian)“推(tui)奉圣(sheng)兄、謙居儲貳”的(de)(de)(de)前例(li),遣(qian)使(shi)往迎和(he)世?。寄居于西(xi)(xi)北(bei)宗(zong)藩封地(di)的(de)(de)(de)和(he)世?,這(zhe)時剛滿三十歲。根(gen)據叔侄相繼(ji)原則(ze),他(ta)(ta)本應是仁(ren)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)帝(di)位繼(ji)承人,卻(que)被逼(bi)迫流落北(bei)徼(jiao),因而(er)博得北(bei)方宗(zong)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍同情;仁(ren)、英兩(liang)朝加(jia)強漢法而(er)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)草原貴族的(de)(de)(de)不滿心理,可能更刺(ci)激起(qi)他(ta)(ta)們要把和(he)世?推(tui)上大(da)汗寶(bao)座的(de)(de)(de)政治動機。所以當大(da)都使(shi)者抵臨時,“朔漠諸(zhu)王(wang)皆勸帝(di)(按(an)指和(he)世?)南還京師”。和(he)世?在(zai)一片擁戴聲(sheng)中,飄然啟(qi)程,于天歷(li)元年(nian)(1328)底東至金山。嶺北(bei)行(xing)省平章潑皮、出鎮北(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)武寧王(wang)徹(che)(che)徹(che)(che)禿相繼(ji)西(xi)(xi)馳(chi)奉迎。和(he)世?已完全陶醉在(zai)這(zhe)番太平景象(xiang)中。天歷(li)二年(nian)(1329年(nian))正月(yue)末,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)事先沒有告知圖帖睦(mu)爾的(de)(de)(de)情況下,僅(jin)僅(jin)經過扈行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)察合(he)臺宗(zong)王(wang)以及在(zai)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)漠北(bei)諸(zhu)王(wang)、大(da)臣(chen)合(he)議(yi),就在(zai)和(he)林(lin)之北(bei)即皇帝(di)位。
明文之爭
但(dan)是,和世?似(si)乎過高(gao)地(di)估計了漠北(bei)輿情(qing)在(zai)決定嗣君人選方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響力。他(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)心以為(wei)自己可以重(zhong)演乃父武(wu)(wu)宗在(zai)皇弟(di)“肅清宮闈”之后從漠北(bei)南返即位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史故(gu)事(shi),卻忘(wang)記了武(wu)(wu)宗作為(wei)總兵(bing)北(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)統帥,是以三(san)萬(wan)精兵(bing)相扈從的(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)武(wu)(wu)力為(wei)后盾而(er)取得帝位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。和世?并(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)直接控制強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軍隊,只有(you)(you)貼身(shen)衛士一(yi)(yi)千八百(bai)多人;察合臺后王燕(yan)只吉(ji)臺雖(sui)(sui)然與(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)同南返,但(dan)是也未(wei)見有(you)(you)重(zhong)兵(bing)隨行(xing)。和世?欲憑(ping)極其有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治資源,去(qu)染指大(da)都(dou)集團(tuan)幾經浴血奮戰才到手的(de)(de)(de)(de)皇位(wei),前(qian)途(tu)本來就不容(rong)樂觀。但(dan)他(ta)(ta)(ta)對(dui)此毫不經心,任情(qing)舉措,終(zhong)于導致殺身(shen)之禍(huo)。四月,攜帶玉璽(xi)北(bei)迎和世?的(de)(de)(de)(de)燕(yan)鐵木兒一(yi)(yi)行(xing)至行(xing)在(zai)入覲。這個(ge)左(zuo)右(you)大(da)都(dou)局勢的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓋世功臣,現在(zai)要當面試探一(yi)(yi)下新君對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)態(tai)度。和世?雖(sui)(sui)然宣布(bu)“凡京師百(bai)官,朕弟(di)所用者,并(bing)仍其舊”,對(dui)燕(yan)鐵木兒“仍命為(wei)中書右(you)丞相,開(kai)府儀同三(san)司、上柱國(guo)(guo)、錄軍國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)事(shi)、監修國(guo)(guo)史、答剌罕、太平王并(bing)如故(gu)”,但(dan)是卻削去(qu)了他(ta)(ta)(ta)手中的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部分兵(bing)權,沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)將圖帖睦爾原授的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)樞密院事(shi)一(yi)(yi)職重(zhong)新委任給他(ta)(ta)(ta)。
對圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)來說,一(yi)(yi)經(jing)即位(wei)為帝,原(yuan)(yuan)先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“固(gu)讓(rang)(rang)之(zhi)心”也(ye)逐漸銷蝕。可(ke)是因為已(yi)(yi)有(you)前(qian)言(yan)昭示天下(xia),他的(de)(de)(de)心情十(shi)分(fen)矛(mao)盾。天歷元(yuan)年(1328年)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)月,迎接和世?到京即位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)首批使(shi)臣離(li)開大都(dou)。僅僅十(shi)幾天以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou),圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)又下(xia)令為自己的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)妃卜(bu)答(da)失里造(zao)皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)玉冊(ce)(ce)(ce)、玉寶。次年正(zheng)(zheng)月,和世?的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)者抵達大都(dou)。圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)在明(ming)知大兄已(yi)(yi)決意南歸的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),仍搶先(xian)完(wan)成以(yi)(yi)冊(ce)(ce)(ce)命皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)告于(yu)(yu)(yu)南郊、太(tai)廟,以(yi)(yi)及(ji)在大明(ming)殿冊(ce)(ce)(ce)封皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)系列儀(yi)式。當時朝臣中有(you)人建(jian)(jian)言(yan):“陛下(xia)已(yi)(yi)詔(zhao)天下(xia),讓(rang)(rang)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)大兄。今立(li)后(hou)(hou),是與詔(zhao)自相違也(ye)。”圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)聞(wen)奏,“嘉其直(zhi),賜金織文(wen)幣(bi)以(yi)(yi)旌之(zhi)。后(hou)(hou)聞(wen)之(zhi),亦有(you)金幣(bi)之(zhi)賜”;惟冊(ce)(ce)(ce)后(hou)(hou)典禮仍照行不(bu)誤。不(bu)過至少(shao)直(zhi)到五月下(xia)旬,圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)自大都(dou)北行、親迎和世?的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)后(hou)(hou),他還是準備(bei)恪(ke)守(shou)讓(rang)(rang)位(wei)諾言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)。出發(fa)后(hou)(hou)第(di)三天,他在途中“置江(jiang)淮(huai)(huai)財(cai)賦(fu)都(dou)總管府,秩正(zheng)(zheng)三品,隸(li)詹事(shi)院(yuan)”。這個機構初(chu)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)(yu)元(yuan)朝滅宋(song)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),掌宋(song)謝(xie)太(tai)后(hou)(hou)、福王獻納(na)產(chan)業及(ji)賈似道(dao)等人田地所納(na)賦(fu)稅,原(yuan)(yuan)隸(li)屬皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)中宮,于(yu)(yu)(yu)大德(de)八年(1304年)罷廢(fei)。圖(tu)(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)(er)在此(ci)時恢復江(jiang)淮(huai)(huai)財(cai)賦(fu)府的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)制(zhi),并將它(ta)改隸(li)東(dong)宮官署詹事(shi)院(yuan),顯然是為自己日(ri)后(hou)(hou)以(yi)(yi)皇(huang)太(tai)子(zi)身(shen)分(fen)控(kong)制(zhi)這筆重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)產(chan)資源預作(zuo)準備(bei)。
