清(qing)泰陵(ling)是清(qing)世宗雍正(zheng)帝及其皇后的(de)合(he)葬(zang)陵(ling)墓,位于(yu)距易(yi)縣15公里的(de)永寧山下,海(hai)拔382米,始(shi)建于(yu)1730年(雍正(zheng)八年),占地8.47公頃,內葬(zang)世宗雍正(zheng)帝、孝(xiao)敬憲皇后、敦肅皇貴妃。
清泰陵整個陵寢(qin)分(fen)前(qian)后兩個部(bu)分(fen),前(qian)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)門(men)(men)、坊、碑、亭,后部(bu)分(fen)主要是(shi)殿宇和地下宮殿。五(wu)孔石拱(gong)橋是(shi)泰陵最前(qian)面的(de)建筑,10.94米寬,87米長,拱(gong)高4.9米,由長方(fang)形(xing)青白石建成(cheng)。五(wu)孔橋北,有巍峨高大雕工精美的(de)三(san)座(zuo)(zuo)石牌坊,一座(zuo)(zuo)居中橫跨神道,二座(zuo)(zuo)稍(shao)后,分(fen)列(lie)左右。大紅門(men)(men)是(shi)西(xi)陵的(de)總(zong)門(men)(men)戶,門(men)(men)有三(san)洞,設(she)東(dong)西(xi)便門(men)(men)各(ge)一。
泰陵作為(wei)(wei)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)清式宮(gong)殿式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群,不但更(geng)注重以完美的(de)融山(shan)水環境、人文景(jing)觀為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體(ti)的(de)中國“風水”相法為(wei)(wei)選址依據,形成山(shan)形河流作為(wei)(wei)“風水”中強調的(de)靠山(shan)、案山(shan)、照山(shan),龍脈和水口,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)與(yu)整(zheng)體(ti)布局也較為(wei)(wei)完整(zheng)與(yu)巧妙(miao),更(geng)加(jia)(jia)注重實用性(xing);建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格與(yu)規制更(geng)加(jia)(jia)精美豪華,使之更(geng)具有觀賞性(xing)。
由于雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)皇(huang)帝(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)首(shou)建泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),從(cong)而(er)產生(sheng)了(le)“昭穆相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)兆葬(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。原由是因(yin)雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)皇(huang)帝(di)首(shou)先在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后,其(qi)子(zi)乾隆認為如自己也(ye)隨其(qi)父(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),就會(hui)使已葬(zang)(zang)于清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)圣祖康(kang)熙、世祖順治帝(di)受(shou)到冷落;如果在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),同(tong)(tong)樣又會(hui)使其(qi)父(fu)(fu)雍(yong)正(zheng)(zheng)皇(huang)帝(di)受(shou)到冷落。為解(jie)其(qi)難,乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)定下了(le)“父(fu)(fu)東(dong)子(zi)西(xi)(xi)(xi),父(fu)(fu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)子(zi)東(dong)”的(de)建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),如父(fu)(fu)親葬(zang)(zang)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則兒(er)皇(huang)帝(di)葬(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),父(fu)(fu)葬(zang)(zang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則兒(er)皇(huang)帝(di)葬(zang)(zang)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),此(ci)稱之(zhi)(zhi)為“昭穆相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)兆葬(zang)(zang)之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。也(ye)正(zheng)(zheng)是由于這種墓(mu)葬(zang)(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度才形成了(le)清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)現(xian)有的(de)格局,造成了(le)清東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)兩(liang)大陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)群與(yu)中國(guo)明朝以(yi)前歷代(dai)皇(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢建陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)根本不同(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)。
清泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)東(dong)面,雍(yong)正為其21個妃(fei)嬪(pin)建(jian)(jian)造了泰(tai)妃(fei)園寢。乾隆為其母孝(xiao)圣(sheng)憲皇太后修建(jian)(jian)了泰(tai)東(dong)陵(ling)(ling)。主體建(jian)(jian)筑自(zi)最(zui)(zui)南端的火焰(yan)牌樓開始,過一座五孔(kong)石拱橋,便開始了西(xi)陵(ling)(ling)最(zui)(zui)長的神路——2.5公里長的泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)神路,沿神路往北(bei)至寶頂,首先映入眼簾的是著名的石牌坊和大紅門。
清世宗,名愛新(xin)覺羅(luo)·胤禛(公元1678年12月13日-1735年10月28日),康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)第(di)(di)四子(zi),康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)病(bing)死后繼(ji)位,為(wei)清代入關第(di)(di)3帝(di)。雍(yong)正(zheng)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)位十(shi)分復(fu)雜而矛(mao)盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)歷史人(ren)物,他是(shi)勇于(yu)(yu)革(ge)新(xin)、勤于(yu)(yu)理政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)杰出政(zheng)治(zhi)家,對康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)晚年的(de)(de)(de)積弊(bi)進(jin)(jin)行改(gai)革(ge)整頓,一(yi)(yi)掃頹風,使(shi)吏治(zhi)澄(cheng)清、統治(zhi)穩定、國(guo)庫充盈、人(ren)民負擔減輕(qing)。但他畢(bi)竟(jing)是(shi)封建皇(huang)(huang)帝(di),有著重(zhong)大過失和種種局限。在(zai)功績上:雍(yong)正(zheng)首先取消(xiao)了(le)(le)千百年來的(de)(de)(de)“人(ren)丁(ding)稅”,實行了(le)(le)有利(li)于(yu)(yu)貧農(nong)的(de)(de)(de)“攤丁(ding)入畝”,這個(ge)中(zhong)國(guo)賦稅制度的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大變革(ge);創(chuang)立軍(jun)機(ji)處,推廣奏折(zhe)制度。明代權力集(ji)于(yu)(yu)內閣,故有權相產生。清雍(yong)正(zheng)把權力進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)手(shou)中(zhong),創(chuang)立軍(jun)機(ji)處,軍(jun)機(ji)大臣直接與(yu)各地(di)、各部打交道(dao),了(le)(le)解地(di)方情形,傳達皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)意(yi)旨;在(zai)少數民族(zu)地(di)區實行改(gai)土(tu)歸(gui)流,打擊和限制了(le)(le)土(tu)司的(de)(de)(de)割據和特權,對民族(zu)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)經濟文化發展(zhan)有利(li)。此(ci)外,雍(yong)正(zheng)還有許多值(zhi)得稱道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)績,如懲治(zhi)貪(tan)污(wu)、解放賤民、平定羅(luo)卜(bu)藏丹津、始派駐藏大臣等(deng),為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)(yi)與(yu)發展(zhan)做出了(le)(le)貢獻(xian)。