清(qing)泰(tai)陵是清(qing)世宗(zong)雍(yong)(yong)正帝(di)及(ji)其皇(huang)后的合葬(zang)陵墓,位于(yu)距易(yi)縣15公(gong)里的永寧山下(xia),海拔382米,始(shi)建于(yu)1730年(雍(yong)(yong)正八年),占地8.47公(gong)頃,內(nei)葬(zang)世宗(zong)雍(yong)(yong)正帝(di)、孝(xiao)敬憲皇(huang)后、敦肅皇(huang)貴妃。
清(qing)泰陵(ling)整個陵(ling)寢分(fen)前后(hou)兩(liang)個部(bu)分(fen),前部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)門、坊、碑、亭,后(hou)部(bu)分(fen)主要是(shi)殿宇和(he)地下宮(gong)殿。五孔石(shi)拱(gong)橋是(shi)泰陵(ling)最前面(mian)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑,10.94米寬(kuan),87米長,拱(gong)高4.9米,由長方(fang)形青(qing)白石(shi)建(jian)(jian)成。五孔橋北,有巍峨高大雕工精美的(de)三座石(shi)牌坊,一座居中橫跨神道,二座稍后(hou),分(fen)列(lie)左右。大紅門是(shi)西陵(ling)的(de)總門戶(hu),門有三洞,設(she)東西便門各一。
泰陵作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)典型的清式(shi)宮殿式(shi)建(jian)筑群,不但更(geng)注重以完美(mei)的融山(shan)水(shui)(shui)環境、人文景觀為(wei)(wei)一體(ti)的中(zhong)國“風水(shui)(shui)”相法為(wei)(wei)選址依(yi)據,形成(cheng)山(shan)形河流作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)“風水(shui)(shui)”中(zhong)強調的靠山(shan)、案山(shan)、照山(shan),龍脈(mo)和(he)水(shui)(shui)口,建(jian)筑與(yu)整體(ti)布局也較為(wei)(wei)完整與(yu)巧妙,更(geng)加注重實用性(xing);建(jian)筑風格與(yu)規制更(geng)加精(jing)美(mei)豪(hao)華(hua),使之更(geng)具有(you)觀賞性(xing)。
由(you)(you)于(yu)雍(yong)(yong)正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)帝在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)首建泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),從而產生了(le)(le)“昭(zhao)穆(mu)相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兆葬之(zhi)制(zhi)”。原由(you)(you)是因雍(yong)(yong)正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)帝首先在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后,其(qi)子乾隆(long)認為(wei)如(ru)自己(ji)也隨(sui)其(qi)父(fu)在(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),就會使已葬于(yu)清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圣祖康熙、世祖順治帝受到(dao)冷(leng)落(luo);如(ru)果在(zai)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),同樣又會使其(qi)父(fu)雍(yong)(yong)正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)帝受到(dao)冷(leng)落(luo)。為(wei)解其(qi)難(nan),乾隆(long)皇(huang)(huang)帝定下了(le)(le)“父(fu)東(dong)子西(xi)(xi)(xi),父(fu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)子東(dong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規制(zhi),如(ru)父(fu)親葬東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則兒皇(huang)(huang)帝葬西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),父(fu)葬西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則兒皇(huang)(huang)帝葬東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),此(ci)稱之(zhi)為(wei)“昭(zhao)穆(mu)相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兆葬之(zhi)制(zhi)”。也正(zheng)是由(you)(you)于(yu)這種墓葬制(zhi)度(du)才形成(cheng)了(le)(le)清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)現有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格局,造成(cheng)了(le)(le)清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)兩大陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓群與中國明(ming)朝以前歷代皇(huang)(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)本不同之(zhi)處。
清泰(tai)(tai)陵東面,雍正(zheng)為(wei)其21個妃(fei)嬪建(jian)造了泰(tai)(tai)妃(fei)園寢。乾隆(long)為(wei)其母孝圣(sheng)憲皇太后修建(jian)了泰(tai)(tai)東陵。主體建(jian)筑自最(zui)南端的(de)火焰牌樓開始,過一座(zuo)五孔石(shi)(shi)拱橋,便開始了西陵最(zui)長的(de)神(shen)(shen)路——2.5公里(li)長的(de)泰(tai)(tai)陵神(shen)(shen)路,沿(yan)神(shen)(shen)路往北至寶頂(ding),首先映入眼簾的(de)是著名的(de)石(shi)(shi)牌坊和(he)大紅(hong)門。
清世宗(zong),名愛新覺羅·胤禛(公(gong)元1678年12月(yue)13日(ri)-1735年10月(yue)28日(ri)),康熙(xi)皇帝第四子,康熙(xi)病(bing)死后(hou)繼位(wei),為清代入(ru)關(guan)第3帝。雍正(zheng)是(shi)一(yi)位(wei)十(shi)分復雜而矛盾的(de)(de)(de)歷史人物,他(ta)是(shi)勇于(yu)革(ge)新、勤于(yu)理(li)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)杰(jie)出(chu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)家,對康熙(xi)晚年的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)弊(bi)進(jin)行改革(ge)整頓,一(yi)掃頹風,使吏治(zhi)(zhi)澄清、統治(zhi)(zhi)穩定(ding)、國(guo)庫充盈、人民(min)負擔減(jian)輕。但他(ta)畢(bi)竟是(shi)封建(jian)皇帝,有(you)(you)著重(zhong)大(da)過失和(he)種(zhong)種(zhong)局(ju)限。在(zai)(zai)功績(ji)上:雍正(zheng)首先(xian)取消了千百年來的(de)(de)(de)“人丁稅(shui)”,實行了有(you)(you)利于(yu)貧農的(de)(de)(de)“攤丁入(ru)畝”,這(zhe)個中國(guo)賦稅(shui)制度的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)變革(ge);創(chuang)立軍(jun)機(ji)處,推廣奏折制度。明代權力集(ji)于(yu)內閣,故(gu)有(you)(you)權相(xiang)產生。清雍正(zheng)把權力進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)集(ji)中在(zai)(zai)皇帝手中,創(chuang)立軍(jun)機(ji)處,軍(jun)機(ji)大(da)臣直接與(yu)各地(di)(di)、各部打交道,了解(jie)地(di)(di)方(fang)情(qing)形,傳達皇帝意旨;在(zai)(zai)少數民(min)族地(di)(di)區實行改土歸流(liu),打擊和(he)限制了土司(si)的(de)(de)(de)割據(ju)和(he)特權,對民(min)族地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)經濟文化發(fa)展有(you)(you)利。此外(wai),雍正(zheng)還(huan)有(you)(you)許多值得(de)稱(cheng)道的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)績(ji),如懲治(zhi)(zhi)貪污、解(jie)放賤民(min)、平定(ding)羅卜藏丹(dan)津、始派駐藏大(da)臣等(deng),為中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)與(yu)發(fa)展做出(chu)了貢(gong)獻。