圖帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)用了一(yi)(yi)個多月(yue),才走完(wan)從大(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)到上(shang)(shang)(shang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)這段沉重(zhong)的(de)(de)路(lu)程。在上(shang)(shang)(shang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)停留或有二旬,再取原路(lu)趨赴(fu)旺忽察都(dou)(dou)(dou)(在今河北張北縣(xian)境,是為(wei)(wei)大(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)至(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)驛路(lu)的(de)(de)大(da)拐(guai)角處,武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)時建行宮(gong)于(yu)(yu)茲,故名中都(dou)(dou)(dou)),與(yu)(yu)和(he)世(shi)?會面。八月(yue)一(yi)(yi)日,和(he)世(shi)?抵達旺忽察都(dou)(dou)(dou)。次日,圖帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)見大(da)兄(xiong)于(yu)(yu)行宮(gong)。和(he)世(shi)?設宴待皇弟(di)及諸王、大(da)臣(chen)。兄(xiong)弟(di)歡(huan)合的(de)(de)場面前后未滿五(wu)天(tian),和(he)世(shi)?即于(yu)(yu)八月(yue)六日“暴(bao)崩”。圖帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)“入(ru)臨(lin)哭盡哀。鐵燕木(mu)兒以(yi)(yi)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)后之命,奉(feng)皇帝寶授于(yu)(yu)帝”,遂簇擁圖帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)疾驅還上(shang)(shang)(shang)都(dou)(dou)(dou),一(yi)(yi)路(lu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)“晝則率宿(su)衛士以(yi)(yi)扈從,夜則躬擐甲胃(wei)繞幄殿巡護”。八月(yue)十五(wu)日,圖帖(tie)睦(mu)爾(er)在返回上(shang)(shang)(shang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)第六天(tian)再次勿匆(cong)即位,是為(wei)(wei)文宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)和(he)世(shi)?在天(tian)歷(li)之變(bian)中暴(bao)卒的(de)(de)詳(xiang)情,可能已永(yong)遠成為(wei)(wei)歷(li)史的(de)(de)秘(mi)密。和(he)世(shi)?之子妥歡(huan)貼睦(mu)爾(er)親政后,為(wei)(wei)撤文宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)廟主詔(zhao)告(gao)天(tian)下曰(yue):“文宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)稔(ren)惡不(bu)悛,當躬迓之際,乃與(yu)(yu)其(qi)(qi)臣(chen)月(yue)魯不(bu)花、也(ye)(ye)里(li)牙(ya)、明(ming)理(li)董阿等(deng)謀(mou)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)軌(gui),使我皇考飲(yin)恨上(shang)(shang)(shang)賓。”至(zhi)順元年(nian)(1330),也(ye)(ye)里(li)牙(ya)得復秦國公爵位,其(qi)(qi)姻親鎖住(zhu)亦再仕為(wei)(wei)將作(zuo)使,應即文宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)對(dui)他們參(can)與(yu)(yu)謀(mou)殺和(he)世(shi)?的(de)(de)獎賞。但同年(nian)七月(yue),鎖住(zhu)、也(ye)(ye)里(li)牙(ya)等(deng)人“以(yi)(yi)坐怨望、造(zao)符錄(lu)、祭北斗(dou)、咒咀”伏誅,與(yu)(yu)之有牽連的(de)(de)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)舊人索羅(luo)等(deng)亦一(yi)(yi)起被殺。屠寄認(ren)為(wei)(wei),“也(ye)(ye)里(li)牙(ya)景教徒,必無造(zao)符錄(lu)、祭北斗(dou)事,蓋不(bu)便論其(qi)(qi)本(ben)辠,虛構獄辭,以(yi)(yi)飾觀聽耳”。
至順文治
文宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漢文化(hua)修養超(chao)(chao)過在他(ta)之前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有(you)元(yuan)朝(chao)皇帝。他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)書法,“落筆(bi)過人(ren),得唐太宗(zong)晉祠碑風,遂(sui)益超(chao)(chao)詣”。他(ta)還會作畫(hua),所繪“萬歲山畫(hua)”草圖,“意匠、經(jing)營、格法,雖積學專工(gong),所莫能及(ji)”。他(ta)曾經(jing)轉(zhuan)輾流(liu)落于江南、海南和荊湖,對當時(shi)民(min)情也應(ying)有(you)相當的(de)(de)(de)(de)了解。不(bu)過,文宗(zong)卻(que)處在一個很(hen)難有(you)所作為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)。天歷年間連(lian)續兩次重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)故,致(zhi)使蒙古(gu)色目上(shang)層人(ren)心離(li)散。兩都(dou)戰后遭籍(ji)沒財產的(de)(de)(de)(de)官員貴族在百人(ren)以(yi)上(shang);對隔絕在圍城中的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)都(dou)官員,后來雖然停止追(zhui)究,但(dan)很(hen)多仍被削去(qu)官職不(bu)復任用。明宗(zong)被弒(shi),蒙古(gu)朝(chao)官中即有(you)人(ren)“移(yi)疾不(bu)出”,有(you)諸王、高級(ji)官員甚(shen)至西域名(ming)僧參(can)與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“謀不(bu)軌(gui)”案(an)接連(lian)發生,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)逕以(yi)“明宗(zong)太子(zi)”為(wei)號召。
天(tian)歷元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1328年(nian)(nian))四(si)川平(ping)章(zhang)政(zheng)事(shi)囊(nang)加臺舉兵(bing),實(shi)際上是(shi)“欲翊戴明(ming)(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)”;和世?一死,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)擔心原已詔赦的(de)(de)(de)囊(nang)加臺復(fu)舉事(shi),立(li)即以(yi)(yi)其“指斥(chi)乘輿,坐大不(bu)道棄市(shi)”。云南(nan)行(xing)省丞相(xiang)也(ye)兒(er)吉尼(ni)是(shi)武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)舊臣乞臺普濟之(zhi)子(zi),本人亦曾扈武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)鎮北(bei)。天(tian)歷元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)即位后(hou),兩次(ci)召(zhao)也(ye)兒(er)吉尼(ni)入(ru)朝(chao)(chao),不(bu)至(zhi)。他不(bu)大可能站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)上都一邊反(fan)對武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)后(hou)人;抗命不(bu)至(zhi),當是(shi)出于效忠(zhong)和世?的(de)(de)(de)立(li)場。二年(nian)(nian)三月(yue),也(ye)兒(er)吉尼(ni)大概猶疑動搖,想要投(tou)奔文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong),故被云南(nan)諸王及其他省官黜斥(chi),取道八番(fan)赴大都。六(liu)月(yue),明(ming)(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)南(nan)歸途中曾“賜駙馬脫必兒(er)鈔千錠,往云南(nan)”。直到(dao)(dao)明(ming)(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)暴死、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)再即位之(zhi)后(hou),云南(nan)諸王禿堅等(deng)才最后(hou)改變觀望(wang)態度,于至(zhi)順元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)正月(yue)公開稱兵(bing)。戰火彌漫整(zheng)個滇(dian)東北(bei),元(yuan)廷(ting)先后(hou)調四(si)川、江浙、河南(nan)、江西(xi)、陜西(xi)、朵(duo)甘思、朵(duo)思麻等(deng)處軍隊,歷時(shi)年(nian)(nian)余,方始平(ping)亂。自(zi)忽(hu)必烈朝(chao)(chao)以(yi)(yi)來,蒙古高層內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)躁動不(bu)穩,以(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朝(chao)(chao)為(wei)甚。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)陳思謙在(zai)(zai)至(zhi)順元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)“建明(ming)(ming)八事(shi)”,除了“正君道”外,最先提到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)“結人心”;虞集為(wei)殿(dian)試擬制(zhi)策,亦首(shou)以(yi)(yi)“勸(quan)親親,體群臣,同一風俗,協(xie)和萬(wan)邦”為(wei)問。由于政(zheng)治和經(jing)濟環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)臨朝(chao)(chao)四(si)年(nian)(nian)間,只好專心著意(yi),以(yi)(yi)追求振興(xing)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)治的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)效果為(wei)滿足。通過建立(li)奎章(zhang)閣(ge)學士院和修撰(zhuan)《經(jing)世大典》,他將當時(shi)幾乎所(suo)有的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)儒都籠(long)絡(luo)在(zai)(zai)自(zi)己周(zhou)圍(wei),用虛(xu)崇文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)儒的(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)來收攬(lan)漢地民心。
晚年逝世
文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)重祚以后(hou),修《經世大典》,建圭章閣(ge),欲興文(wen)(wen)治。但是(shi)文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)在(zai)位期間,丞相燕帖木兒自持(chi)有功(gong),玩弄朝(chao)(chao)廷,元朝(chao)(chao)朝(chao)(chao)政更加(jia)腐敗,國勢更加(jia)衰落。文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)在(zai)位期間國內(nei)多爆發農民(min)起義,大動亂正在(zai)醞釀之(zhi)中。
至順三(san)年(nian)(1332年(nian))八月,文宗病(bing)死,終年(nian)29歲(sui),死前自(zi)悔謀害兄長之(zhi)事(shi),吐露真(zhen)情,遺詔立明宗之(zhi)子(zi)以自(zi)贖。死后葬(zang)起輦(nian)谷(gu),廟號文宗,謚號圣明元孝皇帝,尊號(汗號)札牙篤(du)汗。
文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)臨終(zhong)前囑咐道:“昔者晃忽(hu)叉(即旺忽(hu)察都)之(zhi)(zhi)事,為(wei)朕平生大錯。朕嘗中(zhong)夜(ye)思之(zhi)(zhi),悔之(zhi)(zhi)無及(ji)”。他決意傳位(wei)給明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)長子妥(tuo)(tuo)歡(huan)貼(tie)睦爾。當(dang)時(shi)權傾天下(xia)的(de)(de)燕鐵木(mu)兒(er)(er)擔心事情(qing)敗露,決定封鎖文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)遺詔,傳位(wei)給明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)次(ci)子懿磷質班(ban),是為(wei)寧宗(zong)(zong)(zong)。年(nian)僅7歲的(de)(de)寧宗(zong)(zong)(zong)在位(wei)53天后得病(bing)而死(si)。燕鐵木(mu)兒(er)(er)千(qian)方百(bai)計阻擾妥(tuo)(tuo)歡(huan)貼(tie)睦爾繼位(wei),直到燕鐵木(mu)兒(er)(er)病(bing)死(si),妥(tuo)(tuo)歡(huan)貼(tie)睦爾才登基稱帝(di)。當(dang)年(nian)翊戴明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)奪位(wei)的(de)(de)伯顏起而代之(zhi)(zhi),拜中(zhong)書右丞相,進封秦王,在與燕鐵木(mu)兒(er)(er)子、左丞相唐(tang)其勢(shi)爭奪權勢(shi)的(de)(de)斗(dou)爭中(zhong)取勝。此后,伯顏“獨秉國鈞,專權自恣,變(bian)亂祖宗(zong)(zong)(zong)成憲,虐害天下(xia),漸有奸謀”。
為政舉措
在(zai)文(wen)化方面(mian), 文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)作(zuo)出(chu)了(le)很(hen)大的(de)貢獻(xian), 他重(zhong)視文(wen)治,為文(wen)化的(de)發展作(zuo)出(chu)了(le)很(hen)大的(de)貢獻(xian)。他在(zai)位期間,創建奎章閣,編修《經世大典》,為研究元朝的(de)歷(li)史提供了(le)一筆寶貴的(de)財富,但(dan)元文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)崇尚佛(fo)(fo)教,走向極端,一是(shi)(shi)帝師的(de)規格(ge)太高,二(er)是(shi)(shi)某些(xie)徒屬依(yi)權恃勢,為非作(zuo)歹,三是(shi)(shi)濫做佛(fo)(fo)事(shi),耗資巨大,四(si)是(shi)(shi)佛(fo)(fo)教徒干預朝政(zheng),五是(shi)(shi)創立廣教總管府,以掌僧(seng)(seng)尼之政(zheng),全國(guo)共設置16所(suo),“秩正三品”。僧(seng)(seng)尼可免一切(qie)差徭(yao),而其它宗(zong)(zong)教則(ze)奉行祖制。當(dang)時色目(mu)人(ren)在(zai)朝廷上的(de)政(zheng)治勢力被(bei)削弱,而欽察官僚集(ji)團(tuan)則(ze)權勢大增,燕鐵木兒擅(shan)權恣(zi)縱,政(zheng)事(shi)一決于(yu)他,導致貴族統治集(ji)團(tuan)內部尖(jian)銳的(de)矛盾。
歷史評價
清朝史學(xue)家邵遠平(ping)《元史類編(bian)》的(de)評價是(shi):“冊曰:應變戡亂,莫匪(fei)爾勞;璽(xi)綬雖去,太阿已操;前車所鑒,燭影斧聲(sheng);從來疑案,多在弟兄。”
清朝(chao)史(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家魏(wei)源《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)新編》的評(ping)價(jia)是:“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)諸帝(di)(di)不(bu)習(xi)漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),凡有(you)章奏,皆(jie)(jie)由翻(fan)譯。其(qi)(qi)讀漢書而不(bu)用翻(fan)譯者,前惟太(tai)(tai)子(zi)真金,從王(wang)(wang)惲、王(wang)(wang)恂(xun)受(shou)學(xue)(xue)(xue)。后惟文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)潛邸,自(zi)通漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)而已。《書畫(hua)譜》言,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)在潛邸時(shi),召(zhao)畫(hua)師房大(da)(da)年(nian),俾圖京師萬歲山(shan)。大(da)(da)年(nian)以未至其(qi)(qi)地(di)辭,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)遂取筆布(bu)畫(hua)位置,頃刻立就,命大(da)(da)年(nian)按(an)稿圖上。大(da)(da)年(nian)得稿敬藏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),意匠經(jing)營,雖(sui)積學(xue)(xue)(xue)專(zhuan)工,有(you)所(suo)未及。始知(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)材多(duo)藝也(ye)(ye)。及踐阼后,開(kai)奎章閣,招集儒臣,撰備《經(jing)世(shi)大(da)(da)典》數百卷(juan),宏綱巨目,禮樂兵農,燦然開(kai)一代(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)治(zhi)。即其(qi)(qi)聲色儉澹,亦遠勝武宗(zong)(zong)(zong),此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)豈庸主所(suo)希及哉(zai)!使其(qi)(qi)迎立明宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,亦如仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)退(tui)處(chu)東(dong)宮,他日明宗(zong)(zong)(zong)復如武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)仁(ren)廟,則一代(dai)而勝事(shi)(shi)再見(jian),雖(sui)殷(yin)人弟兄世(shi)及,何以過此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)!《易》曰:‘開(kai)國(guo)承家,小(xiao)人勿(wu)用。’文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)得大(da)(da)位也(ye)(ye),以燕帖(tie)(tie)木(mu)兒(er)(er);其(qi)(qi)得罪萬世(shi)也(ye)(ye),亦以燕帖(tie)(tie)木(mu)兒(er)(er)。語曰:‘治(zhi)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能臣,亂世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸雄。’文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)隕于太(tai)(tai)平王(wang)(wang)手者,亦幸(xing)矣哉(zai)!”(魏(wei)源說“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)諸帝(di)(di)不(bu)習(xi)漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),凡有(you)章奏,皆(jie)(jie)由翻(fan)譯。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)并不(bu)符合歷(li)史(shi)事(shi)(shi)實(shi),這和(he)他了解的相(xiang)關(guan)書籍不(bu)多(duo)有(you)關(guan)。事(shi)(shi)實(shi)上,真金太(tai)(tai)子(zi)和(he)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)修(xiu)養(yang)的確很(hen)高(gao),除此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,還有(you)很(hen)多(duo)位元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝(chao)帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)修(xiu)養(yang)。根據(ju)史(shi)料, 元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)祖、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)惠(hui)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)昭宗(zong)(zong)(zong),均有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化修(xiu)養(yang),其(qi)(qi)中,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世(shi)祖、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)惠(hui)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)昭宗(zong)(zong)(zong)這四位帝(di)(di)王(wang)(wang)有(you)漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)詩傳(chuan)世(shi)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)都(dou)受(shou)到過良好的漢學(xue)(xue)(xue)教育,都(dou)有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的漢文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)修(xiu)養(yang)。
清朝史(shi)學家曾廉《元(yuan)(yuan)書》的評(ping)價是:“論曰:元(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)文宗,始親郊祀,禮彬(bin)(bin)彬(bin)(bin)焉(yan)。尊崇圣賢之(zhi)(zhi)典,至是益隆,而開奎章(zhang)閣以致儒臣(chen),考文章(zhang),論治道,勤于延訪,可以為(wei)文矣。然幾沉(chen)而氣銳(rui),抑亦(yi)吳閭庭之(zhi)(zhi)流也(ye)。其言(yan)泰定帝通(tong)賊(zei)臣(chen),陰謀冒干寶位(wei),嗚呼!文宗將毋其自(zi)道之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)!興且晉邸,日(ri)有(you)盟書,周王可必其終為(wei)泰伯(bo)乎?文宗之(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)心(xin)乃以讓,濟(ji)其忍,然后足固其威(wei)福也(ye),豈不險哉!生則欺人,死而猶飾,故地碎其主,春秋震夷(yi)伯(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)廟,所謂有(you)隱慝(ni)者(zhe)乎?”
清末民初史學(xue)家屠寄《蒙兀兒(er)史記》的(de)評價是(shi):“汗(han)舊勞(lao)于外,多藝(yi)好文。在建康潛邸時,忽憶京師萬(wan)歲(sui)山,召畫(hua)師房大(da)年(nian)圖之(zhi),大(da)年(nian)以(yi)未至其地辭,汗(han)自取筆,布(bu)畫(hua)位置,頃刻(ke)立就,命大(da)年(nian)按稿(gao)(gao)圖上。大(da)年(nian)得(de)稿(gao)(gao)敬藏(zang)之(zhi),意匠經營,雖積(ji)學(xue)專工,有(you)所未及。即位后首建奎(kui)章閣,御(yu)制記文,集儒(ru)臣(chen)閣中備顧問,敕編《經世大(da)典(dian)》,保(bao)存一代制度。性愛(ai)典(dian)禮,欲革蒙兀腥膻本俗,則躬(gong)服袞冕,虔祀郊廟。又慎于用刑,行樞(shu)密(mi)院嘗當云(yun)南逃軍二人(ren)死(si)罪,汗(han)謂(wei):‘臨陣(zhen)而逃,死(si)宜也。彼非逃戰,輒(zhe)當以(yi)死(si),何視人(ren)命之(zhi)易耶?’杖而流之(zhi)。天歷初抗命諸王大(da)臣(chen),臨事故多誅殺,其它竄黜者,事后多蒙召還,或仍錄用。至于嚴懲(cheng)贓吏,尊信老(lao)成(cheng),節諸王駙馬朝會芻(chu)粟賞賜之(zhi)財,汰宿衛鷹坊饔人(ren)僧徒(tu)冗食之(zhi)數。諸所設(she)施,實(shi)一代恭儉守文之(zhi)令主也。惟得(de)國不正(zheng),隱虧(kui)天倫,且授權燕鐵木兒(er)太(tai)甚,未能大(da)有(you)為。”
民國(guo)官修正(zheng)史《新元史》柯(ke)劭忞的評價是:“燕(yan)鐵木兒挾震主之(zhi)威,專權用事。文宗垂拱于(yu)上,無所可否(fou),日與(yu)文字之(zhi)士(shi)從容翰墨而已。昔(xi)漢(han)靈帝好詞賦,召樂松(song)等待詔鴻都門,蔡邕(yong)露章極諫,斥為俳優。況(kuang)區區書(shu)畫(hua)之(zhi)玩乎?君子以(yi)是知元祚之(zhi)哀也。
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